芦苇种植对加拿大一枝黄花防控的效应研究
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摘要
加拿大一枝黄花在自然环境中竞争力极强,使本土多种杂草灭绝,逐渐形成单一优势群落,影响生物多样性,破坏生态平衡,是一种恶性杂草。在绍兴镜湖新区道路边的荒地设立试验样地,建立20m×4 m连续观测点,分别在2014年5月、6月、7月、8月通过对芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花的混种实地观测,对它们的叶龄、叶色、株高、分株率、节间距及先期出芽率等生长指数按期测量记录,并记录水层深度和出穗期,在混生群落中收割4 m×4 m样地加拿大一枝黄花和芦苇植株各20株,用于生物量统计和生长指数测量,并对这两种植物生长因素进行分析。结果表明,芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花混生群落中芦苇发展近似于单优群落,芦苇以较高的平均株高和密度抑制了加拿大一枝黄花生长,混生群落逐渐趋向于芦苇单优群落。混生群落芦苇平均每株生物量近似于单优群落,加拿大一枝黄花平均每株生物量显著低于其单优群落,光合作用受到显著抑制,植株生长缓慢。加拿大一枝黄花和芦苇都具有较强的种间竞争和拮抗作用,在混生试验地中芦苇比加拿大一枝黄花更具有竞争优势,具有将加拿大一枝黄花排除出去的趋势。在芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花的混生环境生态区域,本土植物芦苇具有在本区域内生态压制和排挤加拿大一枝黄花生长的作用。
The paper is mainly concerned about the three aspects of the mishap on the Solidago Canadensis,a malignant weed that enjoys very strong competitiveness in nature,which is likely to bring about the extinct of many kinds of inhabitable weeds at home. What is more,the said weed has gradually formulated a set of uniquely superior advantages,which began to bring about the pernicious effects on the biodiversity of the plants and crops,leading to the break-down of the ecosystem balance. Seeing through the destructive harm of the pernicious weed,we have worked out a research plan by setting up a sample plot( 20 m × 4m) at the edge of the urban roadway from Jinghu to Shaoxing,keeping on the so-called fieldwork in May,June,July and August,2014,four times by organizing the mixed-farming of the two species( Solidago Canadensis and Phragmites Communis). While monitoring the specific ecological parameters of the two species of weeds for mixed farming,we have tested,recorded and measured respectively their leaf age,color,height and division rate,in addition to the internodal length,the sprouting rate and the biomass growing situation till finishing the record of the water depth and the earing stage of the plants. In hoping to work out the detailed competitiveness and the aggressiveness between the two species,we have collected 20 strains through the respective harvests from S. Canadensis and P. Communis samples in the 4 m × 4 m sample. The results have shown that in the mixed community of the species,the average height,coverage degree,the density and the important data of the P. Communis which are very close to the actual results obtained in P. Communis mono-community and turned to be superior to those of S. Canadensis. However,the photosynthesis of the Canadian weeds has been significantly suppressed and reduced with the other plants growing slowing. The results of our experiments have demonstrated that there does exist competition and antagonism between S. Canadensis and P. communis in the species mixed communities,with S. Canadensis found inferior in aggressiveness to P. communis. Thus,it can be concluded that in the mixed floras of S. Canadensis and P. Communis,the local plant P. communis has the potentiality to control,defeat and prevent the expansion of the alien invasive plant S. Canadensis.
The paper is mainly concerned about the three aspects of the mishap on the Solidago Canadensis,a malignant weed that enjoys very strong competitiveness in nature,which is likely to bring about the extinct of many kinds of inhabitable weeds at home. What is more,the said weed has gradually formulated a set of uniquely superior advantages,which began to bring about the pernicious effects on the biodiversity of the plants and crops,leading to the break-down of the ecosystem balance. Seeing through the destructive harm of the pernicious weed,we have worked out a research plan by setting up a sample plot( 20 m × 4m) at the edge of the urban roadway from Jinghu to Shaoxing,keeping on the so-called fieldwork in May,June,July and August,2014,four times by organizing the mixed-farming of the two species( Solidago Canadensis and Phragmites Communis). While monitoring the specific ecological parameters of the two species of weeds for mixed farming,we have tested,recorded and measured respectively their leaf age,color,height and division rate,in addition to the internodal length,the sprouting rate and the biomass growing situation till finishing the record of the water depth and the earing stage of the plants. In hoping to work out the detailed competitiveness and the aggressiveness between the two species,we have collected 20 strains through the respective harvests from S. Canadensis and P. Communis samples in the 4 m × 4 m sample. The results have shown that in the mixed community of the species,the average height,coverage degree,the density and the important data of the P. Communis which are very close to the actual results obtained in P. Communis mono-community and turned to be superior to those of S. Canadensis. However,the photosynthesis of the Canadian weeds has been significantly suppressed and reduced with the other plants growing slowing. The results of our experiments have demonstrated that there does exist competition and antagonism between S. Canadensis and P. communis in the species mixed communities,with S. Canadensis found inferior in aggressiveness to P. communis. Thus,it can be concluded that in the mixed floras of S. Canadensis and P. Communis,the local plant P. communis has the potentiality to control,defeat and prevent the expansion of the alien invasive plant S. Canadensis.
引文
[1]LI Mingtao(李明桃).Biological characteristics and prevention measures of Solidago canadensis L.[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology(农业灾难研究),2013,3(4):29-30.
[2]DONG Mei(董梅),LU Jianzhong(陆建忠),ZHANG Wenju(张文驹),et al.Solidago canadensis—a rapidly expanding invasive plant[J].Acta Phytotaxonomi Sinica(植物分类学报),2006,44(1):72-85.
[3]LI Zhenyu(李振宇),XIE Yan(解焱).Invasive species in China(中国外来入侵种)[M].Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,2002:170.
[4]WANG Kaijin(王开金),CHEN Liezhong(陈烈忠),YU Xiaoping(俞晓平).Preliminary study of allelopathy of Solidago canadenis L.[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis(浙江农业学报),2006,18(5):299-303.
[5]XIONG Zhanzhi(熊战之),GUO Xiaoshan(郭小山),CHEN Xianghua(陈香华),et al.The outbreak,harmfulness,and protection of Solidago canadensis[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology(上海农业科技),2006,21(3):120-124.
[6]GUO Shuiliang(郭水良),LI Yanghan(李杨汉).Alien invasive weeds in southeast of China[J].Weed Science(杂草科学),1995,12(2):4-8.
[7]DA Liangjun(达良俊),TIAN Zhihui(田志慧),WANG Chenxi(王晨曦),et al.Biological invasion from the perspective of ecology[J].Chinese Journal of Nature(自然杂志),2007,29(3):152-167.
[8]WU Jiangxing(吴降星),LIU Guiliang(刘桂良),CHEN Yongting(陈永亭).A primary exploration of the occurrence pattern and the techniques in prevention and control of Solidago canadensis in the coastal area of Zhejiang Province[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2006,12(4):114-115.
[9]ZHU Hongwei(朱宏伟),MENG Ling(盂玲),LI Baoping(李保平).Relative competitive ability of Lolium perenne and the alien invasive weed,Eupatorium adenophorum(Compositae)at seedling stage[J].Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology(应用与环境生物学报),2007,13(1):29-32.
[10]PENG Shaolin(彭少麟),XIANG Yanci(向言词).The invasion of exotic plants and effects of ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),1999,19(4):560-568.
[11]Shaoxing Jinghu New Area Administrative Committee.Jinghu new district road planning chart[EB/OL].[2011-07-20].http://www.e0575.cn/simple/-t3267230.html.
[12]LI Dong(李东),SUN Dechao(孙德超),HU Yanling(胡艳玲).Cultivation and management of reed[J].Wetland Science&Managment(湿地科学与管理),2013,9(2):42-43.
[13]Zhejiang Bureau of Surveying and Mapping(浙江省测绘局).Map of Zhejiang Province(浙江省地图册)[M].Beijing:Map Publishing House,1981:35.
[14]LI Jie(李契),ZHU Jinzhao(朱金兆),ZHU Qingke(朱清科).A review on Niche theory and Niche metrics[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),2003,25(1):60-67.
[15]LI Wenlong(李文龙),HAN Xiaozhuo(韩晓卓),LI Zizhen(李自珍),et al.Interspecific niche relations and dynamical system simulation of artificial sand-fixation plants employed in sand region[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica(西北植物学报),2006,26(7):420-427.
[16]XU Cailin(徐彩琳),LI Zizhen(李自珍).Changes in interspecific Niche relationship of sand—fixing plants in the restoration process of desert ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2004,23(4):7-12.
[17]SYLVIA M H.Variation of population type in Phragmites communis Trin[J].Annals of Botany,1970,34(1):147-158.
[18]TORU M,NOBUTOSHI M,EIICHI T.Salt tolerance of the reed plant Phragmites communis[J].Physiologia Plantarum,1987,72(1):8-14.
[19]MARIE S.Growing wild flowers:a gardener’s guide[M].New York:Harper&Brothers,1973:277.
[20]LU Huiming(陆慧明),RUAN Haigen(阮海根),TANG Genmei(汤根妹),et al.Evaluation of harmfulness and utility on Canada goldenrod(Solidago canadensis)[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University:Agricultural Science(上海交通大学学报:农业科学版),2006,24(4):403-406.
[21]WANG Xiaotian(王晓天),XU Qifa(徐启发),XU Zhesheng(徐哲生),et al.The regularity of outbreak and measures prevention and control of Solidago canadensis[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2006,12(5):26-28.
[22]SHEN Guohui(沈国辉),QIAN Zhenguan(钱振官),CHAI Xiaoling(柴晓玲),et al.Research in biological characteristics of the seeds of Solidago canadensis[J].Acta Agriculturae Shanghai(上海农业学报),2004,20(4):105-107.
[23]JUDITH H M,DAWN B.Ecology and control of introduced pants[M].London:Cambridge University Press,2003:89.
[24]U.S.Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service.Common weeds of the United States[M].New York:Dover Publications,1971:463.
[2]DONG Mei(董梅),LU Jianzhong(陆建忠),ZHANG Wenju(张文驹),et al.Solidago canadensis—a rapidly expanding invasive plant[J].Acta Phytotaxonomi Sinica(植物分类学报),2006,44(1):72-85.
[3]LI Zhenyu(李振宇),XIE Yan(解焱).Invasive species in China(中国外来入侵种)[M].Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,2002:170.
[4]WANG Kaijin(王开金),CHEN Liezhong(陈烈忠),YU Xiaoping(俞晓平).Preliminary study of allelopathy of Solidago canadenis L.[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis(浙江农业学报),2006,18(5):299-303.
[5]XIONG Zhanzhi(熊战之),GUO Xiaoshan(郭小山),CHEN Xianghua(陈香华),et al.The outbreak,harmfulness,and protection of Solidago canadensis[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology(上海农业科技),2006,21(3):120-124.
[6]GUO Shuiliang(郭水良),LI Yanghan(李杨汉).Alien invasive weeds in southeast of China[J].Weed Science(杂草科学),1995,12(2):4-8.
[7]DA Liangjun(达良俊),TIAN Zhihui(田志慧),WANG Chenxi(王晨曦),et al.Biological invasion from the perspective of ecology[J].Chinese Journal of Nature(自然杂志),2007,29(3):152-167.
[8]WU Jiangxing(吴降星),LIU Guiliang(刘桂良),CHEN Yongting(陈永亭).A primary exploration of the occurrence pattern and the techniques in prevention and control of Solidago canadensis in the coastal area of Zhejiang Province[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2006,12(4):114-115.
[9]ZHU Hongwei(朱宏伟),MENG Ling(盂玲),LI Baoping(李保平).Relative competitive ability of Lolium perenne and the alien invasive weed,Eupatorium adenophorum(Compositae)at seedling stage[J].Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology(应用与环境生物学报),2007,13(1):29-32.
[10]PENG Shaolin(彭少麟),XIANG Yanci(向言词).The invasion of exotic plants and effects of ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),1999,19(4):560-568.
[11]Shaoxing Jinghu New Area Administrative Committee.Jinghu new district road planning chart[EB/OL].[2011-07-20].http://www.e0575.cn/simple/-t3267230.html.
[12]LI Dong(李东),SUN Dechao(孙德超),HU Yanling(胡艳玲).Cultivation and management of reed[J].Wetland Science&Managment(湿地科学与管理),2013,9(2):42-43.
[13]Zhejiang Bureau of Surveying and Mapping(浙江省测绘局).Map of Zhejiang Province(浙江省地图册)[M].Beijing:Map Publishing House,1981:35.
[14]LI Jie(李契),ZHU Jinzhao(朱金兆),ZHU Qingke(朱清科).A review on Niche theory and Niche metrics[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),2003,25(1):60-67.
[15]LI Wenlong(李文龙),HAN Xiaozhuo(韩晓卓),LI Zizhen(李自珍),et al.Interspecific niche relations and dynamical system simulation of artificial sand-fixation plants employed in sand region[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica(西北植物学报),2006,26(7):420-427.
[16]XU Cailin(徐彩琳),LI Zizhen(李自珍).Changes in interspecific Niche relationship of sand—fixing plants in the restoration process of desert ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2004,23(4):7-12.
[17]SYLVIA M H.Variation of population type in Phragmites communis Trin[J].Annals of Botany,1970,34(1):147-158.
[18]TORU M,NOBUTOSHI M,EIICHI T.Salt tolerance of the reed plant Phragmites communis[J].Physiologia Plantarum,1987,72(1):8-14.
[19]MARIE S.Growing wild flowers:a gardener’s guide[M].New York:Harper&Brothers,1973:277.
[20]LU Huiming(陆慧明),RUAN Haigen(阮海根),TANG Genmei(汤根妹),et al.Evaluation of harmfulness and utility on Canada goldenrod(Solidago canadensis)[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University:Agricultural Science(上海交通大学学报:农业科学版),2006,24(4):403-406.
[21]WANG Xiaotian(王晓天),XU Qifa(徐启发),XU Zhesheng(徐哲生),et al.The regularity of outbreak and measures prevention and control of Solidago canadensis[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2006,12(5):26-28.
[22]SHEN Guohui(沈国辉),QIAN Zhenguan(钱振官),CHAI Xiaoling(柴晓玲),et al.Research in biological characteristics of the seeds of Solidago canadensis[J].Acta Agriculturae Shanghai(上海农业学报),2004,20(4):105-107.
[23]JUDITH H M,DAWN B.Ecology and control of introduced pants[M].London:Cambridge University Press,2003:89.
[24]U.S.Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service.Common weeds of the United States[M].New York:Dover Publications,1971:463.