中国对外直接投资对收入分配的影响——基于收入不平等和极化增长的实证研究
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摘要
文章初步探讨了对外直接投资对母国收入分配的影响机制,并将收入不平等和收入极化增长作为收入分配的两种表现形式,结合中国2003～2015年省级面板数据,实证分析了中国对外直接投资对收入不平等和收入极化的影响。研究发现:第一,中国对外直接投资加剧了收入不平等和收入极化增长;第二,对外直接投资通过贸易结构加剧了收入不平等和收入极化增长;第三,对外直接投资通过金融发展加剧了收入极化增长,对收入不平等的影响不明显。为此,应拓宽对外直接投资方式和进入方式,建立地区间劳动力要素自由流动机制;扩大教育投入,提供就业再培训;完善金融体制,引导资金流向资金匮乏地区等。
This paper explores the mechanism of the influence of OFDI on home country's income distribution,and empirically analyzes the impact of China's OFDI on income inequality and polarization based on the provincial panal data of China from 2003 to 2015 by taking income inequality and polarized growth as two forms of income distribution. The results show that:1. China's OFDI exacerbates income inequality and polarized growth; 2. OFDI aggravates income inequality and polarized growth through trade structure; 3. OFDI exacerbates income polarized growth through financial development and has no obvious influence on income inequality.Therefore,it is necessary to widen the ways of OFDI and entry,establish the mechanism of free flow of labor factors among the regions,increase education investment,provide enployment retraining,optimize finanial system and guide the flow of funds to the areas with insuffiaient funds.
This paper explores the mechanism of the influence of OFDI on home country's income distribution,and empirically analyzes the impact of China's OFDI on income inequality and polarization based on the provincial panal data of China from 2003 to 2015 by taking income inequality and polarized growth as two forms of income distribution. The results show that:1. China's OFDI exacerbates income inequality and polarized growth; 2. OFDI aggravates income inequality and polarized growth through trade structure; 3. OFDI exacerbates income polarized growth through financial development and has no obvious influence on income inequality.Therefore,it is necessary to widen the ways of OFDI and entry,establish the mechanism of free flow of labor factors among the regions,increase education investment,provide enployment retraining,optimize finanial system and guide the flow of funds to the areas with insuffiaient funds.
引文
陈怡,孙文远.2015.贸易开放、出口商品结构与收入不平等---基于南北贸易模型的经验分析[J].国际贸易问题(10):152-164.
陈俊聪,黄繁华.2014.对外直接投资与贸易结构优化[J].国际贸易问题(03):113-123.
江小敏,李宏兵,赵春明.2018.对外直接投资与城镇居民收入差距[J].国际经贸探索(3):46-64.
李实,罗楚亮.2011.中国收入差距究竟有多大?---对修正样本结构偏差的尝试[J].经济研究(04):68-79.
李胜旗,毛其淋.2018.关税政策不确定性如何影响就业与工资[J].世界经济(06):28-53.
刘学军,赵耀辉.2009.劳动力流动对城市劳动力市场的影响[J].经济学(季刊)(01):693-710.
刘海云,石小霞.2018.中国对外直接投资对工业部门收入差距的影响研究[J].国际贸易问题(01):111-121.
马万里,李齐云,张晓雯.2013.收入分配差距的财政分权因素:一个分析框架[J].经济学家(04):13-24.
毛其淋,许家云.2016.中国企业对外直接投资如何影响了员工收入?[J].产业经济研究(06):50-59.
彭定赟,王磊.2013.财政调节、福利均等化与地区收入差距-基于泰尔指数的实证分析[J].经济学家(05):21-29.
戚建梅,王明益.2017.对外直接投资扩大母国企业间工资差距了吗-基于我国微观数据的经验证据[J].国际贸易问题(01):116-126.
邵小快,胡怀国.2013.经济增长实证研究中的内生性[J].经济学动态(3):109-119.
孙永强,巫和懋.2012.出口结构、城市化与城乡居民收入差距[J].世界经济(09):105-121.
孙永强.2012.金融发展、城市化与城乡收入差距研究[J].金融研究(04):98-110.
王祖祥.2009.农村贫困与极化问题研究---以湖北省为例[J].中国社会科学(06):73-88.
俆淑娟.2013.我国经济发展中的行业收入差距问题研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,博士学位论文.
姚毓春,袁礼,王林辉.2014.中国工业部门要素收入分配格局-基于技术进步偏向型视角的分析[J].中国工业经济(08):44-56.
杨楠,马绰欣.2014.我国金融发展对城乡收入差距影响的动态倒U演化及下降点预测[J].金融研究(11):175-191.
张纪凤,黄萍.2013.替代出口还是促进出口---我国对外直接投资对出口的影响研究[J].国际贸易问题(03):95-103.
赵锦春,谢建国.2013.收入分配与进口需求---基于我国省级面板数据的门限回归分析[J].国际贸易问题(08):13-25.
张三峰,赵锦春.2016.融资约束、金融发展与企业雇佣---来自中国企业调查数据的经验证据[J].金融研究(10):111-127.
朱彤,郝宏杰,秦丽.2007.中国金融发展与对外贸易比较优势关系的经验分析---一种外部融资支持的视角[J].南开经济研究(03):124-131
周云波.2009.城市化、城乡差距以及全国居民总体收入差距的变动---收入差距倒U型假说的实证检验[J].经济学(季刊)(04):1239-1256.
Acemoglu D.2002.Directed Technical Change[J].Review of Economic Studies,69(4):781-809.
Acemoglu D.,Gancia G.,Zilibotti F.2015.Offshoring and Directed Technical Change[J].American Economic Journal:Macroeconomics(03):84-122.
Desai M.C.,Foley F.,Hines J.R.2005.Foreign Divestment and the Domestic Capital Stock[J].American Economic Review(95):33-38.
Eaton J.,Tamura,A.1996.Japanese and US Exports and Investments as Conduits of Growth[J].NBER Working Paper,No.5447.
Esteban J.,Ray D.1994.On the Measurement of Polarization[J].Econometrica(62):819-851.
Feenstra C.R.,Hanson G.H.1995.Foreign Investment,Outsourcing and Relative Wages[J].NBER Working Paper,No.5121.
Feldstein M.1995.The Effects of Outbound Foreign Direct Investment on the Domestic Capital Stock[M].Martin Feldstein,James R.Hines Jr.and R.Glenn Hubbard,eds.,The effects of taxation on multinational corporations,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Hijzen A.,G9rg H.,Hine R.C.2005.International Outsourcing and the Skill Structure of Labour Demand in the United Kingdom[J].The Economic Journal,115(10):860-878.
Hitoshi H.,Masao N.,Alice N.2012.Wages,Overseas Investment and Ownership:Implications for Internal Labor Markets in Japan[J].The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(14):2959-2979.
Ho L.S.,Wei X.D.2005.The Effect of Outward Processing Trade on Wage Inequality:the Hong Kong Case[J].Journal of International Economics,67(1):241-257.
Jaumotte F.,Lall S.2013.Rising Income Inequality:Technology,or Trade and Financial Globalization[J].IMF EconomicReview,61(2):271-309.
Liu W.H.,Tsai P.L.,Tsay C.L.2015.Domestic Impacts of Outward FDI in Taiwan:Evidence from Panel Data of Manufacturing Firms[J].International Review of Economics and Finance(39):469-484.
Markusen J.R.,Venables A.J.1995.Multinationals Firms and the New Trade Theory[J].NBER Working Paper,No.5036.
Nilsson H.K.,Heyman F.2014.Multinational Firms,Acquisitions and Job Takes[J].European Economic Review,66(1):248-265.
Galor O.,Zeira J.1993.Income Distribution and Macroeconomics[J].Review of Economic Studies(60):35-52.
陈俊聪,黄繁华.2014.对外直接投资与贸易结构优化[J].国际贸易问题(03):113-123.
江小敏,李宏兵,赵春明.2018.对外直接投资与城镇居民收入差距[J].国际经贸探索(3):46-64.
李实,罗楚亮.2011.中国收入差距究竟有多大?---对修正样本结构偏差的尝试[J].经济研究(04):68-79.
李胜旗,毛其淋.2018.关税政策不确定性如何影响就业与工资[J].世界经济(06):28-53.
刘学军,赵耀辉.2009.劳动力流动对城市劳动力市场的影响[J].经济学(季刊)(01):693-710.
刘海云,石小霞.2018.中国对外直接投资对工业部门收入差距的影响研究[J].国际贸易问题(01):111-121.
马万里,李齐云,张晓雯.2013.收入分配差距的财政分权因素:一个分析框架[J].经济学家(04):13-24.
毛其淋,许家云.2016.中国企业对外直接投资如何影响了员工收入?[J].产业经济研究(06):50-59.
彭定赟,王磊.2013.财政调节、福利均等化与地区收入差距-基于泰尔指数的实证分析[J].经济学家(05):21-29.
戚建梅,王明益.2017.对外直接投资扩大母国企业间工资差距了吗-基于我国微观数据的经验证据[J].国际贸易问题(01):116-126.
邵小快,胡怀国.2013.经济增长实证研究中的内生性[J].经济学动态(3):109-119.
孙永强,巫和懋.2012.出口结构、城市化与城乡居民收入差距[J].世界经济(09):105-121.
孙永强.2012.金融发展、城市化与城乡收入差距研究[J].金融研究(04):98-110.
王祖祥.2009.农村贫困与极化问题研究---以湖北省为例[J].中国社会科学(06):73-88.
俆淑娟.2013.我国经济发展中的行业收入差距问题研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,博士学位论文.
姚毓春,袁礼,王林辉.2014.中国工业部门要素收入分配格局-基于技术进步偏向型视角的分析[J].中国工业经济(08):44-56.
杨楠,马绰欣.2014.我国金融发展对城乡收入差距影响的动态倒U演化及下降点预测[J].金融研究(11):175-191.
张纪凤,黄萍.2013.替代出口还是促进出口---我国对外直接投资对出口的影响研究[J].国际贸易问题(03):95-103.
赵锦春,谢建国.2013.收入分配与进口需求---基于我国省级面板数据的门限回归分析[J].国际贸易问题(08):13-25.
张三峰,赵锦春.2016.融资约束、金融发展与企业雇佣---来自中国企业调查数据的经验证据[J].金融研究(10):111-127.
朱彤,郝宏杰,秦丽.2007.中国金融发展与对外贸易比较优势关系的经验分析---一种外部融资支持的视角[J].南开经济研究(03):124-131
周云波.2009.城市化、城乡差距以及全国居民总体收入差距的变动---收入差距倒U型假说的实证检验[J].经济学(季刊)(04):1239-1256.
Acemoglu D.2002.Directed Technical Change[J].Review of Economic Studies,69(4):781-809.
Acemoglu D.,Gancia G.,Zilibotti F.2015.Offshoring and Directed Technical Change[J].American Economic Journal:Macroeconomics(03):84-122.
Desai M.C.,Foley F.,Hines J.R.2005.Foreign Divestment and the Domestic Capital Stock[J].American Economic Review(95):33-38.
Eaton J.,Tamura,A.1996.Japanese and US Exports and Investments as Conduits of Growth[J].NBER Working Paper,No.5447.
Esteban J.,Ray D.1994.On the Measurement of Polarization[J].Econometrica(62):819-851.
Feenstra C.R.,Hanson G.H.1995.Foreign Investment,Outsourcing and Relative Wages[J].NBER Working Paper,No.5121.
Feldstein M.1995.The Effects of Outbound Foreign Direct Investment on the Domestic Capital Stock[M].Martin Feldstein,James R.Hines Jr.and R.Glenn Hubbard,eds.,The effects of taxation on multinational corporations,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Hijzen A.,G9rg H.,Hine R.C.2005.International Outsourcing and the Skill Structure of Labour Demand in the United Kingdom[J].The Economic Journal,115(10):860-878.
Hitoshi H.,Masao N.,Alice N.2012.Wages,Overseas Investment and Ownership:Implications for Internal Labor Markets in Japan[J].The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(14):2959-2979.
Ho L.S.,Wei X.D.2005.The Effect of Outward Processing Trade on Wage Inequality:the Hong Kong Case[J].Journal of International Economics,67(1):241-257.
Jaumotte F.,Lall S.2013.Rising Income Inequality:Technology,or Trade and Financial Globalization[J].IMF EconomicReview,61(2):271-309.
Liu W.H.,Tsai P.L.,Tsay C.L.2015.Domestic Impacts of Outward FDI in Taiwan:Evidence from Panel Data of Manufacturing Firms[J].International Review of Economics and Finance(39):469-484.
Markusen J.R.,Venables A.J.1995.Multinationals Firms and the New Trade Theory[J].NBER Working Paper,No.5036.
Nilsson H.K.,Heyman F.2014.Multinational Firms,Acquisitions and Job Takes[J].European Economic Review,66(1):248-265.
Galor O.,Zeira J.1993.Income Distribution and Macroeconomics[J].Review of Economic Studies(60):35-52.