基于组织间依赖的创新网络演化模型及仿真研究
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摘要
目前创新网络演化的数理仿真研究在演化动因、演化形态和演化过程上存在单一性,无法展现创新网络演化的宏微观转化机理和全貌。本文以网络宏微观转化的中间层次——组织间依赖关系为切入点,集成不同的动因视角、形态层次、以及经济和社会互动过程,构建创新网络演化模型,并进行数理仿真。结果显示:创新网络在组织知识提升和外部创新目标变化两大动力的共同作用下、通过组织间知识合作与社会互动进行演化,演化形态主要有三种,通过对密集性、层级性和稳定性三个指标的分析,发现每种形态都有其相应的问题,针对这些问题确立网络协调和治理目标,可以为进一步解决创新网络失败率高的难题奠定基础。
Though as an important R&D form, innovation networks have high failure rates because of the lack of a deep knowledge of its evolution rule. The innovation-network evolution, consequently, becomes an important research topic. Since the complex dynamics of innovation networks is difficult for the traditional analysis methods to describe, the computer simulation method has become a powerful tool. The existing researches on innovation-network evolution, however, focus too narrow issues on evolution drivers, evolution processes and evolution statuses, and fails to address China's current national strategy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", which emphasizes on the nation's strong macro orientation, network members' prominent subjectivities and the frequent social interaction between members. Therefore, based on the relevant studies, this paper puts forward the view of inter-organizational dependence which is considered as the nature of inter-organizational relationship in innovation networks and has a comprehensive and dynamic nature itself. This paper establishes a model to simulate the network evolution process and explores the evolution rule.From the view of inter-organizational dependence, this paper firstly establishes a conceptual model of innovation-network evolution through the following steps. For step 1, this paper made model assumptions on evolution drivers by combining the endogenous perspective of micro organizations' dynamic capabilities and the exogenous perspective of macro network's innovation demands, and setting up the model's dynamic drivers. For step 2, on the basis of the author's previous empirical results on inter-organizational dependence's multi-dimensions and dynamic changing, this paper introduces model assumptions on evolution process to include both knowledge interactions and social interactions among organizations, and form the model's dynamic mechanism. For step 3, this paper deepens the cognition of static characteristics and the exploration of dynamic rule of macro networks into the micro levels, and puts forwards propositions on network evolution status from inter-organizational relations to the network structure. For step 4, this paper builds a mathematical model by adapting and improving the main equation method proposed by Pearson et al.(2002) on behalf of the characteristics of innovation networks and the research goal of this study. In the simulation part, this paper: 1) simulates the progressive evolution of innovation networks by matching the two kinds of network evolution drivers to run the model, and discovers that the general level of inter-organizational dependences is related to the network intensity and hierarchy; 2) introduces radical evolution powers and reveals a positive relation among the correlation of knowledge dependence, total inter-dependence and the network stability by comparing the network evolution topologies; and 3) studies the real innovation networks and finds that the evolution rule concluded from the simulation matches well with the networks in reality. This paper combines various evolution drivers, economic and social evolution processes among network members, and different levels of evolution status from the view of inter-organizational dependence, and builds a systematic and comprehensive innovation-network-evolution model. In addition, this paper puts forward three indicators on static as well as dynamic network features: network stability, network intensive and the network hierarchy. Moreover, this paper verifies their effectiveness through experiments to supplement the studies on inter-organizational network parameters, and sums up the network evolution rule and problems of different network forms through simulation. The findings of this paper enrich the research of innovation network evolution, and provide a sound foundation for future studies on network management and governance according to different network forms' features, with an ultimate aim to lower the high failure rate of innovation networks.
Though as an important R&D form, innovation networks have high failure rates because of the lack of a deep knowledge of its evolution rule. The innovation-network evolution, consequently, becomes an important research topic. Since the complex dynamics of innovation networks is difficult for the traditional analysis methods to describe, the computer simulation method has become a powerful tool. The existing researches on innovation-network evolution, however, focus too narrow issues on evolution drivers, evolution processes and evolution statuses, and fails to address China's current national strategy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", which emphasizes on the nation's strong macro orientation, network members' prominent subjectivities and the frequent social interaction between members. Therefore, based on the relevant studies, this paper puts forward the view of inter-organizational dependence which is considered as the nature of inter-organizational relationship in innovation networks and has a comprehensive and dynamic nature itself. This paper establishes a model to simulate the network evolution process and explores the evolution rule.From the view of inter-organizational dependence, this paper firstly establishes a conceptual model of innovation-network evolution through the following steps. For step 1, this paper made model assumptions on evolution drivers by combining the endogenous perspective of micro organizations' dynamic capabilities and the exogenous perspective of macro network's innovation demands, and setting up the model's dynamic drivers. For step 2, on the basis of the author's previous empirical results on inter-organizational dependence's multi-dimensions and dynamic changing, this paper introduces model assumptions on evolution process to include both knowledge interactions and social interactions among organizations, and form the model's dynamic mechanism. For step 3, this paper deepens the cognition of static characteristics and the exploration of dynamic rule of macro networks into the micro levels, and puts forwards propositions on network evolution status from inter-organizational relations to the network structure. For step 4, this paper builds a mathematical model by adapting and improving the main equation method proposed by Pearson et al.(2002) on behalf of the characteristics of innovation networks and the research goal of this study. In the simulation part, this paper: 1) simulates the progressive evolution of innovation networks by matching the two kinds of network evolution drivers to run the model, and discovers that the general level of inter-organizational dependences is related to the network intensity and hierarchy; 2) introduces radical evolution powers and reveals a positive relation among the correlation of knowledge dependence, total inter-dependence and the network stability by comparing the network evolution topologies; and 3) studies the real innovation networks and finds that the evolution rule concluded from the simulation matches well with the networks in reality. This paper combines various evolution drivers, economic and social evolution processes among network members, and different levels of evolution status from the view of inter-organizational dependence, and builds a systematic and comprehensive innovation-network-evolution model. In addition, this paper puts forward three indicators on static as well as dynamic network features: network stability, network intensive and the network hierarchy. Moreover, this paper verifies their effectiveness through experiments to supplement the studies on inter-organizational network parameters, and sums up the network evolution rule and problems of different network forms through simulation. The findings of this paper enrich the research of innovation network evolution, and provide a sound foundation for future studies on network management and governance according to different network forms' features, with an ultimate aim to lower the high failure rate of innovation networks.
引文
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[5]Gilsing VA,Lemmens CEAV,Duysters G.Strategic alliance networks and innovation:a deterministic and voluntaristic view combined[J].Technology Analysis&Strategic Management,2007,19(2):227-249.
[6]Lavie D.Network resources:Toward a new social network perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,2008,33(2):546-550.
[7]Bell J,den Ouden B,Ziggers GW.Dynamics of cooperation:at the brink of irrelevance[J].Journal of Management Studies,2006,43(7):1607-1619.
[8]Viedma-Marti JM.Social capital benchmarking system:Profiting from social capital when building network organizations[J].Journal of Intellectual Capital,2004,5(3):426-442.
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[10]田钢,张永安.集群创新网络演化的动力模型及其仿真研究[J].科研管理,2010,31(1):104-115.
[11]林秋月,王文平,王娇俐.产业集群创新网络结构特征的仿真分析[J].管理学报,2010,7(7):1015-1020.
[12]Pearson DW,Albert P,Besombes B,et al.Modelling enterprise networks:A master equation approach[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2002,138(3):663-670.
[13]张兵,王文平,孟庆松.非正式创新网络结构仿真研究[J].管理工程学报,2008,4:62-66.
[14]Demirkan I,Deeds DL,Demirkan S.The role of network characteristics,knowledge quality,and inertia on the evolution of scientific networks[J].Journal of Management,2012,39(6):1462-1489.
[15]李玲.技术创新网络中企业间依赖、企业开放度对合作绩效的影响[J].南开管理评论,2011,14(4):16-24.
[16]张首魁,党兴华.网络环境下的企业自主创新能力研究基于权力依赖关系的视角[J].科技进步与对策,2011,28(4):1-5.
[17]Gardet E,Mothe C.SME dependence and coordination in innovation networks[J].Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,2012,19(2):263-280.
[18]谢永平,孙永磊,张浩淼.资源依赖,关系治理与技术创新网络企业核心影响力形成[J].管理评论,2014,26(8):117-126.
[19]石乘齐,党兴华.创新网络中组织间依赖的维度和构面研究[J].经济管理,2012,34(12):120-128.
[20]Nemet GF.Demand-pull,technology-push,and government-led incentives for non-incremental technical change[J].Research Policy,2009,38(5):700-709.
[21]Faems D,Van Looy B,Debackere K.Interorganizational collaboration and innovation:Toward a portfolio approach[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2005,22(3):238-250.
[22]石乘齐,党兴华.技术创新网络中组织间依赖的影响因素及形成研究[J].管理工程学报,2017,1.
[23]Wong SS,Ho VT,Lee CH.A power perspective to interunit knowledge transfer:Linking knowledge attributes to unit power and the transfer of knowledge[J].Journal of Management,2008,34(1):127-150.
[24]Wu J,Li Z,Wang Y,et al.Joining an e-marketplace:the role of resource and structural dependence[A].Proceedings of 2009International Conference on Management and Service Science[C],Wuhan,2009:1-5.
[25]Gargiulo M,Benassi M.Trapped in your own net:Network cohesion,structural holes,and the adaptation of social capital[J].Organization Science,2000,11(2):183-196.
[26]周飞,孙锐.吸收能力和网络惯例形成演化视角下的突破性产品创新研究[J].管理学报,2015,12(6):873-879.
[27]Chen M,MacMillan IC.Nonresponse and delayed response to competitive moves:the roles of competitor dependence and action irreversibility[J].Academy of Management Journal,1992,35(3):539-570.
[28]Mahapatra SK,Narasimhan R,Barbieri P.Strategic interdependence,governance effectiveness and supplier performance:a dyadic case study investigation and theory development[J].Journal of Operations Management,2010,28(6):537-552.
[29]Ramakrishnan T,Jones MC,Sidorova A.Factors influencing business intelligence(BI)data collection strategies:an empirical investigation[J].Decision Support Systems,2012,52(2):486-496.
[30]Gulati R,Sytch M.Dependence asymmetry and joint dependence in interorganizational relationships:Effects of embeddedness on a manufacturer's performance in procurement relationships[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2007,52(1):32-69.
[31]Laamanen T.Dependency,resource depth,and supplier performance during industry downturn[J].Research Policy,2005,34(2):125-140.
[32]Johnsen RE,Ford D.Developing the concept of asymmetrical and symmetrical relationships:linking relationship characteristics and firms'capabilities and strategies[A].Spencer R,Pons JF,Gasiglia H.Proceedings of the 18th Annual IMP Conference[C].Dijon,2002:1-21.
[33]Cook KS,Emerson RM,Gillmore MR,et al.The distribution of power in exchange networks:theory and experimental results[J].American Journal of Sociology,1983,89(2):275-305.
[34]Crucitti P,Latora V,Porta S.Centrality measures in spatial networks of urban streets[J].Physical Review E,2006,73(3):1-5.
[35]杨波.复杂社会网络的结构测度与模型研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2007.
[36]Kim TY,Oh H,Swaminathan A.Framing interorganizational network change:a network inertia perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,2006,31(3):704-720.
[37]章丹,胡祖光.基于Matlab仿真的技术创新网络的无标度特征[J],系统工程,2011,29(1):63-68.
[38]Sebestyen T,Parag A.The dynamics of link formation in patent innovator networks[J],Perspectives of Innovation in Economics and Business,2010,4(1):21-25.
[39]Hartmann-Sonntag I,Scharnhorst A,Ebeling W.Sensitive networks:modelling self-organization and innovation processes in networks[J].Acta Neurologica Belgica,2010,110(3):447-479.
[40]田钢,张永安.集群创新网络演化的动力模型及其仿真研究[J].科研管理,2010,31(1):104-117.
[41]Ribeiro LC,Ruiz RM,Albuquerque EM,et al.The diffusion of technological knowledge through interlaced networks[J].Computer Physics Communications,2011,182(9):1875-1878.
[42]Albert R,Barabási AL.Statistical mechanics of complex networks[J].Reviews of Modern Physics,2002,74(1):47-97.
[43]Bourantas D.Avoiding dependence on suppliers and distributors[J].Long Range Planning,1989,22(3):140-149.
[44]Polites GL,Watson RT.The centrality and prestige of CACM[J].Communications of the ACM,2008,51(1):95-100.
[45]Barabási AL,Bonabeau E.Scale-free networks[J].Scientific American,2003,288(5):50-59.
[46]车宏安,顾基发.无标度网络及其系统科学意义[J].系统工程理论与实践.2004,24(4):11-16.
[47]Laumann E0,Marsden PV,Prenskv D.The boundary specification problem in network analysis[A].Burt RS,Minor MJ.Applied Network Analysis:A Methodological Introduction[C].Sage:Beverly Hills,1983:18-34.
[48]Brantle TF,Fallah MH.Complex innovation networks,patent citations and power laws[A].In Proceedings of the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology[C].Portland,2007:540-549.
[49]向希尧,蔡虹.组织间跨国知识流动网络结构分析--基于专利的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2011,29(1):97-105.
[50]Maurer I.How to build trust in inter-organizational projects:the impact of project staffing and project rewards on the formation of trust,knowledge acquisition and product innovation[J].International Journal of Project Management,2010,28(7):629-637.
[2]Borgatti SP,Foster PC.The network paradigm in organizational research:A review and typology[J].Journal of Management,2003,29(6):991-1013.
[3]Pyka A.Innovation networks in economics:From the incentive-based to the knowledge-based approaches[J].European Journal of Innovation Management,1998,5(5):152-163.
[4]Watts C,Gilbert N.Simulating innovation:Comparing models of collective knowledge,technological evolution and emergent innovation networks[M].Berlin:Advances in Social Simulation,2014.
[5]Gilsing VA,Lemmens CEAV,Duysters G.Strategic alliance networks and innovation:a deterministic and voluntaristic view combined[J].Technology Analysis&Strategic Management,2007,19(2):227-249.
[6]Lavie D.Network resources:Toward a new social network perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,2008,33(2):546-550.
[7]Bell J,den Ouden B,Ziggers GW.Dynamics of cooperation:at the brink of irrelevance[J].Journal of Management Studies,2006,43(7):1607-1619.
[8]Viedma-Marti JM.Social capital benchmarking system:Profiting from social capital when building network organizations[J].Journal of Intellectual Capital,2004,5(3):426-442.
[9]Ter Wal A,Boschma R.Applying social network analysis in economic geography:framing some key analytic issues[J].Annals of Regional Sciences,2009,43(3):739-756.
[10]田钢,张永安.集群创新网络演化的动力模型及其仿真研究[J].科研管理,2010,31(1):104-115.
[11]林秋月,王文平,王娇俐.产业集群创新网络结构特征的仿真分析[J].管理学报,2010,7(7):1015-1020.
[12]Pearson DW,Albert P,Besombes B,et al.Modelling enterprise networks:A master equation approach[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2002,138(3):663-670.
[13]张兵,王文平,孟庆松.非正式创新网络结构仿真研究[J].管理工程学报,2008,4:62-66.
[14]Demirkan I,Deeds DL,Demirkan S.The role of network characteristics,knowledge quality,and inertia on the evolution of scientific networks[J].Journal of Management,2012,39(6):1462-1489.
[15]李玲.技术创新网络中企业间依赖、企业开放度对合作绩效的影响[J].南开管理评论,2011,14(4):16-24.
[16]张首魁,党兴华.网络环境下的企业自主创新能力研究基于权力依赖关系的视角[J].科技进步与对策,2011,28(4):1-5.
[17]Gardet E,Mothe C.SME dependence and coordination in innovation networks[J].Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,2012,19(2):263-280.
[18]谢永平,孙永磊,张浩淼.资源依赖,关系治理与技术创新网络企业核心影响力形成[J].管理评论,2014,26(8):117-126.
[19]石乘齐,党兴华.创新网络中组织间依赖的维度和构面研究[J].经济管理,2012,34(12):120-128.
[20]Nemet GF.Demand-pull,technology-push,and government-led incentives for non-incremental technical change[J].Research Policy,2009,38(5):700-709.
[21]Faems D,Van Looy B,Debackere K.Interorganizational collaboration and innovation:Toward a portfolio approach[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2005,22(3):238-250.
[22]石乘齐,党兴华.技术创新网络中组织间依赖的影响因素及形成研究[J].管理工程学报,2017,1.
[23]Wong SS,Ho VT,Lee CH.A power perspective to interunit knowledge transfer:Linking knowledge attributes to unit power and the transfer of knowledge[J].Journal of Management,2008,34(1):127-150.
[24]Wu J,Li Z,Wang Y,et al.Joining an e-marketplace:the role of resource and structural dependence[A].Proceedings of 2009International Conference on Management and Service Science[C],Wuhan,2009:1-5.
[25]Gargiulo M,Benassi M.Trapped in your own net:Network cohesion,structural holes,and the adaptation of social capital[J].Organization Science,2000,11(2):183-196.
[26]周飞,孙锐.吸收能力和网络惯例形成演化视角下的突破性产品创新研究[J].管理学报,2015,12(6):873-879.
[27]Chen M,MacMillan IC.Nonresponse and delayed response to competitive moves:the roles of competitor dependence and action irreversibility[J].Academy of Management Journal,1992,35(3):539-570.
[28]Mahapatra SK,Narasimhan R,Barbieri P.Strategic interdependence,governance effectiveness and supplier performance:a dyadic case study investigation and theory development[J].Journal of Operations Management,2010,28(6):537-552.
[29]Ramakrishnan T,Jones MC,Sidorova A.Factors influencing business intelligence(BI)data collection strategies:an empirical investigation[J].Decision Support Systems,2012,52(2):486-496.
[30]Gulati R,Sytch M.Dependence asymmetry and joint dependence in interorganizational relationships:Effects of embeddedness on a manufacturer's performance in procurement relationships[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2007,52(1):32-69.
[31]Laamanen T.Dependency,resource depth,and supplier performance during industry downturn[J].Research Policy,2005,34(2):125-140.
[32]Johnsen RE,Ford D.Developing the concept of asymmetrical and symmetrical relationships:linking relationship characteristics and firms'capabilities and strategies[A].Spencer R,Pons JF,Gasiglia H.Proceedings of the 18th Annual IMP Conference[C].Dijon,2002:1-21.
[33]Cook KS,Emerson RM,Gillmore MR,et al.The distribution of power in exchange networks:theory and experimental results[J].American Journal of Sociology,1983,89(2):275-305.
[34]Crucitti P,Latora V,Porta S.Centrality measures in spatial networks of urban streets[J].Physical Review E,2006,73(3):1-5.
[35]杨波.复杂社会网络的结构测度与模型研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2007.
[36]Kim TY,Oh H,Swaminathan A.Framing interorganizational network change:a network inertia perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,2006,31(3):704-720.
[37]章丹,胡祖光.基于Matlab仿真的技术创新网络的无标度特征[J],系统工程,2011,29(1):63-68.
[38]Sebestyen T,Parag A.The dynamics of link formation in patent innovator networks[J],Perspectives of Innovation in Economics and Business,2010,4(1):21-25.
[39]Hartmann-Sonntag I,Scharnhorst A,Ebeling W.Sensitive networks:modelling self-organization and innovation processes in networks[J].Acta Neurologica Belgica,2010,110(3):447-479.
[40]田钢,张永安.集群创新网络演化的动力模型及其仿真研究[J].科研管理,2010,31(1):104-117.
[41]Ribeiro LC,Ruiz RM,Albuquerque EM,et al.The diffusion of technological knowledge through interlaced networks[J].Computer Physics Communications,2011,182(9):1875-1878.
[42]Albert R,Barabási AL.Statistical mechanics of complex networks[J].Reviews of Modern Physics,2002,74(1):47-97.
[43]Bourantas D.Avoiding dependence on suppliers and distributors[J].Long Range Planning,1989,22(3):140-149.
[44]Polites GL,Watson RT.The centrality and prestige of CACM[J].Communications of the ACM,2008,51(1):95-100.
[45]Barabási AL,Bonabeau E.Scale-free networks[J].Scientific American,2003,288(5):50-59.
[46]车宏安,顾基发.无标度网络及其系统科学意义[J].系统工程理论与实践.2004,24(4):11-16.
[47]Laumann E0,Marsden PV,Prenskv D.The boundary specification problem in network analysis[A].Burt RS,Minor MJ.Applied Network Analysis:A Methodological Introduction[C].Sage:Beverly Hills,1983:18-34.
[48]Brantle TF,Fallah MH.Complex innovation networks,patent citations and power laws[A].In Proceedings of the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology[C].Portland,2007:540-549.
[49]向希尧,蔡虹.组织间跨国知识流动网络结构分析--基于专利的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2011,29(1):97-105.
[50]Maurer I.How to build trust in inter-organizational projects:the impact of project staffing and project rewards on the formation of trust,knowledge acquisition and product innovation[J].International Journal of Project Management,2010,28(7):629-637.