稻田综合种养结合模式及生态效应
|
摘要
常规稻作生产以大量化肥、农药投入为主要手段,虽然确保了水稻稳产高产,满足了人们的温饱需求,但给稻田生态安全、环境健康和农产品食用品质带来一定的污染,从而影响了农业可持续发展。近年来,为了改善农业生态环境、实施绿色发展,减轻常规稻作对环境的影响,确保稻米食用安全,特别是随着经济持续增长和社会生活水平的不断提高,人们越来越重视安全性高、无污染的农产品生产和消费,中国适时提出和实施减肥减药和绿色优质农产品供给的重大举措,深受全社会的肯定。稻田种养作为一项可持续发展的生态循环农业模式,具有明显的减肥减药、稳产增效、资源节约、环境友好的综合效应,是实现农业绿色发展、乡村振兴和精准扶贫的重要途径,也是促进农业现代化的重要措施。笔者概述了稻田种养的生态原理和生态功能,指出了目前中国稻田种养发展过程中存在的实际问题和解决路径,以期为中国稻田综合种养的健康发展和现代化农业进程的加速发展提供参考。
Conventional rice cropping acquires large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to meet people's need for stable and high yield food production, but could cause pollution to ecological safety of paddy fields, environmental health and the edible quality of agricultural products, and impede the sustainable development of agriculture. Today, people are paying more and more attention to the safety and pollution-free of agriculture products. To improve agricultural ecological environment, reduce the impact of conventional rice cropping on environment and ensure food safety, key measures of reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide,and providing green and high quality agricultural products are put forward in China, which are favored by the whole society. As a model of sustainable circular agricultural ecosystem, planting and feeding in paddy fields has comprehensive effects on reducing fertilizers and pesticides, improving yield and efficiency, conserving resource and protecting environment. This model is an important way to realize green development, revitalize countryside and conduct targeted poverty alleviation, as well as to promote agricultural modernization. This paper summarizes the ecological principles and functions of planting-breeding in paddy fields and points out the practical problems and solutions in the development of the mode in China. The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical reference for the healthy development of the planting and breeding system, thus to accelerate agricultural modernization.
Conventional rice cropping acquires large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to meet people's need for stable and high yield food production, but could cause pollution to ecological safety of paddy fields, environmental health and the edible quality of agricultural products, and impede the sustainable development of agriculture. Today, people are paying more and more attention to the safety and pollution-free of agriculture products. To improve agricultural ecological environment, reduce the impact of conventional rice cropping on environment and ensure food safety, key measures of reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide,and providing green and high quality agricultural products are put forward in China, which are favored by the whole society. As a model of sustainable circular agricultural ecosystem, planting and feeding in paddy fields has comprehensive effects on reducing fertilizers and pesticides, improving yield and efficiency, conserving resource and protecting environment. This model is an important way to realize green development, revitalize countryside and conduct targeted poverty alleviation, as well as to promote agricultural modernization. This paper summarizes the ecological principles and functions of planting-breeding in paddy fields and points out the practical problems and solutions in the development of the mode in China. The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical reference for the healthy development of the planting and breeding system, thus to accelerate agricultural modernization.
引文
[1]沈雪达,苟伟明.我国稻田养殖发展与前景探讨[J].中国渔业经济,2013,2(31):151-156.
[2]戴雄武.生态农业的多样性及其优点[J].生态学杂志,1988,7(2):29-31.
[3]段舜山,骆世明,蔡昆争.生态系统原理与可持续农业[J].应用生态学报,1997(6):663-668.
[4]孟宪德,吴万夫.我国稻田养殖的新发展[J].中国渔业经济,2002,(1):17-19.
[5]李可心,朱泽闻,钱银龙.新一轮稻田养殖的趋势特征及发展建议[J].中国渔业经济,2011,6(29):17-21.
[6]李学军,乔志刚,聂国兴.稻-鱼-蛙立体农业生态效益的研究[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(2):37-40.
[7]朱自均,郑钦玉,王光明,等.稻田生态系统的良性循环与稻田高产养鱼[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(4):59-62.
[8]张承元,单志芬,赵连胜.略论稻田养鱼与农田生态[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(3):24-26.
[9]郑建初,谭淑豪,刘华周,等.中国稻鸭共作系统的理论与技术现状及其发展策略[J].江苏农业科学,2005,5(1):1-5.
[10]Liu X,Xu G C,Wang Q S,et al.Effects of insect-proof net cultivation,rice-duck farming,and organic matter return on rice dry matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,8:47.
[11]Xu G C,Liu X,Wang Q S,et al.Integrated rice-duck farming mitigates the global warming potential in rice season[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:58-66.
[12]沈建凯,黄璜,傅志强,等.规模化稻鸭生态种养对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):123-128.
[13]Goh B D,Wei H,Takayam K Y,et al.Effect of physics stimulation by free-ranging aigamo ducks on rice growth and yield under a riceduck farming system[J].Japanese Journal of Livestock Management,2001,37(2):69-74.
[14]Xing P A,Huang H,Huang M,et al.Studies on technique of reducing methane emission in a rice-duck ecological system and the evaluation of its economic significance[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2006,5(10):758-766.
[15]黄璜,杨志辉,王华,等.湿地稻-鸭复合系统的CH4排放规律[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):929-934.
[16]许德海,禹盛苗.无公害高效益稻鸭共育新技术[J].中国稻米,2002,8(3):36-38.
[17]张福光,潘桂琴,李广运.稻田养鸭生态系统及高产养殖技术[J].现代化农业,2003(7):24-25.
[18]耿浩,李枫.稻田无公害养殖锦鲤试验[J].渔业致富指南,2016(15):38-40.
[19]莫志荣,张枫,高培国,等.泥鳅稻田养殖技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(3):296-297.
[20]缪祥军,崔丽莉,李万斌.稻田养殖罗非鱼技术初探[J].科学养鱼,2016(7):18-19.
[21]郭智军.泥鳅稻田生态养殖技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(7):268-269.
[22]杨玉松,邱丛芳,王彬.稻田养殖小龙虾技术[J].中国水产,2010(11):39-41.
[23]徐增洪,赵朝阳,周鑫.克氏原螯虾两种稻田养殖模式的生物学比较研究[J].华北农学报,2011,26(S1):248-251.
[24]周云.重庆市稻田养殖克氏原螯虾的应用前景[J].南方农业,2016,10(13):54-56.
[25]任志如.龙虾稻田养殖技术[J].水产养殖,2012,3(1):22-25.
[26]丁德明.稻田养殖河蟹技术[J].湖南农业,2016(8):19-20.
[27]陆文永,宋长太.中华鳖稻田仿野生生态养殖技术[J].渔业致富指南,2016(13):31-33.
[28]蒋业林,侯冠军,王永杰,等.稻田养鳖生态系统构建与种养殖技术研究[J].安徽农学通报,2015,21(20):94-95.
[29]刘欣,王强盛,许国春,等.稻鸭共作农作系统的生态效应与技术模式[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(29):90-96.
[30]禹盛苗.稻鸭种养农作模式的生态效应及配套技术研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2011.
[31]甄若宏,王强盛,邓建平,等.稻鸭萍共作复合系统的主要生态效应[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(3):11-14.
[32]梁玉刚,黄璜,李静怡,等.规模化稻鸭共育对水稻株型结构及产量形成的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(10):2752-2758.
[33]陈灿,黄璜,郑华斌,等.稻田不同生态种养模式对稻米品质的影响[J].中国稻米,2015,21(2):17-19.
[34]王强盛,甄若宏,丁艳锋,等.稻鸭共作下水稻植株的壮秆效应及生理特性[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2661-2665.
[35]杨志辉,黄璜,王华,等.稻-鸭复合生态系统稻田土壤质量研究[J].土壤通报,2004,35(2):117-121.
[36]张苗苗,宗良纲,谢桐洲.有机稻鸭共作对土壤养分动态变化和经济效益的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(2):256-260.
[37]许国春,刘欣,王强盛,等.稻鸭种养生态系统的碳氮效应及其循环特征[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(10):393-396.
[38]禹盛苗,朱练峰,欧阳由男,等.稻鸭种养模式对稻田土壤理化性状、肥力因素及水稻产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(1):151-156.
[39]郭水良,李扬汉.杂草的基本特点及其丰富栽培地生物多样性的作用[J].资源科学,1996(3):48-52.
[40]Lagerlof J,Wallin H.The abundance of arthropods along two field margins with different types of vegetation composition:An experimental study[J].Agriculture,Ecosystem and Environment,1993,43(2):141-154.
[41]展茗,曹凑贵,汪金平,等.复合稻田生态系统温室气体交换及其综合增温潜势[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5461-5468.
[42]刘惠,赵平,王跃思,等.华南丘陵区农林复合生态系统稻田二氧化碳排放及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(5):471-476.
[2]戴雄武.生态农业的多样性及其优点[J].生态学杂志,1988,7(2):29-31.
[3]段舜山,骆世明,蔡昆争.生态系统原理与可持续农业[J].应用生态学报,1997(6):663-668.
[4]孟宪德,吴万夫.我国稻田养殖的新发展[J].中国渔业经济,2002,(1):17-19.
[5]李可心,朱泽闻,钱银龙.新一轮稻田养殖的趋势特征及发展建议[J].中国渔业经济,2011,6(29):17-21.
[6]李学军,乔志刚,聂国兴.稻-鱼-蛙立体农业生态效益的研究[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(2):37-40.
[7]朱自均,郑钦玉,王光明,等.稻田生态系统的良性循环与稻田高产养鱼[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(4):59-62.
[8]张承元,单志芬,赵连胜.略论稻田养鱼与农田生态[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(3):24-26.
[9]郑建初,谭淑豪,刘华周,等.中国稻鸭共作系统的理论与技术现状及其发展策略[J].江苏农业科学,2005,5(1):1-5.
[10]Liu X,Xu G C,Wang Q S,et al.Effects of insect-proof net cultivation,rice-duck farming,and organic matter return on rice dry matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,8:47.
[11]Xu G C,Liu X,Wang Q S,et al.Integrated rice-duck farming mitigates the global warming potential in rice season[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:58-66.
[12]沈建凯,黄璜,傅志强,等.规模化稻鸭生态种养对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):123-128.
[13]Goh B D,Wei H,Takayam K Y,et al.Effect of physics stimulation by free-ranging aigamo ducks on rice growth and yield under a riceduck farming system[J].Japanese Journal of Livestock Management,2001,37(2):69-74.
[14]Xing P A,Huang H,Huang M,et al.Studies on technique of reducing methane emission in a rice-duck ecological system and the evaluation of its economic significance[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2006,5(10):758-766.
[15]黄璜,杨志辉,王华,等.湿地稻-鸭复合系统的CH4排放规律[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):929-934.
[16]许德海,禹盛苗.无公害高效益稻鸭共育新技术[J].中国稻米,2002,8(3):36-38.
[17]张福光,潘桂琴,李广运.稻田养鸭生态系统及高产养殖技术[J].现代化农业,2003(7):24-25.
[18]耿浩,李枫.稻田无公害养殖锦鲤试验[J].渔业致富指南,2016(15):38-40.
[19]莫志荣,张枫,高培国,等.泥鳅稻田养殖技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(3):296-297.
[20]缪祥军,崔丽莉,李万斌.稻田养殖罗非鱼技术初探[J].科学养鱼,2016(7):18-19.
[21]郭智军.泥鳅稻田生态养殖技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(7):268-269.
[22]杨玉松,邱丛芳,王彬.稻田养殖小龙虾技术[J].中国水产,2010(11):39-41.
[23]徐增洪,赵朝阳,周鑫.克氏原螯虾两种稻田养殖模式的生物学比较研究[J].华北农学报,2011,26(S1):248-251.
[24]周云.重庆市稻田养殖克氏原螯虾的应用前景[J].南方农业,2016,10(13):54-56.
[25]任志如.龙虾稻田养殖技术[J].水产养殖,2012,3(1):22-25.
[26]丁德明.稻田养殖河蟹技术[J].湖南农业,2016(8):19-20.
[27]陆文永,宋长太.中华鳖稻田仿野生生态养殖技术[J].渔业致富指南,2016(13):31-33.
[28]蒋业林,侯冠军,王永杰,等.稻田养鳖生态系统构建与种养殖技术研究[J].安徽农学通报,2015,21(20):94-95.
[29]刘欣,王强盛,许国春,等.稻鸭共作农作系统的生态效应与技术模式[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(29):90-96.
[30]禹盛苗.稻鸭种养农作模式的生态效应及配套技术研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2011.
[31]甄若宏,王强盛,邓建平,等.稻鸭萍共作复合系统的主要生态效应[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(3):11-14.
[32]梁玉刚,黄璜,李静怡,等.规模化稻鸭共育对水稻株型结构及产量形成的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(10):2752-2758.
[33]陈灿,黄璜,郑华斌,等.稻田不同生态种养模式对稻米品质的影响[J].中国稻米,2015,21(2):17-19.
[34]王强盛,甄若宏,丁艳锋,等.稻鸭共作下水稻植株的壮秆效应及生理特性[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2661-2665.
[35]杨志辉,黄璜,王华,等.稻-鸭复合生态系统稻田土壤质量研究[J].土壤通报,2004,35(2):117-121.
[36]张苗苗,宗良纲,谢桐洲.有机稻鸭共作对土壤养分动态变化和经济效益的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(2):256-260.
[37]许国春,刘欣,王强盛,等.稻鸭种养生态系统的碳氮效应及其循环特征[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(10):393-396.
[38]禹盛苗,朱练峰,欧阳由男,等.稻鸭种养模式对稻田土壤理化性状、肥力因素及水稻产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(1):151-156.
[39]郭水良,李扬汉.杂草的基本特点及其丰富栽培地生物多样性的作用[J].资源科学,1996(3):48-52.
[40]Lagerlof J,Wallin H.The abundance of arthropods along two field margins with different types of vegetation composition:An experimental study[J].Agriculture,Ecosystem and Environment,1993,43(2):141-154.
[41]展茗,曹凑贵,汪金平,等.复合稻田生态系统温室气体交换及其综合增温潜势[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5461-5468.
[42]刘惠,赵平,王跃思,等.华南丘陵区农林复合生态系统稻田二氧化碳排放及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(5):471-476.