火灾恢复年限对大兴安岭森林乔灌草多样性及优势种影响
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摘要
林火是大兴安岭地区森林生态系统的重要影响因子,研究火灾对植物多样性和优势种多度长期影响,有助于火灾区域森林生态系统重建与管理。本研究以大兴安岭不同火烧年限(1～5、5～10、10～20、20～30、30～40和40～50年) 48对配对样地(火烧样地与邻近未火烧对照样地)为研究对象,利用二者差值变化来探讨森林恢复年限对植物多样性指数影响,通过对乔灌草相对多度变化确认火灾恢复对优势种的影响。研究结果表明:(1)火烧与对照间乔木多样性和丰富度差值先降后升趋势,在10年左右最低,而恢复30～40年后与对照样地相当或更高。灌木与乔木变化趋势相似,但是变化趋势多达到统计学显著(P <0. 05),灌木Shannon-wiener多样性指数和丰富度差值随年限增加而线性上升。草本Simpson多样性指数随火烧年限增加而直线下降,但是均匀度与丰富度没有出现线性变化。(2)乔灌草优势种变化趋势为:乔木层白桦(Betula platyphylla)在火烧5～30年占比均超过30%,在30年后占比不超过15%,同时兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)在30～40年占比超过50%;灌木层在0～30年均是越桔(Vaccinium vitis-idaea)占比最大,30年之后变为榛子(Corylus heterophylla),草本层5～30年均是小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)占比最大,30年之后变为其他物种。对照样地乔木层主要是兴安落叶松,占比超过50%,灌木层主要是越桔(Vaccinium vitis-idaea),草本层主要是小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)。整体来看,乔木火后恢复需要更长的时间,而灌木和草本火后恢复更快。植物多样性及优势种变化是研究其对生态服务功能(如碳汇)影响的基础,我们研究结果为天保工程后续实施及科学管理大兴安岭森林生态系统提供数据支撑。
Forest fire is an important factor controlling forest ecosystem successions in the Daxing 'an Mountains,Northeastern China,while long-term temporal dynamics in plant diversity and species abundance are still very limited to date,for modeling forest ecological services variations. We chose 48 pairs plots in different fire-rehabilitation years( 1-5,5-10,10-20,20-30,30-40,and 40-50 years) in Daxing'an Mountains( fired site and neighbor unburned site as control),and diversity indices( Shannon-wiener index,Simpson index and species richness) and species abundance in tree,shrub and herb layers were calculated based on the fieldsurveyed data. Firstly,both fire-control differences in different parameters showed that tree diversity and richness declined at begin( lowest at 10-year rehabilitation),then increased afterward to the control-level after30-40 fire-rehabilitation years. The shrub diversity index was similar to the change trend of trees,while most of the trends were statistically significant( P < 0. 05). The shrub Shannon index and richness indexlinearly increased with rehabilitationyears,andreached the control level after 30-year rehabilitation. The Simpson index of the herb decreased linearly with increasing fire age,but there was no linear change in uniformity and richness.Secondly,In terms of relative abundance of dominant species: In the arbor layer,Betula platyphylla in the fire siteduring 5-30 years rehabilitationtook > 30% in proportion,and thereafter,the proportion was < 15%; Larix gmelinii took over 50% in abundance in the 30-40 years rehabilitation stage. In the shrub layer,the largest proportion was Vaccinium vitis-idaea in less than 30-year rehabilitation stages,and the Corylus heterophylla be come the largest proportion. In the herbaceous layer,Deyeuxia angustifolia took the largest proportion in less than30-year rehabilitation stages. In all,tree species recovered in a lower rate,and shrub and herb species recovered in a much faster rate. Plant diversity and dominant species alternation are basis for studying the forest ecological services( such as carbon sinks),and our data support future scientific management of the boreal forests in China,especially in the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Program( a national policy of China).
Forest fire is an important factor controlling forest ecosystem successions in the Daxing 'an Mountains,Northeastern China,while long-term temporal dynamics in plant diversity and species abundance are still very limited to date,for modeling forest ecological services variations. We chose 48 pairs plots in different fire-rehabilitation years( 1-5,5-10,10-20,20-30,30-40,and 40-50 years) in Daxing'an Mountains( fired site and neighbor unburned site as control),and diversity indices( Shannon-wiener index,Simpson index and species richness) and species abundance in tree,shrub and herb layers were calculated based on the fieldsurveyed data. Firstly,both fire-control differences in different parameters showed that tree diversity and richness declined at begin( lowest at 10-year rehabilitation),then increased afterward to the control-level after30-40 fire-rehabilitation years. The shrub diversity index was similar to the change trend of trees,while most of the trends were statistically significant( P < 0. 05). The shrub Shannon index and richness indexlinearly increased with rehabilitationyears,andreached the control level after 30-year rehabilitation. The Simpson index of the herb decreased linearly with increasing fire age,but there was no linear change in uniformity and richness.Secondly,In terms of relative abundance of dominant species: In the arbor layer,Betula platyphylla in the fire siteduring 5-30 years rehabilitationtook > 30% in proportion,and thereafter,the proportion was < 15%; Larix gmelinii took over 50% in abundance in the 30-40 years rehabilitation stage. In the shrub layer,the largest proportion was Vaccinium vitis-idaea in less than 30-year rehabilitation stages,and the Corylus heterophylla be come the largest proportion. In the herbaceous layer,Deyeuxia angustifolia took the largest proportion in less than30-year rehabilitation stages. In all,tree species recovered in a lower rate,and shrub and herb species recovered in a much faster rate. Plant diversity and dominant species alternation are basis for studying the forest ecological services( such as carbon sinks),and our data support future scientific management of the boreal forests in China,especially in the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Program( a national policy of China).
引文
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4 .王鼎,王梓璇,冯倩倩,等.重度火烧对兴安落叶松林群落物种组成及多样性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(6):56-61.Wang D,Wang Z X,Feng Q Q,et al. Species composition and diversity of severe burned phytocoenosium after different regenerate years[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(6):56-61.
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7 .郑焕能,贾松青,胡海清.大兴安岭林区的林火与森林恢复[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(4):1-7.Zheng H N,Jia S Q,Hu H Q. Forest fire and forest rehabilitation in the Da Xingan Mountains[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,1986,14(4):1-7.
8 .罗菊春.大兴安岭森林火灾对森林生态系统的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5-6):101-107.Luo J C. Influence of forest fire disaster on forest ecosystem in Great Xing’anling[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2002,24(5-6):101-107.
9 . Chandlerc,Cheneyp,Thomasp,et al. Fire in forestry. vol.1 :forest fire behavior and effects.-vol.:forest fire management and organization[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons,1983.
10 .孔繁花,李秀珍,尹海伟,等.地形对大兴安岭北坡林火迹地森林景观格局影响的梯度分析[J].生态学报,2004,24(9):1863-1870.Kong F H,Li X Z,Yin H W,et al. Gradient analysis on the influence of terrain on the forest landscape pattern in the burned blanks of the north slope of Mt. Daxing’anling[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(9):1863-1870.
11 .李慧仁,王立中,韦昌雷,等.中强度火烧对兴安落叶松林自然更新的影响[J].防护林科技,2016(9):47-48.Li H R,Wang L Z,Wei C L,et al. Effect of medium strength burning on natural regeneration of Larix gmelinii plantation[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology,2016(9):47-48.
12 .刘广菊,胡海清,张海林,等.火频度和火强度对植物群落结构稳定性的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(7):32-33.Liu G J,Hu H Q,Zhang H L,et al. Impact of fire frequency and fire intensity on stability of community structure[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2008,36(7):32-33.
13 .邢玮,葛之葳,李俊清.大兴安岭北部林区林火干扰强度对兴安落叶松群落影响研究[J].科学技术与工程,2006,6(14):2042-2046.Xing W,Ge Z W,Li J Q. The effect of fire severity on the Larix gmelinii community in North Great Xing’ an Mountains[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2006,6(14):2042-2046.
14 .方志伟.炼山对杉木人工林群落学特征影响的研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(S1):208-211.Fang Z W. Study on the affection of the chinese fir plantation characteristics after controlled burning[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2001,37(S1):208-211.
15 . Chang Y,He H S,Hu Y M,et al. Historic and current fire regimes in the Great Xing’an Mountains,northeastern China:implications for long-term forest management[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,254(3):445-453.
16 . Gao C Y,He J B,Zhang Y,et al. Fire history and climate characteristics during the last millennium of the Great Hinggan Mountains at the monsoon margin in northeastern China[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2018,162:313-320.
17 . Xiao L,Wang W J,He X Y,et al. Urban-rural and temporal differences of woody plants and bird species in Harbin city,northeastern China[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016,20:20-31.
18 .张建宇,王文杰,杜红居,等.大兴安岭呼中地区3种林分的群落特征、物种多样性差异及其耦合关系[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):4684-4693.Zhang J Y,Wang W J,Du H J,et al. Differences in community characteristics,species diversity,and their couplingassociations among three forest types in the Huzhong area,Daxing’anling mountains[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):4684-4693.
19 .孙家宝,胡海清.大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火烧迹地群落演替状况[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(5):30-33.Sun J B,Hu H Q. Community succession of burned forestl and of Larix gmelinii in Great Xing’an Mountains[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2010,38(5):30-33.
20 .邱扬,李湛东,徐化成.兴安落叶松种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究[J].植物研究,1997,17(4):441-446.Qiu Y,Li Z D,Xu H C. Study on the relation between the stability of Larix gmelinii population and the fire disturbance[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,1997,17(4):441-446.
21 .王丽红,辛颖,邹梦玲,等.大兴安岭火烧迹地植被恢复中植物多样性与生物量分配格局[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):41-47.Wang L H,Xin Y,Zou M L,et al. Plants diversity and biomass distribution of vegetation restoration in burned area of Great Xing’an Mountains[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):41-47.
22 . Nilsson M C,Wardle D A. Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver:evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2005,3(8):421-428.
23 .刘学爽,李慧仁,胡林林,等.重度火烧对兴安落叶松—白桦林自然更新的影响[J].防护林科技,2018(1):14-15,75.Liu X S,Li H R,Hu L L,et al. Effect of severe burning on natural regeneration of Larix gmelinii-Butula platyphylla plantation[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology,2017(1):14-15,75.
24 .王绪高,李秀珍,贺红士,等.大兴安岭北坡落叶松林火后植被演替过程研究[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):35-41.Wang X G,Li X Z,He H S,et al. Postfire succession of larch forest on the northern slope of Daxing’anling[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(5):35-41.
2 .张艳平.黑龙江大兴安岭地区气候变化对森林火灾影响的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2008.Zhang Y P. Study on the impacts of climate change of forest fires in Daxing’anling Mountains[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2008.
3 .周梅,余新晓,冯林,等.大兴安岭林区冻土及湿地对生态环境的作用[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(6):91-93.Zhou M,Yu X X,Feng L,et al. Effects of permafrost and wetland in forests in Great Xing’an Mountains on ecology and environment[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2003,25(6):91-93.
4 .王鼎,王梓璇,冯倩倩,等.重度火烧对兴安落叶松林群落物种组成及多样性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(6):56-61.Wang D,Wang Z X,Feng Q Q,et al. Species composition and diversity of severe burned phytocoenosium after different regenerate years[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(6):56-61.
5 . Glenn-Lewin D C,Peet R K,Veblen T T. Plant succession:theory and prediction[M]. London:Chapman&Hall,1992.
6 .邱扬.森林植被的自然火干扰[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(1):54-60.Qiu Y. Natural fire disturbance of forest vegetation[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1998,17(1):54-60.
7 .郑焕能,贾松青,胡海清.大兴安岭林区的林火与森林恢复[J].东北林业大学学报,1986,14(4):1-7.Zheng H N,Jia S Q,Hu H Q. Forest fire and forest rehabilitation in the Da Xingan Mountains[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,1986,14(4):1-7.
8 .罗菊春.大兴安岭森林火灾对森林生态系统的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5-6):101-107.Luo J C. Influence of forest fire disaster on forest ecosystem in Great Xing’anling[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2002,24(5-6):101-107.
9 . Chandlerc,Cheneyp,Thomasp,et al. Fire in forestry. vol.1 :forest fire behavior and effects.-vol.:forest fire management and organization[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons,1983.
10 .孔繁花,李秀珍,尹海伟,等.地形对大兴安岭北坡林火迹地森林景观格局影响的梯度分析[J].生态学报,2004,24(9):1863-1870.Kong F H,Li X Z,Yin H W,et al. Gradient analysis on the influence of terrain on the forest landscape pattern in the burned blanks of the north slope of Mt. Daxing’anling[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(9):1863-1870.
11 .李慧仁,王立中,韦昌雷,等.中强度火烧对兴安落叶松林自然更新的影响[J].防护林科技,2016(9):47-48.Li H R,Wang L Z,Wei C L,et al. Effect of medium strength burning on natural regeneration of Larix gmelinii plantation[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology,2016(9):47-48.
12 .刘广菊,胡海清,张海林,等.火频度和火强度对植物群落结构稳定性的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(7):32-33.Liu G J,Hu H Q,Zhang H L,et al. Impact of fire frequency and fire intensity on stability of community structure[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2008,36(7):32-33.
13 .邢玮,葛之葳,李俊清.大兴安岭北部林区林火干扰强度对兴安落叶松群落影响研究[J].科学技术与工程,2006,6(14):2042-2046.Xing W,Ge Z W,Li J Q. The effect of fire severity on the Larix gmelinii community in North Great Xing’ an Mountains[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2006,6(14):2042-2046.
14 .方志伟.炼山对杉木人工林群落学特征影响的研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(S1):208-211.Fang Z W. Study on the affection of the chinese fir plantation characteristics after controlled burning[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2001,37(S1):208-211.
15 . Chang Y,He H S,Hu Y M,et al. Historic and current fire regimes in the Great Xing’an Mountains,northeastern China:implications for long-term forest management[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,254(3):445-453.
16 . Gao C Y,He J B,Zhang Y,et al. Fire history and climate characteristics during the last millennium of the Great Hinggan Mountains at the monsoon margin in northeastern China[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2018,162:313-320.
17 . Xiao L,Wang W J,He X Y,et al. Urban-rural and temporal differences of woody plants and bird species in Harbin city,northeastern China[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016,20:20-31.
18 .张建宇,王文杰,杜红居,等.大兴安岭呼中地区3种林分的群落特征、物种多样性差异及其耦合关系[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):4684-4693.Zhang J Y,Wang W J,Du H J,et al. Differences in community characteristics,species diversity,and their couplingassociations among three forest types in the Huzhong area,Daxing’anling mountains[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):4684-4693.
19 .孙家宝,胡海清.大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火烧迹地群落演替状况[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(5):30-33.Sun J B,Hu H Q. Community succession of burned forestl and of Larix gmelinii in Great Xing’an Mountains[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2010,38(5):30-33.
20 .邱扬,李湛东,徐化成.兴安落叶松种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究[J].植物研究,1997,17(4):441-446.Qiu Y,Li Z D,Xu H C. Study on the relation between the stability of Larix gmelinii population and the fire disturbance[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,1997,17(4):441-446.
21 .王丽红,辛颖,邹梦玲,等.大兴安岭火烧迹地植被恢复中植物多样性与生物量分配格局[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):41-47.Wang L H,Xin Y,Zou M L,et al. Plants diversity and biomass distribution of vegetation restoration in burned area of Great Xing’an Mountains[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):41-47.
22 . Nilsson M C,Wardle D A. Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver:evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2005,3(8):421-428.
23 .刘学爽,李慧仁,胡林林,等.重度火烧对兴安落叶松—白桦林自然更新的影响[J].防护林科技,2018(1):14-15,75.Liu X S,Li H R,Hu L L,et al. Effect of severe burning on natural regeneration of Larix gmelinii-Butula platyphylla plantation[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology,2017(1):14-15,75.
24 .王绪高,李秀珍,贺红士,等.大兴安岭北坡落叶松林火后植被演替过程研究[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):35-41.Wang X G,Li X Z,He H S,et al. Postfire succession of larch forest on the northern slope of Daxing’anling[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(5):35-41.