中国地区价格指数测度与空间分异
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摘要
地区价格指数是不同地区购买一篮子相同商品和服务的价格之比,表征同一时期、不同地区的物价综合水平。借鉴购买力平价理论,构建适用于中国地区价格指数测算的指标体系和计算方法,测度了100个典型城市的地区价格指数并进行差异分析。研究结果表明:不同地区商品和服务的价格差异显著,地区价格指数界于0.849～1.662之间,最高值为最低值的1.95倍;住房价格的地区差异最大,教育、医疗次之,是影响居民实际生活水平的三大主要因素;食品、交通、教育和医疗价格的空间集聚程度较高,通信、住房、文娱价格的空间集聚程度较低;地区价格指数在全国呈"东高西低、南高北低"的空间分异格局,东南沿海地区物价水平较高、黄河中游地区物价水平较低。通过对地区价格指数的研究,能够为关注民生时代的区域协调发展政策制定提供科学依据。
As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters into a new era, the security and improvement of people's livelihood have become the focal point of social development, which makes the research on residents' living standard a heated topic in the field of the regional disparities. It is widely acknowledged that the income and commodity price are the two important factors that affect the residents' living standard. Usually, the nominal indices are adopted to study the regional disparities. In that case, the residents' living standard might be overestimated or underestimated due to the difference of price levels in different regions.Regional price index(or regional PPP) is consequently used as a spatial index that represents the comprehensive price level from a basket of the same products or services of different regions, which can be used to compare different price levels among different regions. It can eliminate the impacts of the price disparity and enable the nominal income to reflect the real living standard just as the real income does. This study constructs a framework to measure the different regional price levels in China, which includes a basket of products and a set of calculation methods. Derived from the theory of Purchasing Power Parity, the methods have been applied to estimate the price level among 100 typical cities.The major results include:(1) Regional PPP is an index that compares the comprehensive prices of different regions, showing that the city with a high regional PPP would have relatively high price of commodities and low purchasing power.(2) The regional PPP of the whole 100 cities differs strongly from each other and ranges from 0.85 to 1.66, with the highest regional price level 1.95 times of the lowest. Specifically, the regional house price differs the most,followed by education and medical treatment. These are also the most critical factors affecting the civil livelihood.(3) The spatial distribution of regional PPP presents spatial agglomeration characteristics. The prices of food, water-electricity-fuel, and transportation are much more aggregated. Moreover, the cities with higher price level aggregate in the southeast coastal area,while cities with lower price level aggregate over the Yellow River basin in the central region.This study gives an overview of the regional PPP over China, which might be useful for narrowing the gap of real income between different regions and achieving a relatively balanced society. Only by promoting the reasonability of the price level, improving the real purchase power of residents, and lowering the real income gap between regions, can we achieve a balanced livelihood and coordinated development.
As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters into a new era, the security and improvement of people's livelihood have become the focal point of social development, which makes the research on residents' living standard a heated topic in the field of the regional disparities. It is widely acknowledged that the income and commodity price are the two important factors that affect the residents' living standard. Usually, the nominal indices are adopted to study the regional disparities. In that case, the residents' living standard might be overestimated or underestimated due to the difference of price levels in different regions.Regional price index(or regional PPP) is consequently used as a spatial index that represents the comprehensive price level from a basket of the same products or services of different regions, which can be used to compare different price levels among different regions. It can eliminate the impacts of the price disparity and enable the nominal income to reflect the real living standard just as the real income does. This study constructs a framework to measure the different regional price levels in China, which includes a basket of products and a set of calculation methods. Derived from the theory of Purchasing Power Parity, the methods have been applied to estimate the price level among 100 typical cities.The major results include:(1) Regional PPP is an index that compares the comprehensive prices of different regions, showing that the city with a high regional PPP would have relatively high price of commodities and low purchasing power.(2) The regional PPP of the whole 100 cities differs strongly from each other and ranges from 0.85 to 1.66, with the highest regional price level 1.95 times of the lowest. Specifically, the regional house price differs the most,followed by education and medical treatment. These are also the most critical factors affecting the civil livelihood.(3) The spatial distribution of regional PPP presents spatial agglomeration characteristics. The prices of food, water-electricity-fuel, and transportation are much more aggregated. Moreover, the cities with higher price level aggregate in the southeast coastal area,while cities with lower price level aggregate over the Yellow River basin in the central region.This study gives an overview of the regional PPP over China, which might be useful for narrowing the gap of real income between different regions and achieving a relatively balanced society. Only by promoting the reasonability of the price level, improving the real purchase power of residents, and lowering the real income gap between regions, can we achieve a balanced livelihood and coordinated development.
引文
[1]徐建华,鲁凤,苏方林,等.中国区域经济差异的时空尺度分析.地理研究,2005,24(1):57-68.[Xu Jianhua,Lu Feng,Su Fanglin,et al.Spatial and temporal scale analysis on the regional economic disparities in China.Geographical Research,2005,24(1):57-68.]
[2]陈培阳,朱喜钢.基于不同尺度的中国区域经济差异.地理学报,2012,67(8):1085-1097.[Chen Peiyang,Zhu Xigang.Regional inequalities in China at different scales.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1085-1097.]
[3]樊杰,周侃,陈东.生态文明建设中优化国土空间开发格局的经济地理学研究创新与应用实践.经济地理,2013,33(1):1-8.[Fan Jie,Zhou Kan,Chen Dong.Innovation and practice of economic geography for optimizing spatial development pattern in construction of ecological civilization.Economic Geography,2013,33(1):1-8.]
[4]樊杰.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索.地理学报,2014,69(8):1060-1068.[Fan Jie.Frontier approach of the sustainable process and pattern of human-environment system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1060-1068.]
[5]徐勇,樊杰.区域发展差距测度指标体系探讨.地理科学进展,2014,33(9):1159-1166.[Xu Yong,Fan Jie.Index system for regional development disparity measurement.Progress in Geography,2014,33(9):1159-1166.]
[6]江小涓,李辉.我国地区之间实际收入差距小于名义收入差距:加入地区间价格差异后的一项研究.经济研究,2005,40(9):11-18.[Jiang Xiaojuan,Li Hui.Compare for the real and nominal income disparity among different regions in China.Economic Research Journal,2005,40(9):11-18.]
[7]闫梅,樊杰.基于购买力平价的我国地区间收入差距.经济地理,2016,36(6):1-7.[Yan Mei,Fan Jie.Regional disparity of real income in china based on purchasing power parity.Economic Geography,2016,36(6):1-7.]
[8]余芳东.我国城镇居民消费价格和实际收入地区差距的比较研究.统计研究,2006,(4):3-7.[Yu Fangdong.The Spatial Consumer Price Index(SCPI)and comparison of the real income of urban inhabitants between various regions in China.Statistical Research,2006,(4):3-7.]
[9]“我国地区价差指数方法和应用研究”课题组.我国地区间价格水平差异比较研究.统计研究,2014,31(4):22-30.[Research Group on"The Index Method and Application for Regional of Price Difference".Research on the Differentials of Regional Price Level in China.Statistical Research,2014,31(4):22-30.]
[10]郭熙保.购买力平价与我国收入水平估计:兼评克拉维斯对中国收入的估计结果.管理世界,1998,(4):64-75.[Guo Xibao.An estimation for the purchasing power parity versus income levels in China:And on the estimate by Clavis for China's income.Management World,1998,(4):64-75.]
[11]任若恩.关于中国国际可比国内生产总值研究的一些问题.经济研究参考,1996,(3):16-24.[Ren Ruoen.Questions about China's international comparable GDP research.Review of Economic Research,1996,(3):16-24.]
[12]Rawlins G.Sub-Sahara's experience with the Purchasing Power Parity hypothesis.Journal of Applied Business and Economics,2016,18(2):22.
[13]Shim H,Kim H,Kim S,et al.Testing the relative purchasing power parity hypothesis:The case of Korea.Applied Economics,2016,48(25):2383-2395.
[14]余芳东.2011年新一轮国际比较项目(ICP)方法改进.统计研究,2011,28(1):11-15.[Yu Fangdong.The methodological improvement of 2011 round of International Comparison Program(ICP).Statistical Research,2011,28(1):11-15.]
[15]George J.Gilboy,钟宁桦.度量中国经济:购买力平价的适当应用.经济研究,2010,45(1):27-38.[George J G,Zhong Ninghua.Measuring China's economy:the proper use of PPP methods.Economic Research Journal,2010,45(1):27-38.]
[16]Kakwani N,Son H H.Global poverty estimates based on 2011 purchasing power parity:Where should the new poverty line be drawn?.The Journal of Economic Inequality,2016,14(2):173-184.
[17]Brandt L,Holz C A.Spatial price differences in China:Estimates and implications.Economic Development and Cultural Change,2006,55(1):43-86.
[18]胡岠.中国各地区间一价定律研究.上海:复旦大学硕士学位论文,2010.[Hu Ju.The price relationship among 36 major Chinese cities from the perspective of law of One Price.Shanghai:Master Dissertation of FuDan University,2010.]
[19]肖若石.我国物价水平变动及区域间差异研究.价格理论与实践,2015,(10):72-74.[Xiao Ruoshi.Study on price level fluctuation and regional disparity in China.Price:Theory&Practice,2015,(10):72-74.]
[20]彭鑫,管卫华,陆玉麒.基于购买力平价的江苏省区域经济分异.经济地理,2015,35(1):15-20.[Peng Xin,Guan Weihua,Lu Yuqi.The regional economic difference of Jiangsu based on the Purchasing Power Parity.Economic Geography,2015,35(1):15-20.]
[21]姚双花.基于购买力平价理论的区际收入差距分析.北京:北京工商大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Yao Shuanghua.The analysis of the regional income gap based on purchasing power parity theory.Beijing:Master Dissertation of Beijing Technology and Business University,2013.]
[22]田青,马健,高铁梅.我国城镇居民消费影响因素的区域差异分析.管理世界,2008,(7):27-33.[Tian Qing,Ma Jian,Gao Tiemei.Regional Inequalities of influencing factors on urban residents'consumption in China.Management World,2008,(7):27-33.]
[23]行伟波,李善同.一价法则、地区价格差异与面板单位根检验.管理科学学报,2010,13(4):76-84.[Xing Weibo,Li Shantong.Law of one price,regional price difference and panel unit root test.Journal of Management Sciences in China,2010,13(4):76-84.]
[24]余芳东.国外编制地区价格差异指数的方法和实践.中国统计,2013,(8):20-24.[Yu Fangdong.The method and practice of compiling regional price index abroad.China Statistics,2013,(8):20-24.]
[25]胡雪梅.地区购买力平价计算方法的比较与评价.统计与决策,2017,(20):34-38.[Hu Xuemei.Calculation Methods and Comparison of Sub-national PPP.Statistics&Decision,2017,(20):34-38.]
[26]陈云,王浩.核密度估计下的二分递归算法构建及应用:测算特定收入群体规模的非参数方法拓展.统计与信息论坛,2011,26(9):3-8.[Chen Yun,Wang Hao.Construction and application of bipartite recursive algorithm based on kernel density estimation:A new non-parametric method to measure the given income population scale.Statistics&Information Forum,2011,26(9):3-8.]
[27]王洋,方创琳,盛长元.扬州市住宅价格的空间差异与模式演变.地理学报,2013,68(8):1082-1096.[Wang Yang,Fang Chuanglin,Sheng Changyuan.Spatial differentiation and model evolution of housing prices in Yangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1082-1096.]
[2]陈培阳,朱喜钢.基于不同尺度的中国区域经济差异.地理学报,2012,67(8):1085-1097.[Chen Peiyang,Zhu Xigang.Regional inequalities in China at different scales.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1085-1097.]
[3]樊杰,周侃,陈东.生态文明建设中优化国土空间开发格局的经济地理学研究创新与应用实践.经济地理,2013,33(1):1-8.[Fan Jie,Zhou Kan,Chen Dong.Innovation and practice of economic geography for optimizing spatial development pattern in construction of ecological civilization.Economic Geography,2013,33(1):1-8.]
[4]樊杰.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索.地理学报,2014,69(8):1060-1068.[Fan Jie.Frontier approach of the sustainable process and pattern of human-environment system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1060-1068.]
[5]徐勇,樊杰.区域发展差距测度指标体系探讨.地理科学进展,2014,33(9):1159-1166.[Xu Yong,Fan Jie.Index system for regional development disparity measurement.Progress in Geography,2014,33(9):1159-1166.]
[6]江小涓,李辉.我国地区之间实际收入差距小于名义收入差距:加入地区间价格差异后的一项研究.经济研究,2005,40(9):11-18.[Jiang Xiaojuan,Li Hui.Compare for the real and nominal income disparity among different regions in China.Economic Research Journal,2005,40(9):11-18.]
[7]闫梅,樊杰.基于购买力平价的我国地区间收入差距.经济地理,2016,36(6):1-7.[Yan Mei,Fan Jie.Regional disparity of real income in china based on purchasing power parity.Economic Geography,2016,36(6):1-7.]
[8]余芳东.我国城镇居民消费价格和实际收入地区差距的比较研究.统计研究,2006,(4):3-7.[Yu Fangdong.The Spatial Consumer Price Index(SCPI)and comparison of the real income of urban inhabitants between various regions in China.Statistical Research,2006,(4):3-7.]
[9]“我国地区价差指数方法和应用研究”课题组.我国地区间价格水平差异比较研究.统计研究,2014,31(4):22-30.[Research Group on"The Index Method and Application for Regional of Price Difference".Research on the Differentials of Regional Price Level in China.Statistical Research,2014,31(4):22-30.]
[10]郭熙保.购买力平价与我国收入水平估计:兼评克拉维斯对中国收入的估计结果.管理世界,1998,(4):64-75.[Guo Xibao.An estimation for the purchasing power parity versus income levels in China:And on the estimate by Clavis for China's income.Management World,1998,(4):64-75.]
[11]任若恩.关于中国国际可比国内生产总值研究的一些问题.经济研究参考,1996,(3):16-24.[Ren Ruoen.Questions about China's international comparable GDP research.Review of Economic Research,1996,(3):16-24.]
[12]Rawlins G.Sub-Sahara's experience with the Purchasing Power Parity hypothesis.Journal of Applied Business and Economics,2016,18(2):22.
[13]Shim H,Kim H,Kim S,et al.Testing the relative purchasing power parity hypothesis:The case of Korea.Applied Economics,2016,48(25):2383-2395.
[14]余芳东.2011年新一轮国际比较项目(ICP)方法改进.统计研究,2011,28(1):11-15.[Yu Fangdong.The methodological improvement of 2011 round of International Comparison Program(ICP).Statistical Research,2011,28(1):11-15.]
[15]George J.Gilboy,钟宁桦.度量中国经济:购买力平价的适当应用.经济研究,2010,45(1):27-38.[George J G,Zhong Ninghua.Measuring China's economy:the proper use of PPP methods.Economic Research Journal,2010,45(1):27-38.]
[16]Kakwani N,Son H H.Global poverty estimates based on 2011 purchasing power parity:Where should the new poverty line be drawn?.The Journal of Economic Inequality,2016,14(2):173-184.
[17]Brandt L,Holz C A.Spatial price differences in China:Estimates and implications.Economic Development and Cultural Change,2006,55(1):43-86.
[18]胡岠.中国各地区间一价定律研究.上海:复旦大学硕士学位论文,2010.[Hu Ju.The price relationship among 36 major Chinese cities from the perspective of law of One Price.Shanghai:Master Dissertation of FuDan University,2010.]
[19]肖若石.我国物价水平变动及区域间差异研究.价格理论与实践,2015,(10):72-74.[Xiao Ruoshi.Study on price level fluctuation and regional disparity in China.Price:Theory&Practice,2015,(10):72-74.]
[20]彭鑫,管卫华,陆玉麒.基于购买力平价的江苏省区域经济分异.经济地理,2015,35(1):15-20.[Peng Xin,Guan Weihua,Lu Yuqi.The regional economic difference of Jiangsu based on the Purchasing Power Parity.Economic Geography,2015,35(1):15-20.]
[21]姚双花.基于购买力平价理论的区际收入差距分析.北京:北京工商大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Yao Shuanghua.The analysis of the regional income gap based on purchasing power parity theory.Beijing:Master Dissertation of Beijing Technology and Business University,2013.]
[22]田青,马健,高铁梅.我国城镇居民消费影响因素的区域差异分析.管理世界,2008,(7):27-33.[Tian Qing,Ma Jian,Gao Tiemei.Regional Inequalities of influencing factors on urban residents'consumption in China.Management World,2008,(7):27-33.]
[23]行伟波,李善同.一价法则、地区价格差异与面板单位根检验.管理科学学报,2010,13(4):76-84.[Xing Weibo,Li Shantong.Law of one price,regional price difference and panel unit root test.Journal of Management Sciences in China,2010,13(4):76-84.]
[24]余芳东.国外编制地区价格差异指数的方法和实践.中国统计,2013,(8):20-24.[Yu Fangdong.The method and practice of compiling regional price index abroad.China Statistics,2013,(8):20-24.]
[25]胡雪梅.地区购买力平价计算方法的比较与评价.统计与决策,2017,(20):34-38.[Hu Xuemei.Calculation Methods and Comparison of Sub-national PPP.Statistics&Decision,2017,(20):34-38.]
[26]陈云,王浩.核密度估计下的二分递归算法构建及应用:测算特定收入群体规模的非参数方法拓展.统计与信息论坛,2011,26(9):3-8.[Chen Yun,Wang Hao.Construction and application of bipartite recursive algorithm based on kernel density estimation:A new non-parametric method to measure the given income population scale.Statistics&Information Forum,2011,26(9):3-8.]
[27]王洋,方创琳,盛长元.扬州市住宅价格的空间差异与模式演变.地理学报,2013,68(8):1082-1096.[Wang Yang,Fang Chuanglin,Sheng Changyuan.Spatial differentiation and model evolution of housing prices in Yangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1082-1096.]