大学校园典型室内环境新风量调查与分析
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摘要
校园建筑室内通风不良可造成室内空气品质下降,进而影响室内人员的学习效率和健康.研究选取北京某大学26间公寓测试44次、8间办公室测试14次和26间教室测试43次,在冬夏两季对室内新风量进行测试分析.研究结果表明,冬季大学生公寓、办公室和教室新风量达标率(0～20%)远低于夏季达标率(22.2%～81.8%).冬、夏季公寓新风量为1.75～54.41 m~3/(人·h)(0.13～3.82 h~(-1))和2.8～134.43 m~3/(人·h)(0.2～9.62 h~(-1)),教室新风量为0.39～15.24 m~3/(人·h)(0.02～2.36 h~(-1))和1.51～158.45 m~3/(人·h)(0.11～8.19 h~(-1)),办公室新风量为1.14～44.6 m~3/(人·h)(0.07～2.89 h~(-1))和17.9～74.0 m~3/(人·h)(1.16～4.81 h~(-1)).公寓和教室新风量季节性差异的显著性与否与窗户开/关有关,而办公室新风量季节性差异不显著,而朝向和楼层对公寓新风量的影响不明显.大学生公寓、办公室和教室新风不足,应采取措施加强通风.
Poor indoor ventilation rate on campus buildings can cause indoor air quality decline, thereby affecting people's learning efficiency and health. In this study, 26 apartments of a university in Beijing were tested 44 times, 8 offices 14 times and 26 classrooms 43 times in winter and summer, and the effect factors of ventilation rate are analysed. The results show that the ratio of standard-reaching(0～2.9%) in apartments and offices in winter is far lower than that in summer(22.2%～66.7%). The range of apartments ventilation rate in winter and summer is 1.75～54.41 m~3/(person·h)(0.13～3.82 h~(-1)) and 2.8～134.43 m~3/(person·h)(0.2～9.62 h~(-1)), the range of classroom ventilation rate in winter and summer is 0.39～15.24 m~3/(person·h)(0.02～2.36 h~(-1)) and 1.51～158.84 m~3/(person·h)(0.11～8.19 h~(-1)), The range of ventilation rate is 1.14～44.6 m~3/(person·h)(0.07～2.89 h~(-1)) and 17.9～74 m~3/(person·h)(1.16～4.81 h~(-1)) in offices in winter and summer respectively. The seasonal differences of ventilation rate for the apartment and classroom depend on the window opening or closing. The seasonal differences of ventilation rate for offices is not significant, and the influence of orientation and floor for the ventilation rate of apartment is not obvious. The fresh air in college apartments, offices and classrooms is inadequate, and some measures should be taken to improve ventilation.
Poor indoor ventilation rate on campus buildings can cause indoor air quality decline, thereby affecting people's learning efficiency and health. In this study, 26 apartments of a university in Beijing were tested 44 times, 8 offices 14 times and 26 classrooms 43 times in winter and summer, and the effect factors of ventilation rate are analysed. The results show that the ratio of standard-reaching(0～2.9%) in apartments and offices in winter is far lower than that in summer(22.2%～66.7%). The range of apartments ventilation rate in winter and summer is 1.75～54.41 m~3/(person·h)(0.13～3.82 h~(-1)) and 2.8～134.43 m~3/(person·h)(0.2～9.62 h~(-1)), the range of classroom ventilation rate in winter and summer is 0.39～15.24 m~3/(person·h)(0.02～2.36 h~(-1)) and 1.51～158.84 m~3/(person·h)(0.11～8.19 h~(-1)), The range of ventilation rate is 1.14～44.6 m~3/(person·h)(0.07～2.89 h~(-1)) and 17.9～74 m~3/(person·h)(1.16～4.81 h~(-1)) in offices in winter and summer respectively. The seasonal differences of ventilation rate for the apartment and classroom depend on the window opening or closing. The seasonal differences of ventilation rate for offices is not significant, and the influence of orientation and floor for the ventilation rate of apartment is not obvious. The fresh air in college apartments, offices and classrooms is inadequate, and some measures should be taken to improve ventilation.
引文
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[12] 齐美薇,李晓锋,黄河.示踪气体法利用人体作为CO2释放源测量宿舍换气次数的方法探究[J].建筑科学,2013,29(6):52-57.QI Meiwei,LI Xiaofeng,HUANG He.Discussion on measuring ventilation rates of dorms through tracer gas method with human body as CO2 release source [J].Building Science,2013,29(6):52-57.(in Chinese)
[13] ASTMD 6245—2018.Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation[S].ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,2018.
[14] 陈志强.人体体表面积计算方法的比较研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2003,22(6):576-579.CHEN Zhiqiang.Comparative analysis,4 calculating methods for human body surface area [J].Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine,2003,22(6):576-579.(in Chinese)
[15] 吴暅晔.成年女性体表面积计算方法比较研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2008,27(5):614-615.WU Gengye.A comparative study of calculation methods for body surface area of adult females [J].Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine,2008,27(5):614-615.(in Chinese)
[16] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 50736—2012 民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.GB 50736—2012 Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[17] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局,卫生部,国家环境保护总局,GB/T 18883—2002,室内空气质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.General Administration of Quality Supervision,The Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China,Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China.Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,GB/T 18883—2002,Indoor air quality standard[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2002.(in Chinese)
[18] GB/T 17226—2017,中小学校教室换气卫生要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.GB/T 17226—2017,Hygienic requirements of classroom ventilation in middle and elementary school[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2017.(in Chinese)
[19] 李灏如,李晓锋,齐美薇,等.北京某学生公寓夏季自然通风实测研究[J].建筑科学,2013,29(4):20-24.LI Haoru,LI Xiaofeng,QI Meiwei,et al.Field testing on natural ventilation in a dormitory in Beijing in summer[J].Building Science,2013,29(4):20-24.(in Chinese)
[20] XIONG J Y,WANG L X,BAI Y H,et al.measuring the characteristic parameters of VOC emission from paints [J].Building and Environment,2013,66:65-71.
[21] WANG L X,ZHAO B,LIU C,et al.Indoor SVOC pollution in China:A review [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(15):1469-1478.
[22] QIAN J,PECCIA J,FERRO A R.Walking-induced particle resuspension in indoor environments[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,89:464-481.
[23] JI W,ZHAO B.Concentration of outdoor-originating particles,indoor-emitted particles and indoor secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to residential indoor PM2.5 concentration:A model-based estimation [J].Building and Environment,2015,90:196-205.
[24] SUNDELL J,LEVIN H,NAZAROFF W W,et al.Ventilation rates and health:multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature[J].Indoor Air,2011,21(3):191-204.
[25] 胡佳林,窦豆,陈松,等.夏季自然通风教室室内环境与学习效率的调查研究[J].节能,2009,28(7):19-23.HU Jialin,DOU Dou,CHEN Song,et al.Investigation and study on indoor environment and learning efficiency of natural ventilation classroom in summer[J].Energy Conservation,2009,28(7):19-23.(in Chinese)
[2] 王战,陈亦扬,盛祺,等.江苏某高校大学生睡眠现状及影响因素分析[J].中国学校卫生,2014,35(7):1025-1030.WANG Zhan,CHEN Yiyang,SHENG Qi,et al.Cross-sectional study on current status of sleep quality and associated factors among college students in Jiangsu[J].Chinese Journal of School Health,2014,35(7):1025-1030.(in Chinese)
[3] 吕留根.洛阳某高校宿舍感知空气品质调查与评价[J].建筑热能通风空调,2011,30(2):25-27.LV Liugen.Investigation and assessment on perceive air quality of university dormitory in Luoyang [J].Building Energy & Environment,2011,30(2):25-27.(in Chinese)
[4] SUN Y X,WANG Z G,ZHANG Y F,et al.In China,students in crowded dormitories with a low ventilation rate have more common colds:evidence for airborne transmission [J].PLoS One,2011,6(11):e27140.
[5] 马丽,王立鑫,申晓燕,等.北京市某高校冬季宿舍空气质量状况[J].中国学校卫生,2016,37(3):470-472.MA Li,WANG Lixin,SHEN Xiaoyan,et al.Air quality in winter dormitories of a university in Beijing [J].Chinese Journal of School Health,2016,37(3):470-472.(in Chinese)
[6] 李严,李晓锋.北京地区居住建筑夏季自然通风实测研究[J].暖通空调,2013,43(12):46-51.LI Yan,LI Xiaofeng.Field testing of natural ventilation of residential buildings in Beijing in summer [J].Journal of HV&AC,2013,43(12):46-51.(in Chinese)
[7] 孙越霞,侯静,张庆男,等.天津市居住建筑新风量的测量与分析[J].暖通空调,2016,46(6):10-13.SUN Yuexia,HOU Jing,ZHANG Qingnan,et al.Measurement and analysis of outdoor air rate of residential buildings in Tianjin [J].Journal of HV&AC,2016,46(6):10-13.(in Chinese)
[8] MERZKIRCH A,MAAS S,SCHOLZEN F,et al.Field tests of centralized and decentralized ventilation units in residential buildings-specific fan power,heat recovery efficiency,shortcuts and volume flow unbalances [J].Energy and Buildings,2016,116:376-383.
[9] TAO F,LI J.Simulation and analysis of natural ventilation of residential building's arrangement [J].Advanced Materials Research,2011,201-203:1662-1667.
[10] 李晓锋,朱颖心.示踪气体浓度衰减法在民用建筑自然通风研究中的应用[J].暖通空调,1997,27(4):7-10.LI Xiaofeng,ZHU Yingxin.Natural ventilation study of a meeting room with the tracer gas technique [J].Journal of HV&AC,1997,27(4):7-10.(in Chinese)
[11] 王立鑫,白郁华,刘兆荣,等.CO2示踪气体法测定室内新风计算方法研究[J].建筑科学,2007,23(8):36-41.WANG Lixin,BAI Yuhua,LIU Zhaorong,et al.Study on calculation method for measuring air ventilation rate with trace gas of CO2 [J].Building Science,2007,23 (8):36-41.(in Chinese)
[12] 齐美薇,李晓锋,黄河.示踪气体法利用人体作为CO2释放源测量宿舍换气次数的方法探究[J].建筑科学,2013,29(6):52-57.QI Meiwei,LI Xiaofeng,HUANG He.Discussion on measuring ventilation rates of dorms through tracer gas method with human body as CO2 release source [J].Building Science,2013,29(6):52-57.(in Chinese)
[13] ASTMD 6245—2018.Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation[S].ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,2018.
[14] 陈志强.人体体表面积计算方法的比较研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2003,22(6):576-579.CHEN Zhiqiang.Comparative analysis,4 calculating methods for human body surface area [J].Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine,2003,22(6):576-579.(in Chinese)
[15] 吴暅晔.成年女性体表面积计算方法比较研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2008,27(5):614-615.WU Gengye.A comparative study of calculation methods for body surface area of adult females [J].Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine,2008,27(5):614-615.(in Chinese)
[16] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 50736—2012 民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.GB 50736—2012 Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[17] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局,卫生部,国家环境保护总局,GB/T 18883—2002,室内空气质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.General Administration of Quality Supervision,The Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China,Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China.Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,GB/T 18883—2002,Indoor air quality standard[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2002.(in Chinese)
[18] GB/T 17226—2017,中小学校教室换气卫生要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.GB/T 17226—2017,Hygienic requirements of classroom ventilation in middle and elementary school[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2017.(in Chinese)
[19] 李灏如,李晓锋,齐美薇,等.北京某学生公寓夏季自然通风实测研究[J].建筑科学,2013,29(4):20-24.LI Haoru,LI Xiaofeng,QI Meiwei,et al.Field testing on natural ventilation in a dormitory in Beijing in summer[J].Building Science,2013,29(4):20-24.(in Chinese)
[20] XIONG J Y,WANG L X,BAI Y H,et al.measuring the characteristic parameters of VOC emission from paints [J].Building and Environment,2013,66:65-71.
[21] WANG L X,ZHAO B,LIU C,et al.Indoor SVOC pollution in China:A review [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(15):1469-1478.
[22] QIAN J,PECCIA J,FERRO A R.Walking-induced particle resuspension in indoor environments[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,89:464-481.
[23] JI W,ZHAO B.Concentration of outdoor-originating particles,indoor-emitted particles and indoor secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to residential indoor PM2.5 concentration:A model-based estimation [J].Building and Environment,2015,90:196-205.
[24] SUNDELL J,LEVIN H,NAZAROFF W W,et al.Ventilation rates and health:multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature[J].Indoor Air,2011,21(3):191-204.
[25] 胡佳林,窦豆,陈松,等.夏季自然通风教室室内环境与学习效率的调查研究[J].节能,2009,28(7):19-23.HU Jialin,DOU Dou,CHEN Song,et al.Investigation and study on indoor environment and learning efficiency of natural ventilation classroom in summer[J].Energy Conservation,2009,28(7):19-23.(in Chinese)