区域碳固持服务供需关系动态分析——以北京为例
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摘要
陆地生态系统的碳固持服务能直接固定大气中的CO_2,有效减缓全球变暖趋势。该服务的供需平衡对于区域的可持续发展至关重要。目前,以空间显式的方法,定量评估城市尺度上碳固持服务供需关系动态的研究还比较少。因此,论文以北京市为例,分别选取CASA模型计算的植被净初级生产力,以及IPCC清单法和城市碳代谢法计算的人为CO_2排放量,表征碳固持服务的供应和需求量。在此基础上,分析了北京市2000和2013年碳固持服务的供需变化。结果显示,2000年北京市碳固持服务供不应求,供需比为53.5%。空间分布上,中心城区的碳固持服务供需失衡,西部和北部地区的碳固持服务则供大于求。2000—2013年,北京市碳固持服务的供需关系趋于紧张,供需比降至38.5%。碳固持服务供需关系变紧张的主要原因是碳排放总量的增加。其中,来自城市居民生活和交通运输过程的碳排放增长最多。基于此,建议在需求端加快产业转移、促进节能减排,在供应端加大生态环境保护力度、保障区域的可持续发展。
Carbon sequestration service provided by terrestrial ecosystem can mitigate climate change by directly absorbing atmospheric CO_2. The balance between the supply and demand of carbon sequestration service is crucial for sustainable development in urban areas. However,spatially explicit and quantitative investigation of the changes in the supply and demand of this ecosystem service is relatively rare. In this study, the CASA model was adopted to measure the net primary productivity to represent the supply of carbon sequestration service. Meanwhile,the IPCC Guideline Inventory as well as the carbon metabolism method were used to measure the anthropogenic CO_2 emissions to represent the demand of carbon sequestration service.Then, the balance of the supply and demand of carbon sequestration service in 2000 and 2013 were analyzed. The results showed that the supply of carbon sequestration service in 2000 was in short, the overall supply/demand ratio being 53.5%. Spatially, the demand of the service was far beyond the supply of the service in the central districts whereas the situation was opposite in the northern and western districts. In 2013, the gap between the supply and demand of the service was even larger that the supply/demand ratio dropped to 38.5%. Spatially, the gap between the supply and demand was widened in the central districts. The widened gap was mainly due to the increase in CO_2 emissions accompanying with urbanization process.Specifically, CO_2 emissions from household use and transportation contributed most to the increase. Therefore, it is highly recommended to enhance ecological conservation, improve the efficiency of energy consumption and accelerate the transformation of industrial structure for a more sustainable development path in Beijing.
Carbon sequestration service provided by terrestrial ecosystem can mitigate climate change by directly absorbing atmospheric CO_2. The balance between the supply and demand of carbon sequestration service is crucial for sustainable development in urban areas. However,spatially explicit and quantitative investigation of the changes in the supply and demand of this ecosystem service is relatively rare. In this study, the CASA model was adopted to measure the net primary productivity to represent the supply of carbon sequestration service. Meanwhile,the IPCC Guideline Inventory as well as the carbon metabolism method were used to measure the anthropogenic CO_2 emissions to represent the demand of carbon sequestration service.Then, the balance of the supply and demand of carbon sequestration service in 2000 and 2013 were analyzed. The results showed that the supply of carbon sequestration service in 2000 was in short, the overall supply/demand ratio being 53.5%. Spatially, the demand of the service was far beyond the supply of the service in the central districts whereas the situation was opposite in the northern and western districts. In 2013, the gap between the supply and demand of the service was even larger that the supply/demand ratio dropped to 38.5%. Spatially, the gap between the supply and demand was widened in the central districts. The widened gap was mainly due to the increase in CO_2 emissions accompanying with urbanization process.Specifically, CO_2 emissions from household use and transportation contributed most to the increase. Therefore, it is highly recommended to enhance ecological conservation, improve the efficiency of energy consumption and accelerate the transformation of industrial structure for a more sustainable development path in Beijing.
引文
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[30]尹锴,田亦陈,袁超,等.基于CASA模型的北京植被NPP时空格局及其因子解释[J].国土资源遥感,2015,27(1):133-139.[YIN K,TIAN Y C,YUAN C,et al.NPP spatial and temporal pattern of vegetation in Beijing and its factor explanation based on CASA model.Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2015,27(1):133-139.]
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[36]NOWAK D J,GREENFIELD E J,HOEHN R E,et al.Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,178:229-236.
[37]HUH K Y,DEURER M,SIVAKUMARAN S,et al.Carbon sequestration in urban landscapes:The example of a turfgrass system in New Zealand[J].Soil Research,2008,46(7):610-616.
[38]HANKEY S,MARSHALL J D.Impacts of urban form on future US passenger-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions[J].Energy Policy,2010,38(9):4880-4887.
[39]王军邦.中国陆地净生态系统生产力遥感模型研究[D].杭州:浙江大学农业生态研究所,2004.[WANG J B.Chinese Terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productive Model Applied Remote Sensing Data.Hangzhou:Ecological Research Institute,Zhejiang University,2004.]
[2]黄麟,刘纪远,邵全琴,等.1990—2030年中国主要陆地生态系统碳固定服务时空变化[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3891-3902.[HUANG L,LIU J Y,SHAO Q Q,et al.Temporal and spatial patterns of carbon sequestration services for primary terrestrial ecosystems in China between 1990 and 2030.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(13):3891-3902.]
[3]孙伟,乌日汗.长三角核心区碳收支平衡及其空间分异[J].地理研究,2012,31(12):2220-2228.[SUN W,WURIHAN.Study on the balance of carbon budget and its spatial differentiation in Yangtze River Delta.Geographical Research,2012,31(12):2220-2228.]
[4]ZHANG Y,XIA L L,XIANG W N.Analyzing spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism:A case study in Beijing,China[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,130:184-200.
[5]BURKHARD B,KROLL F,NEDKOV S,et al.Mapping ecosystem service supply,demand and budgets[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,21:17-29.
[6]孙泽祥,刘志锋,何春阳,等.中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响——以呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯城市群地区为例[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(10):1691-1704.[SUN Z X,LIU Z F,HE C Y,et al.Impacts of urban expansion on ecosystem services in the drylands of northern China:A case study in the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos urban agglomeration reigon.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(10):1691-1704.]
[7]FANG C L,WANG S J,LI G D.Changing urban forms and carbon dioxide emissions in China:A case study of 30 provincial capital cities[J].Applied Energy,2015,158:519-531.
[8]张红旗,许尔琪,朱会义.中国“三生用地”分类及其空间格局[J].资源科学,2015,37(7):1332-1338.[ZHANG H Q,XU E Q,ZHU H Y.An ecological-living-industrial land classification system and its spatial distribution in China.Resources Science,2015,37(7):1332-1338.]
[9]BARóF,HAASE D,GóMEZ-BAGGETHUN E,et al.Mismatches between ecosystem services supply and demand in urban areas:A quantitative assessment in five European cities[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,55:146-158.
[10]LARONDELLE N,LAUF S.Balancing demand and supply of multiple urban ecosystem services on different spatial scales[J].Ecosystem Services,2016,22:18-31.
[11]ZHAO C,SANDER H A.Quantifying and mapping the supply of and demand for carbon storage and sequestration service from urban trees[J].Plo S One,2015,10(8):e0136392.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136392.
[12]POTTER C S,RANDERSON J T,FIELD C B,et al.Terrestrial ecosystem production:A process model based on global satellite and surface data[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1993,7(4):811-841.
[13]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(3):413-424.[ZHU W Q,PAN Y Z,ZHANG J S.Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing.Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(3):413-424.]
[14]IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories[EB/OL].http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.Japan:Institute for Global Environmental Strategies,2006.
[15]PETERS G,WEBER C,LIU J R.Construction of Chinese energy and emissions inventory[R].The Industrial Ecology Programme,Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Norway,2006.
[16]北京市人民政府.北京市土地利用总体规划(2016—2035年)[EB/OL].http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/gh/dt/t1494703.htm#,2017.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.General Land Use Planning in Beijing during 2016-2035.http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/gh/dt/t1494703.htm#,2017.]
[17]北京市人民政府.北京市土地利用总体规划(2006—2020年)[EB/OL].http://www.bjgtj.gov.cn/col/col2126/index.html#,2009.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.General Land Use Planning in Beijing during 2006-2020.2009.]
[18]XIE W X,HUANG Q X,HE C Y,et al.Projecting the impacts of urban expansion on simultaneous losses of ecosystem services:a case study in Beijing,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,84:183-193.
[19]XU M,HE C Y,LIU Z F,et al.How did urban land expand in China between 1992 and 2015?A multi-scale landscape analysis[J].PLo S One,2016,11(5):e0154839.
[20]北京市统计局.北京统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2014.[Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics.Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2013.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2014.]
[21]LIU J Y,LIU M L,TIAN H Q,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of China’s cropland during 1990-2000:An analysis based on Landsat TM data[J].Remote sensing of Environment,2005,98(4):442-456.
[22]KUANG W H.Simulating dynamic urban expansion at regional scale in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(2):317-330.
[23]LIU J Y,ZHANG Z X,XU X L,et al.Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early21st century[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(4):483-494.
[24]中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,2007.[China Meteorological Administration.Specifications for Surface Meteorological Observation.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2007.]
[25]北京市统计局.北京统计年鉴2001[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2001.[Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics.Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2000.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2001.]
[26]李洁,张远东,顾峰雪,等.中国东北地区近50年净生态系统生产力的时空动态[J].生态学报,2014,34(6):1490-1502.[LI J,ZHANG Y D,GU F X,et al.Temporospatial variations in net ecosystem productivity in Northeast China since 1960.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(6):1490-1502.]
[27]常顺利,杨洪晓,葛剑平.净生态系统生产力研究进展与问题[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(5):517-521.[CHANG S L.YANG H X,GE J P.Advance and questions in net ecosystem production.Journal of Beijing Normal University(Nature Science),2005,41(5):517-521.]
[28]方精云,柯金虎,唐志尧,等.生物生产力的“4P”概念、估算及其相互关系[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(4):414-419.[FANG J Y,KE J H,TANG Z Y,et al.Implications and estimations of four terrestrial productivity parameters.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25(4):414-419.]
[29]刘芳,迟耀斌,王智勇,等.NPP列入生态统计指标体系的潜力分析——以北京地区NPP测算与空间分析为例[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3):960-966.[LIU F,CHI Y B,WANG Z Y,et al.Potential analysis on NPP included as ecological statistical indicators:Taking Beijing vegetation net primary productivity measurement and spatial analysis as an example.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2009,18(3):960-966.]
[30]尹锴,田亦陈,袁超,等.基于CASA模型的北京植被NPP时空格局及其因子解释[J].国土资源遥感,2015,27(1):133-139.[YIN K,TIAN Y C,YUAN C,et al.NPP spatial and temporal pattern of vegetation in Beijing and its factor explanation based on CASA model.Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2015,27(1):133-139.]
[31]赵先贵,马彩虹,肖玲,等.北京市碳足迹与碳承载力的动态研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):8-12.[ZHAO X G,MA C H,XIAO L,et al.Dynamic of carbon footprint and vegetation carbon fixation quantity in Beijing.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):8-12.]
[32]北京市人民政府.北京市人民政府关于2012年实施平原地区20万亩造林工程的意见[EB/OL].http://govfile.beijing.gov.cn/Govfile/Show New Page Servlet?id=6023#.2012.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.Opinions of the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality on the implementation of afforestation project in 2012 in the plain area of 200 thousand mu.http://govfile.beijing.gov.cn/Govfile/Show New Page Servlet?id=6023#.2012.]
[33]北京市人民政府.北京城市总体规划(2004—2020年)[M].北京,2005:5-51.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.The Beijing City Master Plan during 2004-2020.Beijing,2005:5-51.]
[34]北京市人民政府.北京交通发展纲要(2004—2020)[EB/OL].http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/ghxx/qtgh/t833044.htm.2003.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.The Beijing transport development strategy during 2004-2020.http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/ghxx/qtgh/t833044.htm.2003.]
[35]中华人民共和国国务院.中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要(2016—2020)[M].北京:人民出版社,2016.[State Council of the People’s Republic of China.The Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2016。]
[36]NOWAK D J,GREENFIELD E J,HOEHN R E,et al.Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,178:229-236.
[37]HUH K Y,DEURER M,SIVAKUMARAN S,et al.Carbon sequestration in urban landscapes:The example of a turfgrass system in New Zealand[J].Soil Research,2008,46(7):610-616.
[38]HANKEY S,MARSHALL J D.Impacts of urban form on future US passenger-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions[J].Energy Policy,2010,38(9):4880-4887.
[39]王军邦.中国陆地净生态系统生产力遥感模型研究[D].杭州:浙江大学农业生态研究所,2004.[WANG J B.Chinese Terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productive Model Applied Remote Sensing Data.Hangzhou:Ecological Research Institute,Zhejiang University,2004.]