2014-2016年我国种植业化肥施用状况及问题
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摘要
【目的】种植业化肥施用量的变化不仅影响着我国化肥的供销平衡,还与环境安全密切相关。掌握种植业化肥施用状况是贯彻新发展理念,推进农业供给侧结构性改革的重要前提保障。【方法】本研究利用农业农村部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点调查数据,计算2014—2016年我国种植业化肥施用总量,并对主要农作物和不同区域化肥施用量和化肥施用品种分别进行统计分析。【结果】2014—2016年我国种植业化肥施用量分别为5989.7万t、6052.6万t和6041.4万t,其中三大粮食作物小麦、玉米、水稻年均化肥施用总量分别为728.3万t、1214.2万t和887.1万t,合计占到化肥施用总量的46.9%,华北、华中南和华东三个区域年均化肥施用总量分别为1603.1万t、1156.8万t和978.7万t,合计占到化肥施用总量的62.0%,复合(混)肥和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,年均购买比例分别为76.8%和65.1%。【结论】我国种植业化肥施用量在2016年首次实现了零增长,化肥减量工作取得重要进展,但区域养分供应不平衡现象突出,主要表现为华北、华中南养分盈余较大,西南、西北养分供应不足。不同作物体系也存在施肥不平衡的问题,小麦、水稻基本合理,玉米和花生投入过量,甘蔗和棉花投入不足。建议国家加大力度推进测土配方施肥、机械施肥、有机肥替代化肥等高效施肥模式,促进化肥减量增效,助力乡村振兴战略实施。
【Objectives】Crop farming consumes the largest fertilizers in china. Variation in chemical fertilizer input will cause the vibration of the balance supplies and efficiencies of agricultural industry. Clarifying the status of fertilizer application in crop farming is the premise of implementing new development concept and promoting structural reform of the agricultural supply side.【Methods】In this paper, we used data collected from the state owned 339 retailers all over the country to calculate total amounts of fertilizers for planting crops in China from2014 to 2016, analyzed changes in the main crops and different areas of chemical fertilizer application and fertilizer varieties over the past three years.【Results】The total chemical fertilizer amounts were 5989.7×10~4 tons, 6052.6×10~4 tons and 6041.4×10~4 tons in crop farming from 2014 to 2016. Among them, the average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizers for wheat, corn and rice were 728.3×10~4 tons, 1214.2×10~4 tons and887.1×10~4 tons respectively, accounting for 46.9% of the total fertilizer application. The average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizers in the North China area, the Central and South China area and the East China area was 1603.1×10~4 tons, 1156.8×10~4 tons and 978.7×10~4 tons respectively, accounting for 62.0% of the total fertilizer application. Farmers preferred to purchase compound fertilizers and urea, the average annual purchase ratios were 76.8% and 65.1%, respectively.【Conclusions】For the first time in China, the amount of planting fertilizer application has achieved zero growth in 2016, and fertilizer reduction has made important progress, however, imbalanced fertilization still existed in different regions. There were large surpluses in the North China and the Central and South China, and insufficient in the Southwest and Northwest China. In addition,different crop systems also had problems with unbalanced fertilization, as surpluses in corn and peanuts and insufficient in sugar cane and cotton. We suggest to implement soil test based fertilization, mechanical fertilization and organic fertilizer alternative fertilizers, promote the reduction and efficiency increase of chemical fertilizers and help build a beautiful China..
【Objectives】Crop farming consumes the largest fertilizers in china. Variation in chemical fertilizer input will cause the vibration of the balance supplies and efficiencies of agricultural industry. Clarifying the status of fertilizer application in crop farming is the premise of implementing new development concept and promoting structural reform of the agricultural supply side.【Methods】In this paper, we used data collected from the state owned 339 retailers all over the country to calculate total amounts of fertilizers for planting crops in China from2014 to 2016, analyzed changes in the main crops and different areas of chemical fertilizer application and fertilizer varieties over the past three years.【Results】The total chemical fertilizer amounts were 5989.7×10~4 tons, 6052.6×10~4 tons and 6041.4×10~4 tons in crop farming from 2014 to 2016. Among them, the average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizers for wheat, corn and rice were 728.3×10~4 tons, 1214.2×10~4 tons and887.1×10~4 tons respectively, accounting for 46.9% of the total fertilizer application. The average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizers in the North China area, the Central and South China area and the East China area was 1603.1×10~4 tons, 1156.8×10~4 tons and 978.7×10~4 tons respectively, accounting for 62.0% of the total fertilizer application. Farmers preferred to purchase compound fertilizers and urea, the average annual purchase ratios were 76.8% and 65.1%, respectively.【Conclusions】For the first time in China, the amount of planting fertilizer application has achieved zero growth in 2016, and fertilizer reduction has made important progress, however, imbalanced fertilization still existed in different regions. There were large surpluses in the North China and the Central and South China, and insufficient in the Southwest and Northwest China. In addition,different crop systems also had problems with unbalanced fertilization, as surpluses in corn and peanuts and insufficient in sugar cane and cotton. We suggest to implement soil test based fertilization, mechanical fertilization and organic fertilizer alternative fertilizers, promote the reduction and efficiency increase of chemical fertilizers and help build a beautiful China..
引文
[1]张福锁.科学认识化肥的作用[J].中国农技推广,2017,(1):16-18.Zhang F S. Scientific understanding of the role of chemicalfertilizers[J]. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2017,(1):16-18.
[2]王艳语,苗俊艳.世界及我国化肥施用水平分析[J].磷肥与复肥,2016, 4(31):22-23.Wang Y Y, Miao J Y. Analysis of fertilizer application in World and China[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer, 2016, 4(31):22-23.
[3]易小燕,袁梦,尹昌斌.我国种植业化学品投人状况与转变路径研究[J].中国工程科学,2017, 19(4):124-129.Yi X Y, Yuan M, Yin C B. Research on chemical investment status and transformation path in China's planting industry[J]. Engineering Sciences, 2017, 19(4):124-129.
[4]辛良杰,李秀彬,谈明洪,等.2000-2010年我国农业化肥施用的时空演变格局[J].中国农业大学学报,2013, 18(5):21-27.Xin L J, Li X B, Tan M H, et al. Temporal and spatial evolution of agrochemical fertilizer application in China from 2000 to 2010[J].Journal of China Agricultural University, 2013, 18(5):21-27.
[5]杨帆,孟远夺,姜义,等.2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015, 21(1):217-225.Yang F, Meng Y D, Jiang Y, et al. Chemical fertilizer application and supply in crop farming in China in 2013[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(1):217-225.
[6]中国人民共和国国家统计局.2015年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015. 432-461.National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese statistics yearbook in2015[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2015. 432-461.
[7]中国人民共和国国家统计局.2016年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016. 426-455.National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese Statistics Yearbook in2016[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2016. 426-455.
[8]中国人民共和国国家统计局.2017年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017. 419-448.National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese statistics yearbook in2007[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2017. 419-448.
[9]孟远夺,许发辉,杨帆,等.我国种植业化肥施用现状与节肥潜力分析[J].磷肥与复肥,2015, 9(30):1-4.Meng Y D, Xu F H, Yang F, et al. Status of fertilizer application and potential of saving fertilizers in crops in China[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer, 2015, 9(30):1-4.
[10]侯萌瑶,张丽,王知文,等.中国主要农作物化肥用量估算[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017, 4(34):360-367.Hou M Y, Zhang L, Wang Z W, et al. Estimation of chemical fertilizers of main crops in China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2017, 4(34):360-367.
[11]张卫峰,易俊杰,张福锁,等.中国肥料发展研究报告2016[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2017. 71-153.Zhang W F, Yi J J, Zhang F S, et al. Research report of China fertilizer development in 2016[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture University Press, 2017. 71-153.
[12]张卫峰,季玥秀,马骥,等.中国化肥消费需求影响因素及走势分析Ⅱ种植结构[J].资源科学,2008, 30(1):31-36.Zhang W F, Ji Y X, Ma J, et al. Driving forces of fertilizer consumption in China(II Planting Structure)[J]. Resources Science,2008, 30(1):31-36.
[13]徐洋,辛景树.经济作物科学施肥发展现状与对策[J].中国农技推广,2017,(5):9-13.Xu Y, Xin J S. Status and countermeasures of scientific crop fertilization in economic crops[J]. China Agricultural Technology Extension,2017,(5):9-13.
[14]汪翔,张锋.中国农业化肥投人现状与地区差异性分析[J].江西农业学报,2011,(12):169-173.Wang Y, Zhang F. Analysis on present situation and regional disparity of agricultural chemical fertilizer input in China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2011,(12):169-173.
[15]李书田,刘晓永,何萍.当前我国农业生产中的养分需求分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(6):1416-1432.Li S T, Liu X Y, He P. Analysis of nutrient demand in current agricultural production in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(6):1416-1432.
[16]张永强,张晓飞,周宁,等.我国化肥投人的区域优化配置研究一基于农业增产与环境保护视角[J].资源开发与市场,2017,(2):169-173.Zhang Y Q, Zhang X F, Zhou N, et al. Study on regional optimal allocation of chemical fertilizer input in China--Based on the perspective of agricultural production and environmental protection[J]. Resource Development and Market, 2017,(2):169-173.
[17]张卫峰,张福锁.中国肥料发展研究报告2012[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2013. 125-129.Zhang W F, Zhang F S. Research report of China fertilizerdevelopment in 2012[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture University Press, 2013. 125-129.
[18]孙钊.测土配方施肥项目的发展现状与对策[J].现代农业科技,2009,(15):290-291.Sun Z. Development status and countermeasures of soil testing and formula fertilization projects[J]. Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 2009,(15):290-291.
[19]陈远鹏,龙慧,刘志杰.我国施肥技术与施肥机械的研究现状及对策[J].农机化研究,2015,(5):255-260.Chen Y P, Long H, Liu Z J. Research status and countermeasures of fertilization technology and fertilization machinery in China[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2015,(5):255-260.
[20]李燕青,唐继伟,车升国,等.长期施用有机肥与化肥氮对华北夏玉米N_2O和CO_2排放的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015, 48(21):4381-4389.Li Y Q, Tang J W, Chen S G, et al. Effect of long-term application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer nitrogen on N20 and C02emissions from summer maize in North China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(21):4381-4389.
[21]陈贵,赵国华,张红梅,等.长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(1):92-97.Chen G, Zhao G H, Zhang H M, et al. Effects of long-term application of organic fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient use efficiency[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2017,(1):92-97.
[2]王艳语,苗俊艳.世界及我国化肥施用水平分析[J].磷肥与复肥,2016, 4(31):22-23.Wang Y Y, Miao J Y. Analysis of fertilizer application in World and China[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer, 2016, 4(31):22-23.
[3]易小燕,袁梦,尹昌斌.我国种植业化学品投人状况与转变路径研究[J].中国工程科学,2017, 19(4):124-129.Yi X Y, Yuan M, Yin C B. Research on chemical investment status and transformation path in China's planting industry[J]. Engineering Sciences, 2017, 19(4):124-129.
[4]辛良杰,李秀彬,谈明洪,等.2000-2010年我国农业化肥施用的时空演变格局[J].中国农业大学学报,2013, 18(5):21-27.Xin L J, Li X B, Tan M H, et al. Temporal and spatial evolution of agrochemical fertilizer application in China from 2000 to 2010[J].Journal of China Agricultural University, 2013, 18(5):21-27.
[5]杨帆,孟远夺,姜义,等.2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015, 21(1):217-225.Yang F, Meng Y D, Jiang Y, et al. Chemical fertilizer application and supply in crop farming in China in 2013[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(1):217-225.
[6]中国人民共和国国家统计局.2015年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015. 432-461.National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese statistics yearbook in2015[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2015. 432-461.
[7]中国人民共和国国家统计局.2016年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016. 426-455.National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese Statistics Yearbook in2016[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2016. 426-455.
[8]中国人民共和国国家统计局.2017年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017. 419-448.National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese statistics yearbook in2007[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2017. 419-448.
[9]孟远夺,许发辉,杨帆,等.我国种植业化肥施用现状与节肥潜力分析[J].磷肥与复肥,2015, 9(30):1-4.Meng Y D, Xu F H, Yang F, et al. Status of fertilizer application and potential of saving fertilizers in crops in China[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer, 2015, 9(30):1-4.
[10]侯萌瑶,张丽,王知文,等.中国主要农作物化肥用量估算[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017, 4(34):360-367.Hou M Y, Zhang L, Wang Z W, et al. Estimation of chemical fertilizers of main crops in China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2017, 4(34):360-367.
[11]张卫峰,易俊杰,张福锁,等.中国肥料发展研究报告2016[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2017. 71-153.Zhang W F, Yi J J, Zhang F S, et al. Research report of China fertilizer development in 2016[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture University Press, 2017. 71-153.
[12]张卫峰,季玥秀,马骥,等.中国化肥消费需求影响因素及走势分析Ⅱ种植结构[J].资源科学,2008, 30(1):31-36.Zhang W F, Ji Y X, Ma J, et al. Driving forces of fertilizer consumption in China(II Planting Structure)[J]. Resources Science,2008, 30(1):31-36.
[13]徐洋,辛景树.经济作物科学施肥发展现状与对策[J].中国农技推广,2017,(5):9-13.Xu Y, Xin J S. Status and countermeasures of scientific crop fertilization in economic crops[J]. China Agricultural Technology Extension,2017,(5):9-13.
[14]汪翔,张锋.中国农业化肥投人现状与地区差异性分析[J].江西农业学报,2011,(12):169-173.Wang Y, Zhang F. Analysis on present situation and regional disparity of agricultural chemical fertilizer input in China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2011,(12):169-173.
[15]李书田,刘晓永,何萍.当前我国农业生产中的养分需求分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(6):1416-1432.Li S T, Liu X Y, He P. Analysis of nutrient demand in current agricultural production in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(6):1416-1432.
[16]张永强,张晓飞,周宁,等.我国化肥投人的区域优化配置研究一基于农业增产与环境保护视角[J].资源开发与市场,2017,(2):169-173.Zhang Y Q, Zhang X F, Zhou N, et al. Study on regional optimal allocation of chemical fertilizer input in China--Based on the perspective of agricultural production and environmental protection[J]. Resource Development and Market, 2017,(2):169-173.
[17]张卫峰,张福锁.中国肥料发展研究报告2012[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2013. 125-129.Zhang W F, Zhang F S. Research report of China fertilizerdevelopment in 2012[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture University Press, 2013. 125-129.
[18]孙钊.测土配方施肥项目的发展现状与对策[J].现代农业科技,2009,(15):290-291.Sun Z. Development status and countermeasures of soil testing and formula fertilization projects[J]. Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 2009,(15):290-291.
[19]陈远鹏,龙慧,刘志杰.我国施肥技术与施肥机械的研究现状及对策[J].农机化研究,2015,(5):255-260.Chen Y P, Long H, Liu Z J. Research status and countermeasures of fertilization technology and fertilization machinery in China[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2015,(5):255-260.
[20]李燕青,唐继伟,车升国,等.长期施用有机肥与化肥氮对华北夏玉米N_2O和CO_2排放的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015, 48(21):4381-4389.Li Y Q, Tang J W, Chen S G, et al. Effect of long-term application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer nitrogen on N20 and C02emissions from summer maize in North China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(21):4381-4389.
[21]陈贵,赵国华,张红梅,等.长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(1):92-97.Chen G, Zhao G H, Zhang H M, et al. Effects of long-term application of organic fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient use efficiency[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2017,(1):92-97.