大气污染物源解析中的混合轨迹受体模型述评
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摘要
源解析方法可分为排放清单法、源模型法和受体模型法等,将受体模型与风、气团轨迹结合起来,形成混合轨迹受体模型。混合轨迹受体模型考虑了大气输送对受体点大气污染物的影响,主要用于研究大气污染源的扩散分布。这类模型方法包括风分析受体模型和后向轨迹受体模型,风分析受体模型包括条件概率函数、非参数回归、伪确定性受体模型;后向轨迹受体模型包括轨迹方位分析、潜在源贡献、简化的定量输送偏差分析以及轨迹质量平衡(或轨迹质量平衡回归)。本文概述了这些模型的原理、特点、发展及应用,并认为它们都能从不同方面成功解析本地大气颗粒物的外来影响源。
Source apportionment methods include the emission inventory method, source model approach and receptor model method, which combines the receptor model with wind and air trajectory to form a mixed track receptor model.This kind of method can be divided into two mainly groups: wind analysis, including conditional probability function,nonparametric regression and pseudo deterministic receptor model; and back trajectory analysis, including trajectory sector analysis, potential source contribution function, simplified quantitative transport bias analysis and trajectory mass balance(regression). This paper is a critical review of these models and their applications in ambient pollution source apportionment, and proposes that they are successful in ambient particle mass source apportionment.
Source apportionment methods include the emission inventory method, source model approach and receptor model method, which combines the receptor model with wind and air trajectory to form a mixed track receptor model.This kind of method can be divided into two mainly groups: wind analysis, including conditional probability function,nonparametric regression and pseudo deterministic receptor model; and back trajectory analysis, including trajectory sector analysis, potential source contribution function, simplified quantitative transport bias analysis and trajectory mass balance(regression). This paper is a critical review of these models and their applications in ambient pollution source apportionment, and proposes that they are successful in ambient particle mass source apportionment.
引文
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[6]张延君,郑玫,蔡靖,等.PM2.5源解析方法的比较与评述[J].科学通报,2015,60(2):109-121.
[7]杨耀,邰阳,张燕.大气颗粒物的危害及其源解析技术研究综述[J].北方环境,2010,22(5):82-87.
[8]喻义勇,王苏蓉,秦玮.大气细颗粒物在线源解析方法研究进展[J].环境监测管理与技术,2015,27(3):12-17.
[9]Kim Eugene,Hopke Philip K.,Edgerton Eric S.Source Identification of Atlanta Aerosol by Positive Matrix Factorization[J].Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,2003,53(60):731-739.
[10]Liming Zhou,Philip K Hopke,Pentti Paatero,et al.Advanced Factor Analysis for Multiple Time Resolution Aerosol Composition Data[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(29):4909-4920.
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[13]Yulong Xie,Carl M.Berkowitz.The Use of Conditional Probability Functions and Potential Source Contribution Functions to Identify Source Regions and Advection Pathways of Hydrocarbon Emissions in Houston,Texas[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(28):5831-5847.
[14]Henry R.,Norris G.A.,Vedantham R.,et al.Source Region Identification Using Kernel Smoothing[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(11):4090-4097.
[15]Aoife Donnelly,Bruce Misstear,Brian Broderick.Application of Nonparametric Regression Methods to Study the Relationship between NO2Concentrations and Local Wind Direction and Speed at Background Sites[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409:1134-1144.
[16]David A.Olson,Ram Vedantham,Gary A.Norris.Determining Source Impacts near Roadways Using Wind Regression and Organic Source Markers[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,47:261-268.
[17]Isidro A.Pérez,M.Luisa Sánchez,M.魣ngeles García,et al.Carbon Dioxide at an Unpolluted Site Analysed with the Smoothing Kernel Method and Skewed Distributions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013:239-245,456-457.
[18]Isidro A.Pérez,M.Luisa Sánchez,M.魣ngeles García,et al.Spatial Analysis of CO2Concentration in an Unpolluted Environment in Northern Spain[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012:113,417-425.
[19]Isidro A.Pérez,M.Luisa Sánchez,M.魣ngeles García,et al.Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Skewness at a Rural Site[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014:158-164,476-477.
[20]Fabiana Cristofolini,Paolo Giordani,Elena Gottardini,et al.The Response of Epiphytic Lichens to Air Pollution and Subsets of Ecological Predictors:A Case Study from the Italian Prealps[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,151:308-317.
[21]Seung Shik Park,J.Patrick Pancras,John Ondov.A New Pseudodeterministic Multivariate Receptor Model for Individual Source Apportionment Using Highly Time-resolved Ambient Concentration Measurements[J].Journal of Geogrophy Reseach,2005,110(D07S15),doi:10.1029/2004JD004664.
[22]Gregory M.Beachley,John M.Ondov.Improved Apportionment of Ambient PM Constituents to Sources in Tampa,FL,with PseudoDeterministic Receptor Model-II[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,448:26-37.
[23]Seung Shik Park,J Patrick Pancras,John Ondov,et al.Application of the Pseudo-Deterministic Receptor Model to Resolve Power Plant Influences on Air Quality in Pittsburgh[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2006,40(10):883-897.
[24]Tianfeng Chai,Roland Draxler,Ariel Stein.Source Term Estimation Using Air Concentration Measurements and a Lagrangian Dispersion Model-Experiments with Pseudo and Real Cesium-137 Observations from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,106:241-251.
[25]Joseph Patrick Pancras,John M.Ondov,Noreen Poor,et al.Identification of Sources and Estimation of Emission Profiles from Highly Time-resolved Pollutant Measurements in Tampa,FL[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(9):467-481.
[26]Tanveer Ahmed,Vincent A.Dutkiewicz,A.J.Khan,et al.Long Term Trends in Black Carbon Concentrations in the Northeastern United States[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,137:49-57.
[27]Liaquat husain,Va.dliaquat husain,Vincent A.Dutkiewicz.A Long-term(1975-1988)Study of Atmospheric SO42:Regional Contributions and Concentration Trends[J].Atmospheric Environment,1990,24(5):1175-1187.
[28]Parekh P.P.,Husain L..Ambient Sulfate Concentrations and Windflow Patterns at Whiteface Mountain,New York[J].Geophysical Research Letter,1982,9(1):79-82.
[29]Vincent A.Dutkiewicz,Sumizah Qureshi,Liaquat Husain,et al.Elemental Composition of PM2.5Aerosols in Queens,New York:Evaluation of Sources of Fine-particle Mass[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:S347-S359.
[30]Lei Zhu,Xin Huang,Hui Shi,et al.Transport Pathways and Potential Sources of PM10in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(3):594-604.
[31]Ramonet,Euan G.Nisbet.Diurnal,Seasonal,and Annual Trends in Atmospheric CO2at Southwest London During 2000-2012:Wind Sector Analysis and Comparison with Mace Head,Ireland[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,105(3):138-147.
[32]M.T.Markou,P.Kassomenos.Cluster Analysis of Five Years of Back Trajectories Arriving in Athens,Greece[J].Atmospheric Research,2010,98(2-4):438-457.
[33]Ashbaugh L.L.,Malm W.C.,Sadeh W.Z..A Residence Time Probability Analysis of Sulfur Concentrations at Grand Canyon National Park[J].Atmospheric Environment-Part A General Topics,1985,19(8):1263-1270.
[34]Ying-Kuang Hsu,Thomas M.Holsen,Philip K.Hopke.Comparison of Hybrid Receptor Models to Locate PCB Sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[35]Polissar A.V.,Hopke P.K.,Paatero P.,et al.The Aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:Long-term Trends and Source Locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:2441-2458.
[36]Pedro Salvador,Bego觡a Artí觡ano,Diana G Alonso,et al.Identification and Characterisation of Sources of PM10in Madrid(Spain)by Statistical Methods[J].Atmosphric Environment,2004,38(3):435-447.
[37]Zeng Y.,Hopke P.K..A Study of the Sources of Acid Precipitation in Ontario,Canda[J].Atmospheric Environment,1989,23(7):1499-1509.
[38]Young-Ji Han,Tae-Sik Kim,Hekap Kim.Ionic Constituents and Source Analysis of PM2.5in Three Korean Cities[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(19):4735-4746.
[39]Schichtel Bret A.,Gebhart Kristi A.,Barna Michael G.,et al.Association of Airmass Transport Patterns and Particulate Sulfur Concentrations at Big Bend National Park,Texas[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(5):992-1006.
[40]Samson P.J.,Small M.J..Atmospheric Trajectory Models for Diagnosing the Sources of Acid Precipitation,in Modeling of Total Acid Precipitation Impacts[M].J.L.Schnoor,Butterworth Publishers,Boston,Massachusetts,1984:1-24.
[41]Keeler G.J.,Samson J..Spatial Representativeness of Trace Element Ratios[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1989,23(11):1358-1364.
[42]Liming Zhou,Philip K.Hopke,Wei Liu.Comparison of Two Trajectory Based Models for Locating Particle Sources for Two Rural New York Sites[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(13):1955-1963.
[43]Carol A.Brereton,Matthew R.Johnson.Identifying Sources of Fugitive Emissions in Industrial Facilities Using Trajectory Statistical Methods[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,51:46-55.
[44]Jeffrey R Brook,Perry J Samson,Sanford Sillman.The Relationship between Upwind SO2Emissions and SO42-Concentrations in Precipitation at Six Sites in the Eastern U.S.A.[J].Atmospheric Environment,1993,27(11):1765-1779.
[45]Kristi A.Gebhart,Bret A.Schichtel,Barna,M.G.,et al.Quantitative Backtrajectory Apportionment of Sources of Particulate Sulfate at Big Bend National Park,TX[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:2436-2448.
[46]Douglas H.Lowenthal,Judith C.Chow,David M.Mazzera,et al.Aerosol Vanadium at Mc Murdo Station,Antarctica:Implications for Dye 3,Greenland[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:677-679.
[47]Green M.,Kuhns H.,Pitchford,M.,et al.Application of the Traceraerosol Gradient Interpretive Technique to Sulfur Attribution for the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study[J].Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,2003,53(5):586-595
[48]I.G.Kavouras,M.Lianou,M.-C.Chalbot,et al,Quantitative Determination of Regional Contributions to Fine and Coarse Particle Mass in Urban Receptor Sites[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,176:1-9.
[49]Guo-Liang Shi,Xiang Li,Yin-Chang Feng,et al.Combined Source Apportionment,Using Positive Matrix Factorization-chemical Mass Balance and Principal Component Analysis/multiple Linear Regressionchemical Mass Balance Models[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(18):2929-2937.
[2]Jorge Pey,Sergio Rodríguez,Xavier Querol,et al.Variations of Urban Aerosols in the Western Mediterranean[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(40):9052-9062.
[3]Peng Wei,Shuiyuan Cheng,Jianbing Li,et al.Impact of Boundary-layer Anticyclonic Weather System on Regional Air Quality[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(14):2453-2463.
[4]Chen Bing,Du Ke,Wang Yang,et al.Emission and Transport of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Urbanized Coastal Areas in China[J].Aerosol Air Quality Research,2012,12(3):371-378.
[5]徐浩,杨龙誉.受体模型及其在大气颗粒物来源解析中的应用[J],四川环境,2015,34(1):138-145.
[6]张延君,郑玫,蔡靖,等.PM2.5源解析方法的比较与评述[J].科学通报,2015,60(2):109-121.
[7]杨耀,邰阳,张燕.大气颗粒物的危害及其源解析技术研究综述[J].北方环境,2010,22(5):82-87.
[8]喻义勇,王苏蓉,秦玮.大气细颗粒物在线源解析方法研究进展[J].环境监测管理与技术,2015,27(3):12-17.
[9]Kim Eugene,Hopke Philip K.,Edgerton Eric S.Source Identification of Atlanta Aerosol by Positive Matrix Factorization[J].Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,2003,53(60):731-739.
[10]Liming Zhou,Philip K Hopke,Pentti Paatero,et al.Advanced Factor Analysis for Multiple Time Resolution Aerosol Composition Data[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(29):4909-4920.
[11]杨辉,朱彬,高晋徽,等.南京市北郊夏季挥发性有机物的源解析[J].环境科学,2013,34(12):4519-4528.
[12]Iratxe Uria-Tellaetxe,David C.Carslaw.Conditional Bivariate Probability Function for Source Identification[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2014,59(9):1-9.
[13]Yulong Xie,Carl M.Berkowitz.The Use of Conditional Probability Functions and Potential Source Contribution Functions to Identify Source Regions and Advection Pathways of Hydrocarbon Emissions in Houston,Texas[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(28):5831-5847.
[14]Henry R.,Norris G.A.,Vedantham R.,et al.Source Region Identification Using Kernel Smoothing[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(11):4090-4097.
[15]Aoife Donnelly,Bruce Misstear,Brian Broderick.Application of Nonparametric Regression Methods to Study the Relationship between NO2Concentrations and Local Wind Direction and Speed at Background Sites[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409:1134-1144.
[16]David A.Olson,Ram Vedantham,Gary A.Norris.Determining Source Impacts near Roadways Using Wind Regression and Organic Source Markers[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,47:261-268.
[17]Isidro A.Pérez,M.Luisa Sánchez,M.魣ngeles García,et al.Carbon Dioxide at an Unpolluted Site Analysed with the Smoothing Kernel Method and Skewed Distributions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013:239-245,456-457.
[18]Isidro A.Pérez,M.Luisa Sánchez,M.魣ngeles García,et al.Spatial Analysis of CO2Concentration in an Unpolluted Environment in Northern Spain[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012:113,417-425.
[19]Isidro A.Pérez,M.Luisa Sánchez,M.魣ngeles García,et al.Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Skewness at a Rural Site[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014:158-164,476-477.
[20]Fabiana Cristofolini,Paolo Giordani,Elena Gottardini,et al.The Response of Epiphytic Lichens to Air Pollution and Subsets of Ecological Predictors:A Case Study from the Italian Prealps[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,151:308-317.
[21]Seung Shik Park,J.Patrick Pancras,John Ondov.A New Pseudodeterministic Multivariate Receptor Model for Individual Source Apportionment Using Highly Time-resolved Ambient Concentration Measurements[J].Journal of Geogrophy Reseach,2005,110(D07S15),doi:10.1029/2004JD004664.
[22]Gregory M.Beachley,John M.Ondov.Improved Apportionment of Ambient PM Constituents to Sources in Tampa,FL,with PseudoDeterministic Receptor Model-II[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,448:26-37.
[23]Seung Shik Park,J Patrick Pancras,John Ondov,et al.Application of the Pseudo-Deterministic Receptor Model to Resolve Power Plant Influences on Air Quality in Pittsburgh[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2006,40(10):883-897.
[24]Tianfeng Chai,Roland Draxler,Ariel Stein.Source Term Estimation Using Air Concentration Measurements and a Lagrangian Dispersion Model-Experiments with Pseudo and Real Cesium-137 Observations from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,106:241-251.
[25]Joseph Patrick Pancras,John M.Ondov,Noreen Poor,et al.Identification of Sources and Estimation of Emission Profiles from Highly Time-resolved Pollutant Measurements in Tampa,FL[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(9):467-481.
[26]Tanveer Ahmed,Vincent A.Dutkiewicz,A.J.Khan,et al.Long Term Trends in Black Carbon Concentrations in the Northeastern United States[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,137:49-57.
[27]Liaquat husain,Va.dliaquat husain,Vincent A.Dutkiewicz.A Long-term(1975-1988)Study of Atmospheric SO42:Regional Contributions and Concentration Trends[J].Atmospheric Environment,1990,24(5):1175-1187.
[28]Parekh P.P.,Husain L..Ambient Sulfate Concentrations and Windflow Patterns at Whiteface Mountain,New York[J].Geophysical Research Letter,1982,9(1):79-82.
[29]Vincent A.Dutkiewicz,Sumizah Qureshi,Liaquat Husain,et al.Elemental Composition of PM2.5Aerosols in Queens,New York:Evaluation of Sources of Fine-particle Mass[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:S347-S359.
[30]Lei Zhu,Xin Huang,Hui Shi,et al.Transport Pathways and Potential Sources of PM10in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(3):594-604.
[31]Ramonet,Euan G.Nisbet.Diurnal,Seasonal,and Annual Trends in Atmospheric CO2at Southwest London During 2000-2012:Wind Sector Analysis and Comparison with Mace Head,Ireland[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,105(3):138-147.
[32]M.T.Markou,P.Kassomenos.Cluster Analysis of Five Years of Back Trajectories Arriving in Athens,Greece[J].Atmospheric Research,2010,98(2-4):438-457.
[33]Ashbaugh L.L.,Malm W.C.,Sadeh W.Z..A Residence Time Probability Analysis of Sulfur Concentrations at Grand Canyon National Park[J].Atmospheric Environment-Part A General Topics,1985,19(8):1263-1270.
[34]Ying-Kuang Hsu,Thomas M.Holsen,Philip K.Hopke.Comparison of Hybrid Receptor Models to Locate PCB Sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[35]Polissar A.V.,Hopke P.K.,Paatero P.,et al.The Aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:Long-term Trends and Source Locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:2441-2458.
[36]Pedro Salvador,Bego觡a Artí觡ano,Diana G Alonso,et al.Identification and Characterisation of Sources of PM10in Madrid(Spain)by Statistical Methods[J].Atmosphric Environment,2004,38(3):435-447.
[37]Zeng Y.,Hopke P.K..A Study of the Sources of Acid Precipitation in Ontario,Canda[J].Atmospheric Environment,1989,23(7):1499-1509.
[38]Young-Ji Han,Tae-Sik Kim,Hekap Kim.Ionic Constituents and Source Analysis of PM2.5in Three Korean Cities[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(19):4735-4746.
[39]Schichtel Bret A.,Gebhart Kristi A.,Barna Michael G.,et al.Association of Airmass Transport Patterns and Particulate Sulfur Concentrations at Big Bend National Park,Texas[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(5):992-1006.
[40]Samson P.J.,Small M.J..Atmospheric Trajectory Models for Diagnosing the Sources of Acid Precipitation,in Modeling of Total Acid Precipitation Impacts[M].J.L.Schnoor,Butterworth Publishers,Boston,Massachusetts,1984:1-24.
[41]Keeler G.J.,Samson J..Spatial Representativeness of Trace Element Ratios[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1989,23(11):1358-1364.
[42]Liming Zhou,Philip K.Hopke,Wei Liu.Comparison of Two Trajectory Based Models for Locating Particle Sources for Two Rural New York Sites[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(13):1955-1963.
[43]Carol A.Brereton,Matthew R.Johnson.Identifying Sources of Fugitive Emissions in Industrial Facilities Using Trajectory Statistical Methods[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,51:46-55.
[44]Jeffrey R Brook,Perry J Samson,Sanford Sillman.The Relationship between Upwind SO2Emissions and SO42-Concentrations in Precipitation at Six Sites in the Eastern U.S.A.[J].Atmospheric Environment,1993,27(11):1765-1779.
[45]Kristi A.Gebhart,Bret A.Schichtel,Barna,M.G.,et al.Quantitative Backtrajectory Apportionment of Sources of Particulate Sulfate at Big Bend National Park,TX[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:2436-2448.
[46]Douglas H.Lowenthal,Judith C.Chow,David M.Mazzera,et al.Aerosol Vanadium at Mc Murdo Station,Antarctica:Implications for Dye 3,Greenland[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:677-679.
[47]Green M.,Kuhns H.,Pitchford,M.,et al.Application of the Traceraerosol Gradient Interpretive Technique to Sulfur Attribution for the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study[J].Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,2003,53(5):586-595
[48]I.G.Kavouras,M.Lianou,M.-C.Chalbot,et al,Quantitative Determination of Regional Contributions to Fine and Coarse Particle Mass in Urban Receptor Sites[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,176:1-9.
[49]Guo-Liang Shi,Xiang Li,Yin-Chang Feng,et al.Combined Source Apportionment,Using Positive Matrix Factorization-chemical Mass Balance and Principal Component Analysis/multiple Linear Regressionchemical Mass Balance Models[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(18):2929-2937.