哈尼梯田区优势景观类型对泉水氢氧同位素效应的影响
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摘要
氢氧稳定同位素是示踪流域水循环过程的有效手段,流域景观类型及其格局对泉水同位素效应的影响是景观生态学与同位素水文学的全新交叉领域.本文以哈尼梯田文化景观遗产核心区的全福庄河小流域为研究对象,在2015年3月—2016年3月间,逐月在海拔1500 m的梯田、1700 m的梯田和1900 m的森林景观类型下分别采集78个泉水样和39个大气降水样进行氢氧稳定同位素分析.结果表明:小流域的优势景观类型是森林和梯田,两者面积分别占总面积的66.6%和22.1%,并具有森林在上、梯田在下的垂直格局.相关分析表明,泉水除受降水补给外,还受到景观内其他同位素值偏正的水源补给,景观位置较高的森林区泉水主要由降水补给,位于森林之下的梯田泉水受大气降水、河水、梯田水、地下水等多种水源补给,其同位素混合作用强烈;泉水δ~(18)O和δD值整体海拔效应明显,其海拔梯度分别为-0.125‰·(100 m)~(-1)和-0.688‰·(100 m)~(-1);研究区氘盈余值随海拔升高而增大与景观格局和同位素循环过程有关.总之,优势景观类型对泉水氢氧同位素效应具有显著影响,泉水氢氧同位素可作为景观水文过程对景观格局的响应指标.
Analysis of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes is an effective method to track the water cycle in watershed. Impact of landscape pattern on the isotope effects of spring water is a new interdisciplinary topic between landscape ecology and isotope hydrology. Taking the Quanfuzhuang River basin located in the core area of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage of Honghe Hani Rice Terrace as the object,collecting the monthly samples of 78 points of spring water and 39 precipitation at altitude of 1500 m( terraces),1700 m( terraces) and 1900 m( forest) from March 2015 to March2016,we analyzed the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes of water samples under the different landscape types. The results indicated that the dominated landscape types were forests and rice terraces,being 66.6% and 22. 1% of the whole landscape area respectively,and they had a spatial vertical pattern of forest located at the mountain top and rice terraces at the down-slope. The correlation analysis showed that the spring water not only came from the precipitation,but also from other water sources which had a more positive δ~(18)O and δD values,the spring water in up-slope forests mainly came from precipitation,while that in down-slope rice terraces came from precipitation,river water,rice terrace water and under ground water. Therefore,the mixing effects of spring waterδ~(18)O and δD were more significant in rice terraces. The overall altitude effect of the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in spring water was obvious. The linear decreasing rates of δ~(18)O and δD values were-0.125‰·( 100 m)~(-1)and-0.688‰·( 100 m)~(-1),respectively. The deuterium surplus value increased with the altitude because of the impacts of landscape pattern and the local cycle of water isotopes. In summary,the dominant landscape types had a significant impact on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of spring water,which could be used as response indicator to reveal the impacts of landscape pattern on hydrological process.
Analysis of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes is an effective method to track the water cycle in watershed. Impact of landscape pattern on the isotope effects of spring water is a new interdisciplinary topic between landscape ecology and isotope hydrology. Taking the Quanfuzhuang River basin located in the core area of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage of Honghe Hani Rice Terrace as the object,collecting the monthly samples of 78 points of spring water and 39 precipitation at altitude of 1500 m( terraces),1700 m( terraces) and 1900 m( forest) from March 2015 to March2016,we analyzed the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes of water samples under the different landscape types. The results indicated that the dominated landscape types were forests and rice terraces,being 66.6% and 22. 1% of the whole landscape area respectively,and they had a spatial vertical pattern of forest located at the mountain top and rice terraces at the down-slope. The correlation analysis showed that the spring water not only came from the precipitation,but also from other water sources which had a more positive δ~(18)O and δD values,the spring water in up-slope forests mainly came from precipitation,while that in down-slope rice terraces came from precipitation,river water,rice terrace water and under ground water. Therefore,the mixing effects of spring waterδ~(18)O and δD were more significant in rice terraces. The overall altitude effect of the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in spring water was obvious. The linear decreasing rates of δ~(18)O and δD values were-0.125‰·( 100 m)~(-1)and-0.688‰·( 100 m)~(-1),respectively. The deuterium surplus value increased with the altitude because of the impacts of landscape pattern and the local cycle of water isotopes. In summary,the dominant landscape types had a significant impact on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of spring water,which could be used as response indicator to reveal the impacts of landscape pattern on hydrological process.
引文
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[16]Craig H.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters.Science,1961,133:1702-1703
[17]Song X-F(宋献方),Li F-D(李发东),Yu J-J(于静洁),et al.Characteristics of groundwater cycle using deuterium,oxygen-18 and hydrochemistry in Chaobai River Basin.Geographical Research(地理研究),2007,26(1):11-21(in Chinese)
[18]Gao J-F(高建飞),Ding T-P(丁悌平),Luo X-R(罗续荣),et al.δD andδ18O variations of water in the Yellow River and its environmental significance.Acta Geologica Sinica(地质学报),2011,85(4):596-602(in Chinese)
[19]Xing X-H(邢晓红),Liu G-M(刘桂民),Li H-Q(李红琴),et al.Sources of spring water and its characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in Hasi Mountain.Journal of China Hydrology(水文),2016,36(2):46-50(in Chinese)
[20]Yang Y-G(杨永刚),Xiao H-L(肖洪浪),Zhao L-J(赵良菊),et al.Hydrological processes in different landscapes on Mafengou River basin.Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2011,22(5):624-630(in Chinese)
[21]Dansgaared W.Stable isotopes in precipitation.Tellus,1964,16:463-468
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[23]Schotterer U,Oldfield F,Fr9hlich K.Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation.Bern,Switzerland:GNIP,1996:15-26
[24]Gan Y-Q(甘义群),Li X-Q(李小倩),Zhou A-G(周爱国),et al.Characteristics of deuterium excess parameter of groundwater in Heihe River basin.Geological Science and Technology Information(地质科技情报),2008,27(2):85-90(in Chinese)
[2]Xiao D-N(肖笃宁),Li X-Z(李秀珍),Gao J(高峻),et al.Landscape Ecology.2nd Ed.Beijing:Science Press,2010(in Chinese)
[3]Bowen GJ,Liu Z,Vander Zanden HB,et al.Geographic assignment with stable isotopes in Iso MAP.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2014,5:201-206
[4]Cook GD,Dawes-Gromadzki TZ.Stable isotope signatures and landscape functioning in banded vegetation in arid-central Australia.Landscape Ecology,2005,20:649-660
[5]Gillson L.Evidence of hierarchical patch dynamics in an East African savanna?Landscape Ecology,2004,19:883-894
[6]Tunaley C,Tetzlaff D,Soulsby C.Scaling effects of riparian peatlands on stable isotopes in runoff and DOC mobilization.Journal of Hydrology,2017,549:220-235
[7]Hoeinghaus DJ,Winemiller KO,Agostinho AA.Landscape-scale hydrologic characteristics differentiate patterns of carbon flow in large-river food webs.Ecosystems,2007,10:1019-1033
[8]Hou D-J(候典炯),Qin X(秦翔),Wu J-K(吴锦奎),et al.Isotopic,chemical characteristics and transforming relationship between surface water and groundwater in the Xiaochangma River Basin.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology(冰川冻土),2012,34(3):698-705(in Chinese)
[9]Yang Y-G(杨永刚),Li C-M(李彩梅),Qin Z-D(秦作栋),et al.Hydrologic processes of the different landscape zones in Fenhe River.Environment Science(环境科学),2014,35(6):2108-2113(in Chinese)
[10]Xu L-L(徐磊磊),Liu J-L(刘敬林),Jin C-J(金昌杰),et al.Baseflow separation methods in hydrological process research:A review.Chinses Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(11):3073-3080(in Chinese)
[11]Jiao Y-M(角媛梅).Natural and Cultural Landscape Ecology of Hani Terraces.Beijing:Chinese Environmental Science Press,2009(in Chinese)
[12]Jiao Y-M(角媛梅),Xiao D-N(肖笃宁),Cheng G-D(程国栋).Study on the coordinating development of ethnic culture and natural environment in subtropic mountain areas:A case of cultural landscape of Hani Terrace in Yuanyang County.Journal of Mountain Science(山地学报),2002,20(3):266-271(in Chinese)
[13]Jiao Y-M(角媛梅),Yang L-P(杨丽萍).The fractal characteristics of Hani terrace in Ailao Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2007,27(11):4583-4589(in Chinese)
[14]Zhao J(赵娟),Liu T(刘涛),Pan L(潘磊),et al.Isolation and identification of root endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria of rice landraces in Yuanyang Terrace,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(12):3737-3745(in Chinese)
[15]Gu W-Z(顾慰祖),Pang Z-H(庞忠和),Wang Q-J(王全九),et al.Isotope Hydrology.Beijing:Science Press,2011(in Chinese)
[16]Craig H.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters.Science,1961,133:1702-1703
[17]Song X-F(宋献方),Li F-D(李发东),Yu J-J(于静洁),et al.Characteristics of groundwater cycle using deuterium,oxygen-18 and hydrochemistry in Chaobai River Basin.Geographical Research(地理研究),2007,26(1):11-21(in Chinese)
[18]Gao J-F(高建飞),Ding T-P(丁悌平),Luo X-R(罗续荣),et al.δD andδ18O variations of water in the Yellow River and its environmental significance.Acta Geologica Sinica(地质学报),2011,85(4):596-602(in Chinese)
[19]Xing X-H(邢晓红),Liu G-M(刘桂民),Li H-Q(李红琴),et al.Sources of spring water and its characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in Hasi Mountain.Journal of China Hydrology(水文),2016,36(2):46-50(in Chinese)
[20]Yang Y-G(杨永刚),Xiao H-L(肖洪浪),Zhao L-J(赵良菊),et al.Hydrological processes in different landscapes on Mafengou River basin.Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2011,22(5):624-630(in Chinese)
[21]Dansgaared W.Stable isotopes in precipitation.Tellus,1964,16:463-468
[22]Ding T-P(丁悌平).Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1980(in Chinese)
[23]Schotterer U,Oldfield F,Fr9hlich K.Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation.Bern,Switzerland:GNIP,1996:15-26
[24]Gan Y-Q(甘义群),Li X-Q(李小倩),Zhou A-G(周爱国),et al.Characteristics of deuterium excess parameter of groundwater in Heihe River basin.Geological Science and Technology Information(地质科技情报),2008,27(2):85-90(in Chinese)