中国土地市场对城乡融合发展的影响
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摘要
城乡融合发展是实现乡村振兴与推进新型城镇化建设的关键举措,土地市场则是实现城乡要素流通的重要渠道,也是连接城乡发展的关键纽带。本文阐释了城乡融合发展的科学内涵与本质特征,探究了土地市场对城乡融合发展的作用机理,在此基础上,量化分析了中国273个地级及以上行政单元土地市场与城乡融合发展的演进规律,并运用面板数据模型对土地市场与城乡融合关系进行了实证检验,以期从土地市场视角为城乡融合发展提供一条可实现路径。结论如下:(1)城乡融合发展是城乡价值重塑的过程,旨在消除阻碍城乡发展的因素,推动城乡要素自由流动与平等交换,实现城乡发展要素回报趋同,本质是通过城乡互动互补实现城乡地域功能的整体优化。(2)土地市场对城乡融合的作用是利弊双轨的权衡,作用方向取决于土地市场是否是良性市场。城乡二元分配体制与社会融入受阻背景下,扭曲土地市场掣肘城乡融合发展。(3)2005-2013年中国土地市场稳步发展,城乡融合发展水平略低,土地市场规模、土地市场价格与土地市场化程度分别提升113.66%、274.09%与37.07%,59.34%城市的城乡融合发展水平下滑,二者反差明显,且均具时空分异特征。(4)现阶段,土地市场对城乡融合发展更多体现为滞碍作用,但土地市场对城乡融合存在"低水平陷阱",突破88.64%的抑制拐点,即可发挥土地市场对城乡融合的促进作用。重塑土地市场发展价值取向,加快推进土地市场化改革,探索人口—土地挂钩机制是后续工作的重要方向。
The urban-rural integrated development is the key measure to realize rural vitalization and promote new-type urbanization, while the land market is an important channel to realize the flow of urban-rural development elements, also a key link to connect urban-rural development. This paper analyzes the scientific connotation and substantial characteristics of urban-rural integrated development, and then explores the driving mechanism of land market on urban-rural integrated development. Based on these foundation, we quantitatively analyze the evolution law of land market and urban-rural integrated development in 273 cities at prefecture level or above in China. Furthermore, the relationship between land market and urban-rural integrated development was tested based on the panel data model to give a feasible proposal for the integration of urban and rural development from the perspective of land market. Main conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) The urban-rural integrated development is a process of the reconstruction of urban-rural values aiming at removing the obstacles hindering urban-rural development. It helps to promote the free flow and equal exchange of urban-rural elements, and achieve the convergence of returns from urban-rural development elements. The essence is to achieve the overall optimization of urban-rural regional functions through urban-rural integrated development and complementarity.(2) The effect of land market on urban-rural integration is a balance of advantages and disadvantages, and the direction depends on whether the land market is benign. Under the urban-rural dual distribution system and the curtain wall of society, the distorted land market impedes the urban-rural integrated development.(3) From 2005 to 2013, the scale of land market, land market price and land marketization degree increased by 113.66%, 274.09% and 37.07%, respectively, while the level of urban-rural integrated development in 59.34% cities have declined. Steadily developing land market and low level of urban-rural integrated development in China presented stark contrast and obvious spatio-temporal differentiation.(4) Currently, land market is more of a hindrance to urban-rural integrated development, but there is a "low level trap" between land market and urban-rural integrated development. Breaking the suppression inflection point of 88.64%, land market can then play a positive role on promoting urban-rural integration. So, reshaping the healthy value orientation of the land market development, accelerating the land marketization reform and exploring the mechanism of population-land linkage are important parts for followup work.
The urban-rural integrated development is the key measure to realize rural vitalization and promote new-type urbanization, while the land market is an important channel to realize the flow of urban-rural development elements, also a key link to connect urban-rural development. This paper analyzes the scientific connotation and substantial characteristics of urban-rural integrated development, and then explores the driving mechanism of land market on urban-rural integrated development. Based on these foundation, we quantitatively analyze the evolution law of land market and urban-rural integrated development in 273 cities at prefecture level or above in China. Furthermore, the relationship between land market and urban-rural integrated development was tested based on the panel data model to give a feasible proposal for the integration of urban and rural development from the perspective of land market. Main conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) The urban-rural integrated development is a process of the reconstruction of urban-rural values aiming at removing the obstacles hindering urban-rural development. It helps to promote the free flow and equal exchange of urban-rural elements, and achieve the convergence of returns from urban-rural development elements. The essence is to achieve the overall optimization of urban-rural regional functions through urban-rural integrated development and complementarity.(2) The effect of land market on urban-rural integration is a balance of advantages and disadvantages, and the direction depends on whether the land market is benign. Under the urban-rural dual distribution system and the curtain wall of society, the distorted land market impedes the urban-rural integrated development.(3) From 2005 to 2013, the scale of land market, land market price and land marketization degree increased by 113.66%, 274.09% and 37.07%, respectively, while the level of urban-rural integrated development in 59.34% cities have declined. Steadily developing land market and low level of urban-rural integrated development in China presented stark contrast and obvious spatio-temporal differentiation.(4) Currently, land market is more of a hindrance to urban-rural integrated development, but there is a "low level trap" between land market and urban-rural integrated development. Breaking the suppression inflection point of 88.64%, land market can then play a positive role on promoting urban-rural integration. So, reshaping the healthy value orientation of the land market development, accelerating the land marketization reform and exploring the mechanism of population-land linkage are important parts for followup work.
引文
[1]LONG H L,QU Y.Land use transitions and land management:A mutual feedback perspective.Land Use Policy,2018,74:111-120.
[2]龙花楼.论土地整治与乡村空间重构.地理学报,2013,68(8):1019-1028.[LONG H L.Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1019-1028.]
[3]龙花楼,屠爽爽.土地利用转型与乡村振兴.中国土地科学,2018,32(7):1-6.[LONG H L,TU S S.Land use transition and rural vitalization.China Land Science,2018,32(7):1-6.]
[4]龙花楼,张英男,屠爽爽.论土地整治与乡村振兴.地理学报,2018,73(10):1837-1849.[LONG H L,ZHANG Y N,TU S S.Land consolidation and rural vitalization.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(10):1837-1849.]
[5]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴.地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[LIU Y S.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]
[6]周传豹,吴方卫,张锦华.我国城乡要素收入的隐性转移及其测度.统计研究,2017,34(12):63-74.[ZHOU C B,WUF W,ZHANG J H.The occult metastases and its measurement of urban and rural factor income in China.Statistical Research,2017,34(12):63-74.]
[7]肖屹,曲福田,钱忠好,等.土地征用中农民土地权益受损程度研究:以江苏省为例.农业经济问题,2008,(3):77-83,111-112.[XIAO Y,QU F T,QIAN Z H,et al.The research of farmers'land rights damage in land requisition:Taking Jiangsu province for example.Issues in Agricultural Economy,2008,(3):77-83,111-112.]
[8]钱忠好,牟燕.土地市场化是否必然导致城乡居民收入差距扩大:基于中国23个省(自治区、直辖市)面板数据的检验.管理世界,2013,(2):78-89,187-188.[QIAN Z H,MU Y.Does the land marketing expand necessarily the income gap between urban and rural residents?Evidence from Chinese 23 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)panel data.Management World,2013,(2):78-89,187-188.]
[9]国务院发展研究中心农村部课题组,叶兴庆,徐小青.从城乡二元到城乡一体:我国城乡二元体制的突出矛盾与未来走向.管理世界,2014,(9):1-12.[DRCRM Research Group,YE X Q,XU X Q.From urban-rural dual system to urban-rural Integrated:The prominent contradiction and future trend of China's urban-rural dual system.Management World,2014,(9):1-12.]
[10]谢冬水.土地供给的城乡收入分配效应:基于城市化不平衡发展的视角.南开经济研究,2017,(2):76-95.[XIE D S.Rural-urban income distribution effect of land supply:A perspective of imbalance development of urbanization.Nankai Economic Studies,2017,(2):76-95.]
[11]谢冬水.土地供给干预与城乡收入差距:基于中国105个城市的面板数据.经济科学,2018,(3):35-48.[XIE D S.Land supply intervention and rural-urban income disparity:Analysis based on the 105 cities panel data in China.Economic Science,2018,(3):35-48.]
[12]吕炜,许宏伟.土地财政、城市偏向与中国城乡收入差距.财贸经济,2015,(6):45-56.[LYU W,XU H W.Land finance,urban preference and urban-rural income gap in China.Finance&Trade Economics,2015,(6):45-56.]
[13]张小林.乡村概念辨析.地理学报,1998,53(4):79-85.[ZHANG X L.On discrimination of rural definitions.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(4):79-85.]
[14]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价.地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[LONGH L,LIU Y S,ZOU J.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in eastern coastal China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[15]ZHANG Y N,LONG H L,MA L,et al.Spatio-temporal characteristics and dynamic mechanism of farmland functions evolution in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2018,28(6):759-777.
[16]LIU Y S,LU S S,CHEN Y F.Spatio-temporal change of urban-rural equalized development patterns in China and it's driving factors.Journal of Rural Studies,2013,(32):320-330.
[17]罗湖平,谢炳庚.中国土地隐形市场及其显形化路径.经济地理,2017,37(3):166-173.[LUO H P,XIE B G.China's invisible land market and its visualization path.Economic Geography,2017,37(3):166-173.]
[18]陆铭,张航,梁文泉.偏向中西部的土地供应如何推升了东部的工资.中国社会科学,2015,(5):59-83,204-205.[LUM,ZHANG H,LIANG W Q.How the bias toward central/western land supplies boosts wages in the East.Social Science in China,2015,(5):59-83,204-205.]
[19]谭荣.征收和出让土地中政府干预对土地配置效率影响的定量研究.中国土地科学,2010,24(8):21-26.[TAN R.Quantitative assessment on the impact of governmental intervention on land allocation efficiency in the processes of farmland acquisition and urban land conveyance.China Land Science,2010,24(8):21-26.]
[20]雷潇雨,龚六堂.基于土地出让的工业化与城镇化.管理世界,2014,(9):29-41.[LEI X Y,GONG L T.Industrialization and urbanization based on the land transfer.Management Word,2014,(9):29-41.]
[21]赵文哲,杨继东.地方政府财政缺口与土地出让方式:基于地方政府与国有企业互利行为的解释.管理世界,2015,(4):11-24.[ZHAO W Z,YANG J D.The fiscal gap of local government and the way of land transfer:An explanation based on the mutually beneficial behavior of local government and state owned enterprises.Management World,2015,(4):11-24.]
[22]王良健,颜蕾,李中华,等.土地供应计划对房价的传导机制研究.自然资源学报,2015,30(11):1823-1833.[WANGL J,YAN L,LI Z H,et al.The transmission mechanism of land supply planning on housing prices.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(11):1823-1833.]
[23]马历,龙花楼,戈大专,等.中国农区城乡协同发展与乡村振兴途径.经济地理,2018,38(4):37-44.[MA L,LONG HL,GE D Z,et al.Research on the ways of urban-rural coordinated development and rural vitalization in the farming areas of China.Economic Geography,2018,38(4):37-44.]
[24]陆铭,高虹,佐藤宏.城市规模与包容性就业.中国社会科学,2012,(10):47-66,206.[LU M,GAO H,ZUO T H.On urban size and inclusive employment.Social Science in China,2012,(10):47-66,206.]
[25]张耀宇,陈会广,宋璐怡,等.基于城市规模的地方政府土地财政行为差异研究.自然资源学报,2015,30(10):1653-1663.[ZHANG Y Y,CHEN H G,SONG L Y,et al.Differentiation of local government's land fiscal behavior on basis of urban size.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(10):1653-1663.]
[2]龙花楼.论土地整治与乡村空间重构.地理学报,2013,68(8):1019-1028.[LONG H L.Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1019-1028.]
[3]龙花楼,屠爽爽.土地利用转型与乡村振兴.中国土地科学,2018,32(7):1-6.[LONG H L,TU S S.Land use transition and rural vitalization.China Land Science,2018,32(7):1-6.]
[4]龙花楼,张英男,屠爽爽.论土地整治与乡村振兴.地理学报,2018,73(10):1837-1849.[LONG H L,ZHANG Y N,TU S S.Land consolidation and rural vitalization.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(10):1837-1849.]
[5]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴.地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[LIU Y S.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]
[6]周传豹,吴方卫,张锦华.我国城乡要素收入的隐性转移及其测度.统计研究,2017,34(12):63-74.[ZHOU C B,WUF W,ZHANG J H.The occult metastases and its measurement of urban and rural factor income in China.Statistical Research,2017,34(12):63-74.]
[7]肖屹,曲福田,钱忠好,等.土地征用中农民土地权益受损程度研究:以江苏省为例.农业经济问题,2008,(3):77-83,111-112.[XIAO Y,QU F T,QIAN Z H,et al.The research of farmers'land rights damage in land requisition:Taking Jiangsu province for example.Issues in Agricultural Economy,2008,(3):77-83,111-112.]
[8]钱忠好,牟燕.土地市场化是否必然导致城乡居民收入差距扩大:基于中国23个省(自治区、直辖市)面板数据的检验.管理世界,2013,(2):78-89,187-188.[QIAN Z H,MU Y.Does the land marketing expand necessarily the income gap between urban and rural residents?Evidence from Chinese 23 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)panel data.Management World,2013,(2):78-89,187-188.]
[9]国务院发展研究中心农村部课题组,叶兴庆,徐小青.从城乡二元到城乡一体:我国城乡二元体制的突出矛盾与未来走向.管理世界,2014,(9):1-12.[DRCRM Research Group,YE X Q,XU X Q.From urban-rural dual system to urban-rural Integrated:The prominent contradiction and future trend of China's urban-rural dual system.Management World,2014,(9):1-12.]
[10]谢冬水.土地供给的城乡收入分配效应:基于城市化不平衡发展的视角.南开经济研究,2017,(2):76-95.[XIE D S.Rural-urban income distribution effect of land supply:A perspective of imbalance development of urbanization.Nankai Economic Studies,2017,(2):76-95.]
[11]谢冬水.土地供给干预与城乡收入差距:基于中国105个城市的面板数据.经济科学,2018,(3):35-48.[XIE D S.Land supply intervention and rural-urban income disparity:Analysis based on the 105 cities panel data in China.Economic Science,2018,(3):35-48.]
[12]吕炜,许宏伟.土地财政、城市偏向与中国城乡收入差距.财贸经济,2015,(6):45-56.[LYU W,XU H W.Land finance,urban preference and urban-rural income gap in China.Finance&Trade Economics,2015,(6):45-56.]
[13]张小林.乡村概念辨析.地理学报,1998,53(4):79-85.[ZHANG X L.On discrimination of rural definitions.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(4):79-85.]
[14]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价.地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[LONGH L,LIU Y S,ZOU J.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in eastern coastal China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[15]ZHANG Y N,LONG H L,MA L,et al.Spatio-temporal characteristics and dynamic mechanism of farmland functions evolution in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2018,28(6):759-777.
[16]LIU Y S,LU S S,CHEN Y F.Spatio-temporal change of urban-rural equalized development patterns in China and it's driving factors.Journal of Rural Studies,2013,(32):320-330.
[17]罗湖平,谢炳庚.中国土地隐形市场及其显形化路径.经济地理,2017,37(3):166-173.[LUO H P,XIE B G.China's invisible land market and its visualization path.Economic Geography,2017,37(3):166-173.]
[18]陆铭,张航,梁文泉.偏向中西部的土地供应如何推升了东部的工资.中国社会科学,2015,(5):59-83,204-205.[LUM,ZHANG H,LIANG W Q.How the bias toward central/western land supplies boosts wages in the East.Social Science in China,2015,(5):59-83,204-205.]
[19]谭荣.征收和出让土地中政府干预对土地配置效率影响的定量研究.中国土地科学,2010,24(8):21-26.[TAN R.Quantitative assessment on the impact of governmental intervention on land allocation efficiency in the processes of farmland acquisition and urban land conveyance.China Land Science,2010,24(8):21-26.]
[20]雷潇雨,龚六堂.基于土地出让的工业化与城镇化.管理世界,2014,(9):29-41.[LEI X Y,GONG L T.Industrialization and urbanization based on the land transfer.Management Word,2014,(9):29-41.]
[21]赵文哲,杨继东.地方政府财政缺口与土地出让方式:基于地方政府与国有企业互利行为的解释.管理世界,2015,(4):11-24.[ZHAO W Z,YANG J D.The fiscal gap of local government and the way of land transfer:An explanation based on the mutually beneficial behavior of local government and state owned enterprises.Management World,2015,(4):11-24.]
[22]王良健,颜蕾,李中华,等.土地供应计划对房价的传导机制研究.自然资源学报,2015,30(11):1823-1833.[WANGL J,YAN L,LI Z H,et al.The transmission mechanism of land supply planning on housing prices.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(11):1823-1833.]
[23]马历,龙花楼,戈大专,等.中国农区城乡协同发展与乡村振兴途径.经济地理,2018,38(4):37-44.[MA L,LONG HL,GE D Z,et al.Research on the ways of urban-rural coordinated development and rural vitalization in the farming areas of China.Economic Geography,2018,38(4):37-44.]
[24]陆铭,高虹,佐藤宏.城市规模与包容性就业.中国社会科学,2012,(10):47-66,206.[LU M,GAO H,ZUO T H.On urban size and inclusive employment.Social Science in China,2012,(10):47-66,206.]
[25]张耀宇,陈会广,宋璐怡,等.基于城市规模的地方政府土地财政行为差异研究.自然资源学报,2015,30(10):1653-1663.[ZHANG Y Y,CHEN H G,SONG L Y,et al.Differentiation of local government's land fiscal behavior on basis of urban size.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(10):1653-1663.]