两种“海德格尔式的马克思主义”研究
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摘要
马尔库塞和科西克的"海德格尔式的马克思主义"是会通海德格尔与马克思的两种典型理论形态。虽然其各自的理论表述不同,却都是通过对教条的马克思主义和海德格尔空洞存在的双向反思,在海德格尔生存论的地基上融合马克思的对象性活动、异化劳动等理论,追寻一种能够超越二元分立的具体哲学,建构感性存在论,这具有深刻的启发意义。然而,由于两种"海德格尔式的马克思主义"仍以海德格尔生存论为主导原则,因此无法克服以意识内在性为基本建制的现代形而上学。应在对两种"海德格尔式的马克思主义"的批判反思中,转向马克思感性、对象性原理的原则高度,以开启出切中社会现实的、更广阔的历史唯物主义现象学空间。
"Heideggerian Marxism" represented respectively by Herbert Marcuse and Karel Kosik are two typical theoretical modes integrating Heideggerian thoughts and Marxism.Though different in their theoretical expounding,both are based on the bidirectional reflection on Marxist dogmatism and Heidegger's concept of empty "existentialism",and attempt to integrate Heidegger's theories with Marx's ideas on objective activities and alienated labor.They are profoundly provoking for constructing a concrete philosophy by transcending binary separation and an ontology of sensuousness.However,the two modes of "Heideggerian Marxism" take the Heidegger's existentialism as the dominant principle,so they fail to overcome the shortcomings of modern metaphysics framed in interiority of consciousness.From the critical reflection "Heideggerian Marxism",we should shift to explore the principle level of Marx's theories on sensuousness and objectiveness in order to open a broader and more realistic historical materialist phenomenology.
"Heideggerian Marxism" represented respectively by Herbert Marcuse and Karel Kosik are two typical theoretical modes integrating Heideggerian thoughts and Marxism.Though different in their theoretical expounding,both are based on the bidirectional reflection on Marxist dogmatism and Heidegger's concept of empty "existentialism",and attempt to integrate Heidegger's theories with Marx's ideas on objective activities and alienated labor.They are profoundly provoking for constructing a concrete philosophy by transcending binary separation and an ontology of sensuousness.However,the two modes of "Heideggerian Marxism" take the Heidegger's existentialism as the dominant principle,so they fail to overcome the shortcomings of modern metaphysics framed in interiority of consciousness.From the critical reflection "Heideggerian Marxism",we should shift to explore the principle level of Marx's theories on sensuousness and objectiveness in order to open a broader and more realistic historical materialist phenomenology.
引文
① Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.165.
② 由理查德·沃林(Richard Wolin)和约翰·埃布罗梅特(John Abromeit)于2005年集为《海德格尔式的马克思主义》一书出版。
③ Heidegger,M.,Four Seminars,translated by Andrew Mitchell and Fran?ois Raffoul,Indiana University Press,2003,p.52.
(1)转引自理查德·沃林:《海德格尔的弟子:阿伦特、勒维特、约纳斯和马尔库塞》,张国清等译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2005年版,第158页。
(2)Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.128.
(3)Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism ,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.39.
(4)②③④⑤ Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.1、p.153、p.152、p.136、p.136.
(5)吴晓明:《现代形而上学的本体论批判:马克思与海德格尔》,载《现代哲学》,2016年第5期。
(6)②③⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.10-11、p.36、p.49、p.161、p.41、p.14、p.17、p.64-65.
(7)转引自[美]理查德·沃林:《海德格尔的弟子:阿伦特、勒维特、约纳斯和马尔库塞》,张国清等译,第158页。
(8)所幸的是,马尔库塞的思想历程经历了一个从海德格尔到黑格尔的转变。此时,马尔库塞逐渐从海德格尔的地基上走向黑格尔,这个走向的发生,一个重要的原因即是海德格尔的个体此在无法承担激进革命的主体,马尔库塞要将其扩展为社会此在,即无产阶级。当此在变成无产阶级的时候,他看到:黑格尔绝对精神的主客体对立统一的辩证进程比海德格尔的此在的无矛盾建构,表现出更多历史感。
(9)④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.12、p.31、p.152、p.152、p.17、p.57、p.60.
(10)李宝文:《具体辩证法与现代性批判——科西克哲学思想研究》,哈尔滨:黑龙江大学出版社,2011年版,第137-138页。
(11)《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷,北京:人民出版社,2003年版,第324页。
(12)③④ Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism ,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.100、p.100、p.100.
(13)②③ Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism ,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.95、p.90、p.139、p.128.
(14)⑤⑥⑦⑧ Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.37、p.3y、p.38、p.38、p.40.
(15)Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.2、p.46.
(16)吴晓明:《论中国学术的自我主张》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2016年版,第127页。
(17)海德格尔明确反对马尔库塞这一做法。参见张涛:《海德格尔如何看存在论向历史唯物主义的介入——从海德格尔对马尔库塞“海德格尔式的马克思主义”的回应说起》,载《哲学动态》,2014年第12期。
② 由理查德·沃林(Richard Wolin)和约翰·埃布罗梅特(John Abromeit)于2005年集为《海德格尔式的马克思主义》一书出版。
③ Heidegger,M.,Four Seminars,translated by Andrew Mitchell and Fran?ois Raffoul,Indiana University Press,2003,p.52.
(1)转引自理查德·沃林:《海德格尔的弟子:阿伦特、勒维特、约纳斯和马尔库塞》,张国清等译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2005年版,第158页。
(2)Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.128.
(3)Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism ,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.39.
(4)②③④⑤ Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.1、p.153、p.152、p.136、p.136.
(5)吴晓明:《现代形而上学的本体论批判:马克思与海德格尔》,载《现代哲学》,2016年第5期。
(6)②③⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.10-11、p.36、p.49、p.161、p.41、p.14、p.17、p.64-65.
(7)转引自[美]理查德·沃林:《海德格尔的弟子:阿伦特、勒维特、约纳斯和马尔库塞》,张国清等译,第158页。
(8)所幸的是,马尔库塞的思想历程经历了一个从海德格尔到黑格尔的转变。此时,马尔库塞逐渐从海德格尔的地基上走向黑格尔,这个走向的发生,一个重要的原因即是海德格尔的个体此在无法承担激进革命的主体,马尔库塞要将其扩展为社会此在,即无产阶级。当此在变成无产阶级的时候,他看到:黑格尔绝对精神的主客体对立统一的辩证进程比海德格尔的此在的无矛盾建构,表现出更多历史感。
(9)④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.12、p.31、p.152、p.152、p.17、p.57、p.60.
(10)李宝文:《具体辩证法与现代性批判——科西克哲学思想研究》,哈尔滨:黑龙江大学出版社,2011年版,第137-138页。
(11)《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷,北京:人民出版社,2003年版,第324页。
(12)③④ Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism ,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.100、p.100、p.100.
(13)②③ Herbert Marcuse,Heideggerian Marxism ,edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit ,University of Nebraska Press,2005,p.95、p.90、p.139、p.128.
(14)⑤⑥⑦⑧ Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.37、p.3y、p.38、p.38、p.40.
(15)Karel Kosik,Dialectics of The Concrete a study on problems of man and world,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.wartofsky,D.Reidel Publishing company,1976,p.2、p.46.
(16)吴晓明:《论中国学术的自我主张》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2016年版,第127页。
(17)海德格尔明确反对马尔库塞这一做法。参见张涛:《海德格尔如何看存在论向历史唯物主义的介入——从海德格尔对马尔库塞“海德格尔式的马克思主义”的回应说起》,载《哲学动态》,2014年第12期。