行动者网络翻译研究
摘要
行动者网络理论是目前翻译学界借用最多的社会学理论之一。研究大多重点讨论翻译的生产和传播过程,对于翻译中文本的语际转换过程、译者翻译策略的选择过程等微观层面的研究,行动者网络理论的解释潜力尚未得到充分发挥。针对这一注重宏观语境描述、忽视微观文本分析的倾向,本文将行动者网络理论的概念、方法与翻译研究的本体相结合,提出一种以文献学研究方法为基础,活态史料采集及分析为辅助,以翻译过程的行动者追踪及网络建构为导向的"行动者网络翻译研究"(Actor Network Translation Studies,简称ANTS)构想,并佐以相关例证展示ANTS作为一种社会翻译学研究范式的可行性与解释力。
引文
[1]Abdallah,K.Translators in production networks reflections on agency,quality and ethics[D].Dissertations in Education,Humanities and Theology No 21.Joensuu:University of Eastern Finland,2012.
[2]Admussen,N.Errata[J/OL].New England Review Online,July 26,2017.
[3]Angelelli,C V.The sociological turn in translation and interpreting studies[J].Translation&Interpreting Studies,2012,7(2):125-128.
[4]Bogic,A.Uncovering the hidden actors with the help of Latour:the‘making’of the second sex[J].MonTI,2010(2):173-192.
[5]Buzelin,H.Independent publisher in the networks of translation[J].TTR,2006,19(1):135-173.
[6]Buzelin,H.Unexpected allies:How Latour’s network theory could complement Bourdieusian analysis in translation studies[J].The Translator,2005,11(2):193-218.
[7]Callon M,Latour B.Unscrewing the big Leviathan:How actors macro-structure reality and how sociologists help them to do so[A].In K.Knorr-Cetina,&A.V.Cicourel(eds.).Advances in Social Theory&Methodology:Toward An Integration of Micro-And Macro-sociologies[C].Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981:277-303.
[8]Callon,M.Some elements of a sociology of translation:Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of Saint Brieuc Bay[A].In John Law(ed.).Power,Action and Belief:A New Sociology of Knowledge?[C].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1986:196-233.
[9]Callon,M.Struggles and negotiations to define what is problematic and what is not:The socio-logic of translation[A].In Karin D.Knorr,Roger Krohn,and Richard,Whitley(eds.).The Social Process of Scientific Investigation:Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook,4[C].Dordrecht and Boston,Mass.:Reidel,1980:197-219.
[10]Chesterman,A.Questions in the sociology of translation[A].In Jo2o Ferreira Duarte,Alexandra Assis Rosa,and Teresa Seruya(eds.).Translation Studies at the Interface of Disciplines[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,2006:9-27.
[11]Guldin,R.Translation as Metaphor[M].London and New York:Routledge,2015.
[12]Halverson,S.L.Cognitive translation studies:Developments in theory and method[A].In Shreve,G.M.&Angelone,E(eds.).Translation and Cognition[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2010:349-369.
[13]Jones,F.R.Embassy networks:Translating post-war Bosnian poetry into English[A].In J.Milton&P.Bandia(eds.).Agents of Translation[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2009:301-326.
[14]Kung,S.-W.C.Network&cooperation in translating Taiwanese literature into English[A].In A.Fawcett,K.L.G.García&R.H.Parker(eds.).Translation:Theory and Practice in Dialogue[C].London&New York:Continuum,2010:164-180.
[15]Kung,S.-W.C.Translation agents and networks:With reference to the translation of contemporary Taiwanese novels[A].In A.Pym&A.Perekrestenko(eds.).Translation Research Projects 2[C].Tarragona:Intercultural Studies Group,2009.
[16]Latour,B.&Woolgar,S.Laboratory Life:The Social Construction of Scientific Facts[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1979.
[17]Latour,B.Science in Action:How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society[M].Milton Keynes,Bucks:Open University Press,1987.
[18]Latour,B.Pandora’s Hope:Essays on the Reality of Science Studies[M].Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1999.
[19]Latour B.On recalling ANT[J].Sociological Review,1999a,47(S1):15-25.
[20]Latour,B.Reassembling the Social:An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005
[21]Law,J.&Hassard J.Actor Network Theory and After[M].Mass:Blackwell,1999.
[22]O’Brien,S.Cognitive Explorations of Translation[M].London&New York:Continuum,2011.
[23]Pickering,A.From science as knowledge to science as practice[A].In Pickering,A.(ed).Science as Practice and Culture[C].Chicago,Illinois:University of Chicago Press,1992:1-28.
[24]Risku,H.&Dickinson,A.Translators as networkers:The role of virtual communities[J].Journal of Language and Communication Studies,2009,42:49-70.
[25]Serres,M.Hermès III:La traduction[M].Paris:Leséditions de minuit,1997.
[26]Serres,M.Hermes:Literature,Science,Philosophy[M].Baltimore,MD:Johns Hopkins University Press,1982.
[27]Stalling,Jonathan.Documenting Chinese literature in translation:A new paradigm for Translation Studies.Working paper,2018.
[28]贺爱军.译者主体性的社会话语分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[29]黄德先.翻译的网络化存在[J].上海翻译,2006(4):6-11.
[30]汪宝荣.葛浩文英译《红高粱》生产过程社会学分析[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2014,36(12):20-30.
[31]汪宝荣.社会翻译学学科结构与研究框架构建述评[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2017,40(5):110-118.
[32]汪宝荣.中国文学译作在西方传播的社会学分析模式[J].天津外国语大学学报,2017,24(4):1-7.
[33]汪宝荣.资本与行动者网路的运作:《红高粱》英译本生产及传播之社会学探析[J].编译论丛,2014(2):35-72.
[34]王洪涛.建构“社会翻译学”:名与实的辨析[J].中国翻译,2011(1):14-18.
[35]王洪涛.“社会翻译学”研究:考辨与反思[J].中国翻译,2016(4):6-13.
[36]王岫庐,行动者网络理论视角下的田汉译剧《沙乐美》研究[J].翻译季刊,2017,85:51-70.
[37]王寅.认知翻译研究[J].中国翻译,2012(4):17-23.
[38]温侯廷,王岫庐.凤为撇,凰为捺:一次中国当代诗歌的跨文化飞行---对欧阳江河《凤凰》英译者温侯廷的访谈[J].东方翻译,2018(2):49-53.
[39]吴莹,卢雨霞,陈家建等.跟随行动者重组社会---读拉图尔的《重组社会:行动者网络理论》[J].社会学研究,2008(2):218-234.
[40]许钧.“创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立[J].中国翻译,2003(1):8-13.
[41]许诗焱.原文与译文之间---俄克拉荷马大学中国文学翻译档案馆简介[J].翻译论坛,2016(4):85-87.
(1)最早将行动者网络理论引入翻译研究的是加拿大学者Helene Buzelin。在“Unexpected allies:How Latour’s network theory could complement Bourdieusian analysis in translation studies”(2005)一文中,Buzelin就曾指出转译(translation)与网络(network)这两个概念在目前运用行动者理论开展的翻译研究中占有相当重要的位置(2005:196)。
(2)Serres于1960至1980年之间出版的五本Hermès系列。从Hermès这个系列书名中,我们已经略窥到作者对翻译和解释的兴趣。源于古希腊神话中的信使之神赫尔墨斯担当着向诸神和人间传达宙斯旨意的重任,并负责对神谕加以解释而使其变得意义明晰。除此之外,赫尔墨斯还守护旅人,陪伴亡灵进入冥界,擅长交易。Serres认为赫尔墨斯不但传递讯息,而且能够快速在不同空间穿行,并建立联系。
(3)例如,Serres(1982:56-7)将J. M. W. Turner绘画中对光线和色彩的处理与工业革命中Carnot提出的热力学定律相联系,认为Turner将物质处理的科学逻辑“转译”为美学实践,在特定的时间节点上,Turner的贡献既是科学的,也是文化的;既是实践的,也是理论的。这一在不同领域之间产生联系、搭建通道、进行沟通并产生新知识的过程,正是Serres所说的“转译”。
(4)在与本文作者的通信讨论中,Stalling教授指出“ANTS begins with creating archives,organizing them,making them discoverable,and finally using them to reveal exactly how translation emerges within specific,historical actor-networks(not in the abstract).”(2018-11-6)
[2]Admussen,N.Errata[J/OL].New England Review Online,July 26,2017.
[3]Angelelli,C V.The sociological turn in translation and interpreting studies[J].Translation&Interpreting Studies,2012,7(2):125-128.
[4]Bogic,A.Uncovering the hidden actors with the help of Latour:the‘making’of the second sex[J].MonTI,2010(2):173-192.
[5]Buzelin,H.Independent publisher in the networks of translation[J].TTR,2006,19(1):135-173.
[6]Buzelin,H.Unexpected allies:How Latour’s network theory could complement Bourdieusian analysis in translation studies[J].The Translator,2005,11(2):193-218.
[7]Callon M,Latour B.Unscrewing the big Leviathan:How actors macro-structure reality and how sociologists help them to do so[A].In K.Knorr-Cetina,&A.V.Cicourel(eds.).Advances in Social Theory&Methodology:Toward An Integration of Micro-And Macro-sociologies[C].Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981:277-303.
[8]Callon,M.Some elements of a sociology of translation:Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of Saint Brieuc Bay[A].In John Law(ed.).Power,Action and Belief:A New Sociology of Knowledge?[C].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1986:196-233.
[9]Callon,M.Struggles and negotiations to define what is problematic and what is not:The socio-logic of translation[A].In Karin D.Knorr,Roger Krohn,and Richard,Whitley(eds.).The Social Process of Scientific Investigation:Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook,4[C].Dordrecht and Boston,Mass.:Reidel,1980:197-219.
[10]Chesterman,A.Questions in the sociology of translation[A].In Jo2o Ferreira Duarte,Alexandra Assis Rosa,and Teresa Seruya(eds.).Translation Studies at the Interface of Disciplines[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,2006:9-27.
[11]Guldin,R.Translation as Metaphor[M].London and New York:Routledge,2015.
[12]Halverson,S.L.Cognitive translation studies:Developments in theory and method[A].In Shreve,G.M.&Angelone,E(eds.).Translation and Cognition[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2010:349-369.
[13]Jones,F.R.Embassy networks:Translating post-war Bosnian poetry into English[A].In J.Milton&P.Bandia(eds.).Agents of Translation[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2009:301-326.
[14]Kung,S.-W.C.Network&cooperation in translating Taiwanese literature into English[A].In A.Fawcett,K.L.G.García&R.H.Parker(eds.).Translation:Theory and Practice in Dialogue[C].London&New York:Continuum,2010:164-180.
[15]Kung,S.-W.C.Translation agents and networks:With reference to the translation of contemporary Taiwanese novels[A].In A.Pym&A.Perekrestenko(eds.).Translation Research Projects 2[C].Tarragona:Intercultural Studies Group,2009.
[16]Latour,B.&Woolgar,S.Laboratory Life:The Social Construction of Scientific Facts[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1979.
[17]Latour,B.Science in Action:How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society[M].Milton Keynes,Bucks:Open University Press,1987.
[18]Latour,B.Pandora’s Hope:Essays on the Reality of Science Studies[M].Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1999.
[19]Latour B.On recalling ANT[J].Sociological Review,1999a,47(S1):15-25.
[20]Latour,B.Reassembling the Social:An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005
[21]Law,J.&Hassard J.Actor Network Theory and After[M].Mass:Blackwell,1999.
[22]O’Brien,S.Cognitive Explorations of Translation[M].London&New York:Continuum,2011.
[23]Pickering,A.From science as knowledge to science as practice[A].In Pickering,A.(ed).Science as Practice and Culture[C].Chicago,Illinois:University of Chicago Press,1992:1-28.
[24]Risku,H.&Dickinson,A.Translators as networkers:The role of virtual communities[J].Journal of Language and Communication Studies,2009,42:49-70.
[25]Serres,M.Hermès III:La traduction[M].Paris:Leséditions de minuit,1997.
[26]Serres,M.Hermes:Literature,Science,Philosophy[M].Baltimore,MD:Johns Hopkins University Press,1982.
[27]Stalling,Jonathan.Documenting Chinese literature in translation:A new paradigm for Translation Studies.Working paper,2018.
[28]贺爱军.译者主体性的社会话语分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[29]黄德先.翻译的网络化存在[J].上海翻译,2006(4):6-11.
[30]汪宝荣.葛浩文英译《红高粱》生产过程社会学分析[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2014,36(12):20-30.
[31]汪宝荣.社会翻译学学科结构与研究框架构建述评[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2017,40(5):110-118.
[32]汪宝荣.中国文学译作在西方传播的社会学分析模式[J].天津外国语大学学报,2017,24(4):1-7.
[33]汪宝荣.资本与行动者网路的运作:《红高粱》英译本生产及传播之社会学探析[J].编译论丛,2014(2):35-72.
[34]王洪涛.建构“社会翻译学”:名与实的辨析[J].中国翻译,2011(1):14-18.
[35]王洪涛.“社会翻译学”研究:考辨与反思[J].中国翻译,2016(4):6-13.
[36]王岫庐,行动者网络理论视角下的田汉译剧《沙乐美》研究[J].翻译季刊,2017,85:51-70.
[37]王寅.认知翻译研究[J].中国翻译,2012(4):17-23.
[38]温侯廷,王岫庐.凤为撇,凰为捺:一次中国当代诗歌的跨文化飞行---对欧阳江河《凤凰》英译者温侯廷的访谈[J].东方翻译,2018(2):49-53.
[39]吴莹,卢雨霞,陈家建等.跟随行动者重组社会---读拉图尔的《重组社会:行动者网络理论》[J].社会学研究,2008(2):218-234.
[40]许钧.“创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立[J].中国翻译,2003(1):8-13.
[41]许诗焱.原文与译文之间---俄克拉荷马大学中国文学翻译档案馆简介[J].翻译论坛,2016(4):85-87.
(1)最早将行动者网络理论引入翻译研究的是加拿大学者Helene Buzelin。在“Unexpected allies:How Latour’s network theory could complement Bourdieusian analysis in translation studies”(2005)一文中,Buzelin就曾指出转译(translation)与网络(network)这两个概念在目前运用行动者理论开展的翻译研究中占有相当重要的位置(2005:196)。
(2)Serres于1960至1980年之间出版的五本Hermès系列。从Hermès这个系列书名中,我们已经略窥到作者对翻译和解释的兴趣。源于古希腊神话中的信使之神赫尔墨斯担当着向诸神和人间传达宙斯旨意的重任,并负责对神谕加以解释而使其变得意义明晰。除此之外,赫尔墨斯还守护旅人,陪伴亡灵进入冥界,擅长交易。Serres认为赫尔墨斯不但传递讯息,而且能够快速在不同空间穿行,并建立联系。
(3)例如,Serres(1982:56-7)将J. M. W. Turner绘画中对光线和色彩的处理与工业革命中Carnot提出的热力学定律相联系,认为Turner将物质处理的科学逻辑“转译”为美学实践,在特定的时间节点上,Turner的贡献既是科学的,也是文化的;既是实践的,也是理论的。这一在不同领域之间产生联系、搭建通道、进行沟通并产生新知识的过程,正是Serres所说的“转译”。
(4)在与本文作者的通信讨论中,Stalling教授指出“ANTS begins with creating archives,organizing them,making them discoverable,and finally using them to reveal exactly how translation emerges within specific,historical actor-networks(not in the abstract).”(2018-11-6)