非洲大湖地区地缘关系与族群问题的关联性研究
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摘要
在非洲国家间的地缘关系中,通常存在两个行为主体,即国家行为体和族群行为体。非洲地缘关系的发展演变,既有国家地缘战略的影响,又离不开族群问题的作用。非洲国家的地缘政治博弈,常常以族群问题作为干预手段,族际冲突也因此越演越烈。族群问题的恶性发展,会反作用于地缘关系,令地缘关系与族群问题呈现出双向互构的态势。以非洲大湖地区为研究案例,将大湖地区的地缘关系变动情况分为三个时间段,从历史的维度对非洲地缘关系与族群问题的关联性和互动机制进行分析。本文认为,在大湖地区的稳定期、冲突期和重建期,地缘关系格局、地缘政治博弈、地缘战略和地缘经济分别对族群问题起到了关键性作用;而族群问题的发展,也在一定程度上重塑了大湖地区国家的地缘战略和地缘关系。
Generally, states and ethnic groups are two behavioral agents in African countries' geo-relations. The evolvement of African geo-relations influenced both by state's geo-strategies and ethnic problems. African countries always take the ethnic problems as a measure to intervene other countries, which escalates the ethnic conflicts. The vicious evolvement of the ethnic problems also acts on the geo-relations, which constructing an interaction between geo-relations and ethnic problems. This paper takes the African Great Lakes Region as a case study, which divides the geo-relations changes into three phases to research the interaction between the geo-relations and the ethnic problems. This paper argues that geopolitical structure, geopolitical games, geo-strategies and geo-economics make great impact on ethnic problems respectively. To some extent, the evolvement of the ethnic problem also reshapes the geo-strategies and geo-relations of African Great Lakes Region.
Generally, states and ethnic groups are two behavioral agents in African countries' geo-relations. The evolvement of African geo-relations influenced both by state's geo-strategies and ethnic problems. African countries always take the ethnic problems as a measure to intervene other countries, which escalates the ethnic conflicts. The vicious evolvement of the ethnic problems also acts on the geo-relations, which constructing an interaction between geo-relations and ethnic problems. This paper takes the African Great Lakes Region as a case study, which divides the geo-relations changes into three phases to research the interaction between the geo-relations and the ethnic problems. This paper argues that geopolitical structure, geopolitical games, geo-strategies and geo-economics make great impact on ethnic problems respectively. To some extent, the evolvement of the ethnic problem also reshapes the geo-strategies and geo-relations of African Great Lakes Region.
引文
[1]张宏明.非洲地缘政治的历史轨迹、重大重组和发展趋势.非洲发展报告(2017-2018),2018(20):3-4.
[2]索尔·科恩.地缘政治学———国际关系的地理学.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2011.
[3]刘鸿武.非洲治理与发展难题之破解:中国的视角.非洲研究,2015(2):5.
[4]王延庆.美国与刚果危机(1960-1963).上海:华东师范大学,2009.
[5] Edgar O’Balance, The Gongo-Zaire Experience:1960-1998,ST. Martin’s Press,2000.
[6]李智彪.刚果(金)政治体制的演变.西亚非洲,2004(5):45.
[7]王涛,鲍家政.美国对非洲投资的历史透视与现状解析.美国问题研究,2018(1):186.
[8]于红,吴增田.列国志·卢旺达、布隆迪.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.
[9]姜忠尽.现代非洲人文地理.南京:南京大学出版社,2014.
[10] United Nations·Nations Unies. Statistical Yearbook 1976. United Nations,1977.
[11]胡志丁,葛岳静,徐建伟,等.空间与经济地理学理论构建,地理科学进展,2012(6):676-685.
[12] David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, A Good Place:Agrarian Change, Gender and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to The 15th Century. Fountain Publishers,1998.
[13] Emizet Francois Kisangani. Civil Wars in The Democratic Republic of Congo 1960-2010. Lynne Rienner Publishers,2012.
[14] Johan Pottier. Re-Imagining Rwanada:Conflict, Survival, and Disinformation in The Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press,2002.
[15]庄晨燕.民族冲突的建构与激化———以卢旺达1994年种族屠杀为例.西北民族研究,2017(2):62.
[16]李安山.论民族、国家与国际政治的互动———对卢旺达大屠杀的反思.世界经济与政治,2005(12):13.
[17] Jean-Pierre Chrétien. The Great Lakes of Africa:Two Thousand Years of History. Zone Book,2003.
[18] Jan Vansina. Paths in The Rainforests:Toward A History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. James Currey,1990.
[19] Ch. Didier Gondola. The history of Congo. Greenwood Press,2002.
[20] Morten B覬觷as, Kevin C. Dunn. African Guerrillas Raging Against the Machine,Lynne Rienner Publishers,2007.
[21]热拉尔·普吕尼耶.卢旺达危机:大屠杀史.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2017.
[22] Michael Deibert. The Democratic Republic of Congo:Between Hope and Despair. Zed Books,2013.
[23] Franois Ngolet. Crisis in the Congo:The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila. Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
[24]苑基荣,张建波.外部势力卷入刚果(金)冲突.人民日报,2012-6-12(21).
[25] John F. Clark. Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo:Evidence and Interpretations. The Journal of Modern African Studies,2001(2):265.
[26] Michael Nest, Fran?ois Grignon, Emizet F. Kisangani. The Democratic Republic of Congo:Economic Dimensions of War and Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers,2006.
[27] Theo Neethling. Rebel Movements in The DRC The Phenomena of Sub-National Terrorism and Ungoverned Spaces. African Security Review,2014(4):331-334.
[28] Henri Boshoff. Dealing with the fast-changing environment in the Eastern DRC. African Security Review. 2009(18):65-69.
[29] Anna Reuss, Kristof Titeca. Beyond Ethnicity:The Violence In Western Uganda and Rwenzori’s 99Problems. Review of African Political Economy,2016(151):7.
[30] Marta Iniguez de Heredia. Everyday Resistance, Peace-building and State-making,Manchester University Press,2017.
[31] UNHCR. DR Congo emergency. 2018-01-09.
[32] Furaha Umutoni Alida.‘Do They Fight for Us?’Mixed Discourses of Conflict and the M23 Rebellion Among Congolese Rwandophone Refugees in Rwanda. African Security,2014(2):72.
[33] Moeller Susan. Compassion Fatigue:How the Media Sells Disease, Famine, War and Death. Routledge,1999.
[34] Mats Berdal, David Malone. Greed And Grievance:Economic Agendas In Civil Wars,Lynne Rienner,2000.
[35] Ann Laudati, Beyond Minerals:Broading ‘Economies of Violence’In Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Review of African Political Economy,2013(135):35.
[36] Marta Iniguez de Heredia, Everyday Resistance, Peace-building and State-making,Manchester University Press,2017.
[37] Timothy Raeymaekers, Violent Capitalism and Hybrid Identity in the Eastern Congo,Cambridge University Press,2014.
[38]胡洋,耿溪谣.刚果(金)族群冲突与族群政治的由来、特点和影响.云南民族大学学报,2017(6):25.
[39]王涛.论非洲圣灵抵抗军兴起的宗教背景及其宗教理念.世界宗教文化,2016(2):66-72.
(1)1971年至1997年刚果(金)国名为扎伊尔共和国,为刚果(金)第二共和国时期,1997年刚果(金)进入第三共和国时期,国名变更为刚果民主共和国,简称刚果(金)。
[2]索尔·科恩.地缘政治学———国际关系的地理学.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2011.
[3]刘鸿武.非洲治理与发展难题之破解:中国的视角.非洲研究,2015(2):5.
[4]王延庆.美国与刚果危机(1960-1963).上海:华东师范大学,2009.
[5] Edgar O’Balance, The Gongo-Zaire Experience:1960-1998,ST. Martin’s Press,2000.
[6]李智彪.刚果(金)政治体制的演变.西亚非洲,2004(5):45.
[7]王涛,鲍家政.美国对非洲投资的历史透视与现状解析.美国问题研究,2018(1):186.
[8]于红,吴增田.列国志·卢旺达、布隆迪.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.
[9]姜忠尽.现代非洲人文地理.南京:南京大学出版社,2014.
[10] United Nations·Nations Unies. Statistical Yearbook 1976. United Nations,1977.
[11]胡志丁,葛岳静,徐建伟,等.空间与经济地理学理论构建,地理科学进展,2012(6):676-685.
[12] David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, A Good Place:Agrarian Change, Gender and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to The 15th Century. Fountain Publishers,1998.
[13] Emizet Francois Kisangani. Civil Wars in The Democratic Republic of Congo 1960-2010. Lynne Rienner Publishers,2012.
[14] Johan Pottier. Re-Imagining Rwanada:Conflict, Survival, and Disinformation in The Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press,2002.
[15]庄晨燕.民族冲突的建构与激化———以卢旺达1994年种族屠杀为例.西北民族研究,2017(2):62.
[16]李安山.论民族、国家与国际政治的互动———对卢旺达大屠杀的反思.世界经济与政治,2005(12):13.
[17] Jean-Pierre Chrétien. The Great Lakes of Africa:Two Thousand Years of History. Zone Book,2003.
[18] Jan Vansina. Paths in The Rainforests:Toward A History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. James Currey,1990.
[19] Ch. Didier Gondola. The history of Congo. Greenwood Press,2002.
[20] Morten B覬觷as, Kevin C. Dunn. African Guerrillas Raging Against the Machine,Lynne Rienner Publishers,2007.
[21]热拉尔·普吕尼耶.卢旺达危机:大屠杀史.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2017.
[22] Michael Deibert. The Democratic Republic of Congo:Between Hope and Despair. Zed Books,2013.
[23] Franois Ngolet. Crisis in the Congo:The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila. Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
[24]苑基荣,张建波.外部势力卷入刚果(金)冲突.人民日报,2012-6-12(21).
[25] John F. Clark. Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo:Evidence and Interpretations. The Journal of Modern African Studies,2001(2):265.
[26] Michael Nest, Fran?ois Grignon, Emizet F. Kisangani. The Democratic Republic of Congo:Economic Dimensions of War and Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers,2006.
[27] Theo Neethling. Rebel Movements in The DRC The Phenomena of Sub-National Terrorism and Ungoverned Spaces. African Security Review,2014(4):331-334.
[28] Henri Boshoff. Dealing with the fast-changing environment in the Eastern DRC. African Security Review. 2009(18):65-69.
[29] Anna Reuss, Kristof Titeca. Beyond Ethnicity:The Violence In Western Uganda and Rwenzori’s 99Problems. Review of African Political Economy,2016(151):7.
[30] Marta Iniguez de Heredia. Everyday Resistance, Peace-building and State-making,Manchester University Press,2017.
[31] UNHCR. DR Congo emergency. 2018-01-09.
[32] Furaha Umutoni Alida.‘Do They Fight for Us?’Mixed Discourses of Conflict and the M23 Rebellion Among Congolese Rwandophone Refugees in Rwanda. African Security,2014(2):72.
[33] Moeller Susan. Compassion Fatigue:How the Media Sells Disease, Famine, War and Death. Routledge,1999.
[34] Mats Berdal, David Malone. Greed And Grievance:Economic Agendas In Civil Wars,Lynne Rienner,2000.
[35] Ann Laudati, Beyond Minerals:Broading ‘Economies of Violence’In Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Review of African Political Economy,2013(135):35.
[36] Marta Iniguez de Heredia, Everyday Resistance, Peace-building and State-making,Manchester University Press,2017.
[37] Timothy Raeymaekers, Violent Capitalism and Hybrid Identity in the Eastern Congo,Cambridge University Press,2014.
[38]胡洋,耿溪谣.刚果(金)族群冲突与族群政治的由来、特点和影响.云南民族大学学报,2017(6):25.
[39]王涛.论非洲圣灵抵抗军兴起的宗教背景及其宗教理念.世界宗教文化,2016(2):66-72.
(1)1971年至1997年刚果(金)国名为扎伊尔共和国,为刚果(金)第二共和国时期,1997年刚果(金)进入第三共和国时期,国名变更为刚果民主共和国,简称刚果(金)。