川东南灰岩地区陡高边坡的地貌演化研究——以重庆市金佛山甄子岩为例
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摘要
【目的】四川盆地东南部灰岩陡高边坡十分发育,研究其地貌演化规律有助于推动防灾减灾学科的发展。【方法】以南川金佛山甄子岩为例,用地貌学方法分析了该地区地貌演化过程。【结果】甄子岩地貌具有阶梯状层状地貌特征,存在两级显著的夷平面,两级陡崖短期内局部后退,较长时间尺度表现为两级陡崖平行后退。由软、硬岩性组合的的两级陡崖上发育了大量的危岩,由于多因素影响,侧向卸荷、软、硬岩组合及外力地质作用使甄子岩陡崖上危岩体形成具有3种典型结构面,即水平状原生结构面、顶部坡肩卸荷拉裂面及底部软、硬岩界面的拉裂面,使危岩体具有类砌体结构面特征,其破坏具有塔状压裂座溃破坏、板状倾倒式破坏及塑流-拉裂破坏3种典型破坏模式。新构造运动、长江水系归并重组的过程中对川东南的地貌进行了明显的改造,在外力地质作用下加剧陡崖边坡的演化。【结论】研究成果为进一步研究灰岩陡崖演化的力学机制提供重要的科学依据。
[Purposes]The steep slopes of limestone in the southeastern part of the Sichuan Basin are well developed.Studying the laws of the evolution of the landforms will help promote the development of disaster prevention and reduction disciplines.[Methods]Taking the Zhenziyan Nanchuan as an example,the geomorphological method was used to analyze the evolution process of the geomorphology in this area.[Findings]The Zhenziyan landscape has the characteristics of stair-like layered geomorphology and two significant levels of planation surface.The two-step cliffs are partially retreated within a short period of time,and the long-time scales show that the two cliffs recede in parallel.The cliff that combination of soft and hard rock of the Zhenziyan is formed with a large number of perilous rocks.Due to the multi-factor influence,lateral unloading,combination of soft and hard rocks and external geological geology can make the perilous rock mass of the Zhenziyan steep cliff form three typical structural planes.The three typical structural planes,that is the level-like primary structural plane,the top slope shoulder unloading tensile fracture plane and the bottom soft and hard rock interface fracture surface.They make the perilous rock have the characteristics of masonry-like structural plane,fracturing pedestal collapse,plate pouring failure and plastic flow-fracture failure three typical failure modes.Neotectonic movement,the merger and reorganization of the Yangtze River water system in the process of transformation of the landscape of southeastern Sichuan has been significantly transformed.The evolution of cliff is being aggravated by exogenic geological process.[Conclusions]The research results provide important scientific basis for further study of the mechanical mechanism of the evolution of steep cliffs in limestone.
[Purposes]The steep slopes of limestone in the southeastern part of the Sichuan Basin are well developed.Studying the laws of the evolution of the landforms will help promote the development of disaster prevention and reduction disciplines.[Methods]Taking the Zhenziyan Nanchuan as an example,the geomorphological method was used to analyze the evolution process of the geomorphology in this area.[Findings]The Zhenziyan landscape has the characteristics of stair-like layered geomorphology and two significant levels of planation surface.The two-step cliffs are partially retreated within a short period of time,and the long-time scales show that the two cliffs recede in parallel.The cliff that combination of soft and hard rock of the Zhenziyan is formed with a large number of perilous rocks.Due to the multi-factor influence,lateral unloading,combination of soft and hard rocks and external geological geology can make the perilous rock mass of the Zhenziyan steep cliff form three typical structural planes.The three typical structural planes,that is the level-like primary structural plane,the top slope shoulder unloading tensile fracture plane and the bottom soft and hard rock interface fracture surface.They make the perilous rock have the characteristics of masonry-like structural plane,fracturing pedestal collapse,plate pouring failure and plastic flow-fracture failure three typical failure modes.Neotectonic movement,the merger and reorganization of the Yangtze River water system in the process of transformation of the landscape of southeastern Sichuan has been significantly transformed.The evolution of cliff is being aggravated by exogenic geological process.[Conclusions]The research results provide important scientific basis for further study of the mechanical mechanism of the evolution of steep cliffs in limestone.
引文
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[15]周新,巨能攀,张潇敏.水平岩层软弱基座危岩体演化过程研究[J],人民长江,2015,46(22):40-44.ZHOU X,JU N P,ZHANG X M.Study on evolution process of dangerous rock mass in weak foundation of horizontal rock formation[J].Yangtze River,2015,46(22):40-44.
[16]贺凯,殷跃平,冯振,等.重庆南川甑子岩一二垭岩危岩带特征及其稳定性分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2015,26(1):16-22.HE K,YIN Y P,FENG Z,et al.Characteristics and stability analysis of Yan-Peiyan rock intrusive rock mass in Nanchuan,Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2015,26(1):16-22.
[17]王平,刘少峰,郑洪波,等.四川盆地东部弧形构造控制的地形和水系发育[J].第四纪研究,2013,33(3):461-470.WANG P,LIU S F,ZHENG H B,et al.Structural control on topography and drainage development in arcuate fold thrust in eastern Sichuan basin[J].Quaternary Science,2013,33(3):461-470.
[18]陈洪凯,唐红梅,叶四桥,等.危岩防治原理[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.CHEN H K,TANG H M,YE S Q,et al.Prevention and treatment of perilous rock[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2006.
[2]COX S C,ALLEN S K.Vampire rock avalanches of January2008and 2003,Southern Alps,New Zealand[J].Landslides,2009,6(2):161-166.
[3]Mc SAVENEY M J.Recent rockfalls and rock avalanches in Mount Cook National Park,New Zealand[J].Reviews in Engineering Geology,2002,15:35-70.
[4]黄润秋.中国西南岩石高边坡的主要特征及其演化[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3):292-297.HUANG R Q.Main characteristics of hign rock slopes in southwestern China and their dynamic evolution[J].Journal of Geoscience,2005,20(3):292-297.
[5]郑度,申元村.坡地过程及退化坡地恢复整治研究-以三峡库区紫色土坡地为例[J].地理学报,1998,17(2):116-120.ZHENG D,SHEN Y C.Research on slope process and rehabilitation of degraded slope:a case study of purple soil slope in Three Gorges reservoir area[J].Journal of Geographical Science,1998,17(2):116-120.
[6]陈洪凯.三峡库区危岩链式规律的地貌学解译[J].重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(1):91-95.CHEN H K.Rock in the Three Gorge reservoir chain rule geomorphology research[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science Edition),2008,27(1):91-95.
[7]陈洪凯,王全才,唐红梅.岩腔内泥岩压裂风化特性研究[J].人民长江,2010,41(21):51-54.CHEN H K,WANG Q C,TANG H M.Study on the weathering characteristics of shale fracturing in rock cavity[J].People Changjiang,2010,41(21):51-54.
[8]陈洪凯,唐红梅,鲜学福.缓倾角层状岩体边坡链式演化规律[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(1):20-25.CHEN H K,TANG H M,XIAN X F.Low angle dip bedded rock slope chain evolution[J].Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science Edition),2009,45(1):20-25.
[9]唐红梅,王林峰,陈洪凯,等.软弱基座陡崖上危岩崩落序列[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(2):205-210.TANG H M,WANG L F,CHEN H K,et al.The series of critical rock and caving sequences on the weak base steep cliff[J].Journal of geotechnical engineering,2010,32(2):205-210.
[10]OLIVER J,HUESPE A E,PULIDO M D G,et al.From continuum mechanics to fracture mechanics:the strong discontinuity approach[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2002,69(2):113-136.
[11]FRAYSSINES M,HANTZ D.Modelling and back-analysing failures in steep limestone cliffs[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(7):1115-1123.
[12]何潇,陈洪凯,唐红梅.长江三峡巫峡岸坡望霞危岩发育机理研究[J].人民长江,2014,45(12):49-53.HE X,CHEN H K,TANG H M.Study on the mechanism of development of slope-Wangxia dangerous rock in Wuxia gorge of Three Gorges[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(12):49-53.
[13]陈智强,李渝生.重庆市南川甑子岩危岩形成演化机制分析及防治措施探讨[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(1):78-81.CHEN Z Q,LI Y S.Discussion on mechanism of forming and evolving of dangerous rock in Nanchuan,Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2004,15(1):78-81.
[14]陈洪凯,王圣娟.三峡库区灰岩地区岩质边坡危岩座裂演化机制研究:以重庆市金佛山甄子岩为例[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017(3):38-43.CHEN H K,WANG S J.Study on evolution mechanism of dangerous rock seams in limestone rock area in the Three Gorges Reservoir area:taking Zhenzi Yan in Jinfo Mountain,Chongqing as an example[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2017(3):38-43.
[15]周新,巨能攀,张潇敏.水平岩层软弱基座危岩体演化过程研究[J],人民长江,2015,46(22):40-44.ZHOU X,JU N P,ZHANG X M.Study on evolution process of dangerous rock mass in weak foundation of horizontal rock formation[J].Yangtze River,2015,46(22):40-44.
[16]贺凯,殷跃平,冯振,等.重庆南川甑子岩一二垭岩危岩带特征及其稳定性分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2015,26(1):16-22.HE K,YIN Y P,FENG Z,et al.Characteristics and stability analysis of Yan-Peiyan rock intrusive rock mass in Nanchuan,Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2015,26(1):16-22.
[17]王平,刘少峰,郑洪波,等.四川盆地东部弧形构造控制的地形和水系发育[J].第四纪研究,2013,33(3):461-470.WANG P,LIU S F,ZHENG H B,et al.Structural control on topography and drainage development in arcuate fold thrust in eastern Sichuan basin[J].Quaternary Science,2013,33(3):461-470.
[18]陈洪凯,唐红梅,叶四桥,等.危岩防治原理[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.CHEN H K,TANG H M,YE S Q,et al.Prevention and treatment of perilous rock[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2006.