哈尼梯田湿地景观水体富营养化及截留效应评价
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摘要
农业非点源污染是导致地表水富营养化的主要因素,而湿地景观对污染物/营养物质有截留功能。以哈尼梯田区大鱼塘村梯田湿地景观类型中的4类地表水为研究对象,于2017年6月(雨季)、12月(旱季)采集36个水样,测定其总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度并分析其时空特征,以富营养化综合指数(PI)和截留量评价其富营养化水平及截留功能。结果表明:雨季所有水样的TN、TP浓度平均值高于旱季,而4类湿地中沟渠水的浓度最高,景观类型上,村寨与梯田区水样的浓度高于森林和河流;富营养化评价显示,所有水样的PI值在雨季大于旱季,4类水体中沟渠水为中度富营养化(PI为2.01),景观类型上村寨区水体为重度富营养化(PI为5.09); TN、TP截留量评价表明,沟渠(1.38 mg·L~(-1)、0.07 mg·L~(-1))、梯田(0.25 mg·L~(-1)、0.08 mg·L~(-1))、梯田区(2.04 mg·L~(-1)、0.17 mg·L~(-1))与河流(0.05mg·L~(-1)、0.00 mg·L~(-1))的截留量高,未造成下游河流水体的富营养化,整个景观表现出明显的截留效应。研究结果为哈尼梯田的生态保护提供了依据。
Agricultural non-point source pollution is the main factor of surface water eutrophication. Wetland landscape could retain pollutants or nutrients. Taking region as research object,we collected 36 samples of the surface water in the terraced wetland landscape of Dayutang village in Hani Rice Terraces in June( rainy season) and December( dry season) of 2017. We measured total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) concentrations,analyzed their temporal and spatial characteristics,and evaluated their eutrophication level and retention function by eutrophication composite index( PI) and retention capability,respectively. The results showed that the mean concentrations of TN and TP in all samples in the rainy season were higher than those in the dry season,with such values in ditch being the highest among the four wetland types. In terms of landscape types,the TN and TP concentrations in water from village and rice terraces were higher than those in forests and rivers. The PI value of all water samples in rainy season was higher than that in dry season. The ditch water was moderately eutrophic( with a PI value of 2.01) among the four water types,while the water in the landscape type of village was heavily eutrophic( PI5.09). Furthermore,ditches( 1.38 vs. 0.07 mg·L~(-1)),rice terraces( 0.25 vs. 0.08 mg·L~(-1)),rice terraces area( 2.04 vs. 0.17 mg·L~(-1)) and rivers( 0.05 vs. 0.00 mg·L~(-1)) were of significant purification function,which kept the downstream river free of non-point source pollution and the entire landscape presenting obvious retention effects. Our results provide a basis for the ecological conservation of Hani Rice Terraces.
Agricultural non-point source pollution is the main factor of surface water eutrophication. Wetland landscape could retain pollutants or nutrients. Taking region as research object,we collected 36 samples of the surface water in the terraced wetland landscape of Dayutang village in Hani Rice Terraces in June( rainy season) and December( dry season) of 2017. We measured total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) concentrations,analyzed their temporal and spatial characteristics,and evaluated their eutrophication level and retention function by eutrophication composite index( PI) and retention capability,respectively. The results showed that the mean concentrations of TN and TP in all samples in the rainy season were higher than those in the dry season,with such values in ditch being the highest among the four wetland types. In terms of landscape types,the TN and TP concentrations in water from village and rice terraces were higher than those in forests and rivers. The PI value of all water samples in rainy season was higher than that in dry season. The ditch water was moderately eutrophic( with a PI value of 2.01) among the four water types,while the water in the landscape type of village was heavily eutrophic( PI5.09). Furthermore,ditches( 1.38 vs. 0.07 mg·L~(-1)),rice terraces( 0.25 vs. 0.08 mg·L~(-1)),rice terraces area( 2.04 vs. 0.17 mg·L~(-1)) and rivers( 0.05 vs. 0.00 mg·L~(-1)) were of significant purification function,which kept the downstream river free of non-point source pollution and the entire landscape presenting obvious retention effects. Our results provide a basis for the ecological conservation of Hani Rice Terraces.
引文
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王苏民,窦鸿身.1998.中国湖泊志.北京:科学出版社.
姚敏,崔保山.2006.哈尼梯田湿地生态系统的垂直特征.生态学报,26(7):2115-2124.
周静雯,苏保林,黄宁波,等.2016.不同灌溉模式下水稻田径流污染试验研究.环境科学,37(3):963-969.
张娟,宋维峰.2013.元阳梯田区全福庄小流域水质分析与评价.生态科学,32(5):631-635.
Ongley ED,Zhang XL,Tao Y.2010.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China.Environmental Pollution,158:1159-1168.
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Sallade YE,Sims JT.1997.Phosphorus transformations in the sediments of Delaware's agricultural drainage ways.II.Effect of reducing conditions on phosphorus release.Journal of Environmental Quality,26:1571-1579.
Soaresa M,Vale M,Vasconcelos V.2011.Effects of nitrate reduction on the eutrophication of an urban man-made lake(Palácio de Cristal,Porto,Portugal).Environmental Technology,32:1009-1015.
Shen ZY,Hou XS,Li W,et al.2015.Impact of landscape pattern at multiple spatial scales on water quality:A case study in a typical urbanised watershed in China.Ecological Indicators,48:417-427.
Tilman D,Cassman KG,Matson PA,et al.2002.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.Nature,418:671-677.
Wang W,Wang C,Sardans J,et al.2015.Agricultural land use decouples soil nutrient cycles in a subtropical riparian wetland in China.Catena,133:171-178.
Zhao TQ,Xu HS,He YX,et al.2009.Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of different vegetation types in riparian wetlands:A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China.Journal of Environmental Science,21:933-939.
Zapater M,Gross A,Soares M.2011.Capacity of an on-site recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland to withstand disturbances and highly variable influence quality.Ecological Engineering,37:1572-1577.
陈利顶,傅伯杰.2000.农田生态系统管理与非点源污染控制.环境科学,25(2):98-100.
郭鸿鹏,朱静雅,杨印生.2008.农业非点源污染防治技术的研究现状及进展.农业工程学报,224(4):290-295.
何元庆,魏建兵,胡远安,等.2012.珠三角典型稻田生态沟渠型人工湿地的非点源污染削减功能.生态学杂志,31(2):394-398.
郝韶楠,李叙勇,杜新忠,等.2015.平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展.生态环境学报,24(7):1235-1244.
角媛梅,张贵,王宇,等.2009.哈尼梯田景观地表水营养物质的时空变化.生态学杂志,28(9):1787-1793.
李强坤,李怀恩,胡亚伟,等.2009.农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用.环境科学,30(12):3509-3513.
李祚泳,丁晶.2004.环境质量评价原理与方法.北京:化学工业出版社.
刘红玉,李兆富.2008.小三江平原湿地水质空间分异与影响分析.中国环境科学,28(10):933-937.
任华丽,崔保山,白军红,等.2008.哈尼梯田湿地核心区水稻土重金属分布与潜在的生态风险.生态学报,28(4):1625-1634.
宋常吉,李强坤,崔恩贵.2014.农田排水沟渠调控农业非点源污染研究综述.水资源与水工程学报,25(5):222-227.
单保庆,陈庆锋,尹澄清.2006.塘-湿地组合系统对城市旅游区降雨径流污染的在线截控作用研究.环境科学学报,26(7):1068-1075.
王晓玲,乔斌,李松敏,等.2015.生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究.水利学报,46(12):1406-1413.
王晓玲,李建生,李松敏,等.2017.生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究.水利学报,48(3):291-298.
王苏民,窦鸿身.1998.中国湖泊志.北京:科学出版社.
姚敏,崔保山.2006.哈尼梯田湿地生态系统的垂直特征.生态学报,26(7):2115-2124.
周静雯,苏保林,黄宁波,等.2016.不同灌溉模式下水稻田径流污染试验研究.环境科学,37(3):963-969.
张娟,宋维峰.2013.元阳梯田区全福庄小流域水质分析与评价.生态科学,32(5):631-635.
Ongley ED,Zhang XL,Tao Y.2010.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China.Environmental Pollution,158:1159-1168.
Pinto U,Maheshwari B,Shrestha S,et al.2012.Modelling eutrophication and microbial risks in peri-urban river systems using discriminant function analysis.Water Research,46:6476-6488.
Sallade YE,Sims JT.1997.Phosphorus transformations in the sediments of Delaware's agricultural drainage ways.II.Effect of reducing conditions on phosphorus release.Journal of Environmental Quality,26:1571-1579.
Soaresa M,Vale M,Vasconcelos V.2011.Effects of nitrate reduction on the eutrophication of an urban man-made lake(Palácio de Cristal,Porto,Portugal).Environmental Technology,32:1009-1015.
Shen ZY,Hou XS,Li W,et al.2015.Impact of landscape pattern at multiple spatial scales on water quality:A case study in a typical urbanised watershed in China.Ecological Indicators,48:417-427.
Tilman D,Cassman KG,Matson PA,et al.2002.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.Nature,418:671-677.
Wang W,Wang C,Sardans J,et al.2015.Agricultural land use decouples soil nutrient cycles in a subtropical riparian wetland in China.Catena,133:171-178.
Zhao TQ,Xu HS,He YX,et al.2009.Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of different vegetation types in riparian wetlands:A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China.Journal of Environmental Science,21:933-939.
Zapater M,Gross A,Soares M.2011.Capacity of an on-site recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland to withstand disturbances and highly variable influence quality.Ecological Engineering,37:1572-1577.