美以情报合作机制及对我国的启示
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摘要
[目的/意义]从美以情报合作机制透视美国构建双边情报合作的路径,为我国对外情报合作提供相应的借鉴和启示。[方法/过程]通过对美国和以色列政府发布、解密的有关文件,以及美中情局前雇员斯诺登曝光的相关涉密文件进行文本分析,梳理美以情报合作的法理框架、领导体系和运行、保障机制。结合总体国家安全观,讨论对我国的启示。[结果/结论]我国应加强对外情报合作的体制机制建设,找准合作与防范之间的平衡点,注重评估合作伙伴的价值和作用,牢牢抓住对外情报合作的主动权。
[Purpose/Significance]This paper studies the U.S.-Israel intelligence cooperation mechanism,explores the path of US-based bilateral intelligence cooperation, and provides reference and enlightenment for China's foreign intelligence cooperation.[Method/Process]This paper made text analysis of some documents published by the U.S. and Israeli governments, and others released by Snowden who is a former employee of CIA. Then it sorted out the legal framework, leadership system, operation and safeguard mechanism of the U.S.-Israel intelligence cooperation and deliberated the enlightenment to China in a holistic approach to national security.[Result/Conclusion]China should strengthen the mechanism of foreign intelligence cooperation, identify the balance between cooperation and prevention, focus on assessing the value and role of partners, and firmly grasp the initiative of foreign intelligence cooperation.
[Purpose/Significance]This paper studies the U.S.-Israel intelligence cooperation mechanism,explores the path of US-based bilateral intelligence cooperation, and provides reference and enlightenment for China's foreign intelligence cooperation.[Method/Process]This paper made text analysis of some documents published by the U.S. and Israeli governments, and others released by Snowden who is a former employee of CIA. Then it sorted out the legal framework, leadership system, operation and safeguard mechanism of the U.S.-Israel intelligence cooperation and deliberated the enlightenment to China in a holistic approach to national security.[Result/Conclusion]China should strengthen the mechanism of foreign intelligence cooperation, identify the balance between cooperation and prevention, focus on assessing the value and role of partners, and firmly grasp the initiative of foreign intelligence cooperation.
引文
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[15] 高庆德.以色列情报组织揭秘[M].北京:时事出版社,2011:45-65.
[16] JNI MEDIA.US,Israel intelligence collaboration at an all-time high[EB/OL].[2019-02-17].https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/81195/minister-katz-israel-americas-greatest-source-intelligence/.
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[18] Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the united states of america and israel concerning general security of military information[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/securityofinfo.pdf.
[19] 戈登·汤玛斯.以色列情报局MOSSAD[M].枝桠,译.台北:智库股份有限公司,2005:65.
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[21] 美警告以色列提防中国投资[N].参考消息,2019-03-26(014).
[22] 拉维夫,梅尔曼.每个间谍都是王子:以色列情报全史[M].张海涛,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:456-470.
[23] U.S.said to limit information flow to Israel agencies[N].New York Times,1985-12-13(A1).
[24] Once Labeled an AIPAC Spy,Larry franklin tells his story[EB/OL].[2019-03-25].https://forward.com/news/108778/once-labeled-an-aipac-spy-larry-franklin-tells-his/.
[25] David Smith.US 'spied on binyamin netanyahu during Iran nuclear deal talks'[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/30/us-spying-netanyahu-israel-iran-nuclear-deal-obama-nsa.
[26] 郭爽.美以特殊关系下谍影飞舞[EB/OL].[2019-02-21].http://ihl.cankaoxiaoxi.com/2012/0406/25567_2.shtml.
[27] 苏长和.全球公共问题与国际合作:一种制度的分析[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:166.
[28] Office of the Director of National Intelligence.The national intelligence strategy of the United States of America[R].Washington,D.C.:Office of the Director of National Intelligence,2014:15.
[29] Central Intelligence Agency.Israel:Foreign intelligence and security services[R].[2019-01-26].https://search.proquest.com/docview/1679042767 accountid=8110.
[2] 褚永正.美以军事外交关系研究[M].北京:时事出版社,2016:91-90.
[3] Israeli Foreign Ministry.U.S.-Israel Formal Agreements:Memorandum of Agreement on Security Cooperation (1988) [EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/u-s-israel-memorandum-of-agreement-on-security-cooperation-april-1988.
[4] Israeli Foreign Ministry.U.S.-Israel Formal Agreements:Memorandum of Agreement on Security Cooperation(1998)[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/u-s-israel-memorandum-of-agreement-on-security-cooperation-october-1998.
[5] United States Congress.S.2165 - United States-Israel Enhanced Security Cooperation Act of 2012 [EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/senate-bill/2165.
[6] 约翰·J·米尔斯海默,斯蒂芬·M·沃尔特.以色列游说集团与美国对外政策[M].王传兴,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2009:38.
[7] US-ISRAEL Intellgence greement-1999.[2019-01-26].https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/1240001/israel-us-1999-agreement.pdf.
[8] 高庆德,王京武,侯建伟.非战争军事行动情报支援[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2014:91.
[9] Office of the Director of National Intelligence.The national intelligence strategy of the United States of America[R].Washington,D.C.:Office of the Director of National Intelligence,2005:20.
[10] What are we after with our third party relationships?- And what do they want from Us,generally speaking?[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/1084 762/third-party-relationships.pdf.
[11] National security agency/gentral security service information paper:NSA intelligence relationship with Israel[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/1240 002/nsa-intelligence-relationship-with-israel-april.pdf.
[12] 高庆德,宗孟,任姗姗.美国情报组织揭秘[M].北京:时事出版社,2011:73-100.
[13] SID today:CIA's Directorates ...understanding more about them[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3675977/CIA-s-Directorates-Understanding-More-About-Them.pdf.
[14] Town Meeting:Coordinating the SIGINT relationship with Israel[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4755658/Town-Meeting-Coordinating-the-SIGINT.pdf.
[15] 高庆德.以色列情报组织揭秘[M].北京:时事出版社,2011:45-65.
[16] JNI MEDIA.US,Israel intelligence collaboration at an all-time high[EB/OL].[2019-02-17].https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/81195/minister-katz-israel-americas-greatest-source-intelligence/.
[17] Director of central intelligence directive security classification guidance on liaison relationships with foreign intelligence organizations and foreign security services,18 January 1982 [R][2019-01-26].https://search.proquest.com/docview/16790433 77 accountid=8110.
[18] Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the united states of america and israel concerning general security of military information[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/securityofinfo.pdf.
[19] 戈登·汤玛斯.以色列情报局MOSSAD[M].枝桠,译.台北:智库股份有限公司,2005:65.
[20] SID today:NSA's foreign partnerships:How are they classified?[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4757868/NSA-s-Foreign-Partnerships-How-Are-They-Classified.pdf.
[21] 美警告以色列提防中国投资[N].参考消息,2019-03-26(014).
[22] 拉维夫,梅尔曼.每个间谍都是王子:以色列情报全史[M].张海涛,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:456-470.
[23] U.S.said to limit information flow to Israel agencies[N].New York Times,1985-12-13(A1).
[24] Once Labeled an AIPAC Spy,Larry franklin tells his story[EB/OL].[2019-03-25].https://forward.com/news/108778/once-labeled-an-aipac-spy-larry-franklin-tells-his/.
[25] David Smith.US 'spied on binyamin netanyahu during Iran nuclear deal talks'[EB/OL].[2019-01-26].https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/30/us-spying-netanyahu-israel-iran-nuclear-deal-obama-nsa.
[26] 郭爽.美以特殊关系下谍影飞舞[EB/OL].[2019-02-21].http://ihl.cankaoxiaoxi.com/2012/0406/25567_2.shtml.
[27] 苏长和.全球公共问题与国际合作:一种制度的分析[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:166.
[28] Office of the Director of National Intelligence.The national intelligence strategy of the United States of America[R].Washington,D.C.:Office of the Director of National Intelligence,2014:15.
[29] Central Intelligence Agency.Israel:Foreign intelligence and security services[R].[2019-01-26].https://search.proquest.com/docview/1679042767 accountid=8110.