伊兹拉·庞德诗歌创作中的酒神形象
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摘要
庞德笔下的酒神形象不是单一的,而是复义的、复杂的。这种复杂性与庞德不同时期的人生经历有关,也与他的思想情感、精神追求,以及他对世界的看法有关。在他的创作中,酒神有时是反叛者形象,有时又是保护神和拯救者形象。他既是象征旺盛的生产力和生命力的繁殖神,又是象征死而复生的自然之神。作为反叛者,酒神所体现的反叛精神不仅反映了庞德在诗歌创作上锐意创新的决心,而且反映了他对个体生命意志和自由的追求;作为保护神和拯救者,庞德笔下的酒神不仅是个体生命的捍卫者和守护神,而且是人类灵魂的拯救者,其角色类似耶稣基督;而作为生产力和生命力的象征,酒神存在的意义在于他能给荒芜的西方世界注入活力和生命,庞德这一联想与他的阳性崇拜或男性中心主义思想息息相关。庞德笔下的酒神形象有时是矛盾的,这与他一贯坚持的异教思想相冲突。
The image of Dionysus in Ezra Pound's literary creation is not single, but complex. This complexity is closely related to Pound's life experiences at different times, his thoughts and feelings, his views on the world, and his spiritual pursuit as well. In his creations, Dionysus is a protector and savior as well as a rebel. He is not only a god of fertility with great productivity and vitality, but also a god of nature who symbolizes the resurrection of life. As a rebel, the rebel spirit reflected by Dionysus not only shows Pound's determination in the innovation of poetry, but also reflects his pursuit of the will and freedom of individual life. As a protector and savior, the Dionysus in Pound's writing is not only a defender and guardian of individual life, but also a savior of the human soul, whose role is like savior Jesus Christ. As a symbol of productivity and vitality, the meaning of Dionysus is that he can inject vitality and life into the wasteland of the West. Such an association of Pound's is closely related to his masculine worship or phallocentrism. The images of Dionysus in Pound's writing are sometimes contradictory. They are in conflict with his distinctive pagan thoughts.
The image of Dionysus in Ezra Pound's literary creation is not single, but complex. This complexity is closely related to Pound's life experiences at different times, his thoughts and feelings, his views on the world, and his spiritual pursuit as well. In his creations, Dionysus is a protector and savior as well as a rebel. He is not only a god of fertility with great productivity and vitality, but also a god of nature who symbolizes the resurrection of life. As a rebel, the rebel spirit reflected by Dionysus not only shows Pound's determination in the innovation of poetry, but also reflects his pursuit of the will and freedom of individual life. As a protector and savior, the Dionysus in Pound's writing is not only a defender and guardian of individual life, but also a savior of the human soul, whose role is like savior Jesus Christ. As a symbol of productivity and vitality, the meaning of Dionysus is that he can inject vitality and life into the wasteland of the West. Such an association of Pound's is closely related to his masculine worship or phallocentrism. The images of Dionysus in Pound's writing are sometimes contradictory. They are in conflict with his distinctive pagan thoughts.
引文
① 伊兹拉·庞德著,黄运特译:《庞德诗选比萨诗章》,桂林:漓江出版社,1998年,第98-99页。
② Peter Liebregts,Ezra Pound and Neoplatonism,Madison and Teaneck:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2004,258-259.
③ Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,821.
④ Carroll F.Terrell,A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of Californian Press,1984,725.
⑤ Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,821.
(1)蒋洪新:《庞德研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2014年,第2页。
(2)关于酒神,庞德没有使用某个固定称谓,而是交叉使用不同的称谓如狄奥尼索斯、伊阿科斯、扎格柔斯、狄格诺斯和巴克斯等。
(3)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona” ,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,42.
(4)本文中所引诗行,如未注明出处,均为本文作者自译。Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,8.后面的注解中简称为Cantos.
(5)Nina Baym,The Norton Anthology of American Literature,Fifth Edition,New York & London:W.W.Norton & Company,1998,1240.
(6)“凯利班”是莎士比亚戏剧《暴风雨》中的一个半人半兽的怪物。
(7)Nina Baym,The Norton Anthology of American Literature,Fifth Edition,New York & London:W.W.Norton & Company,1998,1239.
(8)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,6.
(9)Massimo Bacigalupo,“Safe with My Lynxes,Pound’s Figure in the Carpet”,Ezra Pound’s Cantos A Casebook ed.by Peter Makin,Oxford University Press,2006,114.
(10)詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽著,徐育新,汪培基,张泽石译:《金枝》,北京:大众文艺出版社,2009年,第360页。
(11)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,76.
(12)Massimo Bacigalupo,“Safe with My Lynxes,Pound’s Figure in the Carpet”,Ezra Pound’s Cantos A Casebook ed.by Peter Makin,Oxford University Press,2006,115.
(13)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,43.
(14)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,238.
(15)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,76.
(16)Leon Surette,A Light From Eleusis A Study of Ezra Pound’s Cantos,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979,45.
(17)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,241.狄格诺斯(Digonos)是酒神的别称。据佩萨雷西的研究,“狄格诺斯”一词可能是庞德从德国文化人类学家弗罗贝尼斯(Leo Frobenius)的《论非洲起源》一书中借用过来的。
(18)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,691.
(19)参见Carroll F Terrell,A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of Californian Press,1984,614.
(20)这是庞德从美国政治经济学家、历史学家亚历山大·德尔·马尔(Alexander Del Mar)的《货币制度的历史》一书中引用的一句话。参见Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,690.
(21)Carroll F.Terrell,A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound.Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of Californian Press,1984,688.
(22)萨克文·伯科维奇著,马睿,陈贻彦,刘莉译:《剑桥美国文学史·诗歌与批评1910-1950》,北京:中央编译出版社,2009年,第143-144页。
(23)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,717.
(24)Robert Casillo,The Genealogy of Demons Anti-Semitism,Fascism and the Myth of Ezra Pound,Evanston Illinois:Northwestern University Press,1988,48.
(25)Robert Casillo,The Genealogy of Demons Anti-Semitism,Fascism and the Myth of Ezra Pound,Evanston Illinois:Northwestern University Press,1988,26.
(26)Ezra Pound,Literary Essays of Ezra Pound ed.by T.S.Eliot,New York:New Directions,1968,152-154.
(27)詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽著,徐育新,汪培基,张泽石译:《金枝》,北京:大众文艺出版社,2009年,第360页。
(28)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,139.
(29)伊兹拉·庞德著,黄运特译:《庞德诗选比萨诗章》,桂林:漓江出版社,1998年,第129页。
(30)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,42.
(31)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,45.
(32)参见Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,41.
(33)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,42.
(34)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,445.
(35)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,509.
(36)詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽著,徐育新,汪培基,张泽石译:《金枝》,北京:大众文艺出版社,2009年,第360页。
(37)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,667.
(38)参见Ezra Pound,Selected Prose of Ezra Pound 1909-1965,ed.by William Cookson,New Directions,1973,64-69.
(39)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,46.
(40)伊兹拉·庞德著,黄运特译:《庞德诗选比萨诗章》,桂林:漓江出版社,1998年,第3页。
② Peter Liebregts,Ezra Pound and Neoplatonism,Madison and Teaneck:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2004,258-259.
③ Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,821.
④ Carroll F.Terrell,A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of Californian Press,1984,725.
⑤ Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,821.
(1)蒋洪新:《庞德研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2014年,第2页。
(2)关于酒神,庞德没有使用某个固定称谓,而是交叉使用不同的称谓如狄奥尼索斯、伊阿科斯、扎格柔斯、狄格诺斯和巴克斯等。
(3)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona” ,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,42.
(4)本文中所引诗行,如未注明出处,均为本文作者自译。Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,8.后面的注解中简称为Cantos.
(5)Nina Baym,The Norton Anthology of American Literature,Fifth Edition,New York & London:W.W.Norton & Company,1998,1240.
(6)“凯利班”是莎士比亚戏剧《暴风雨》中的一个半人半兽的怪物。
(7)Nina Baym,The Norton Anthology of American Literature,Fifth Edition,New York & London:W.W.Norton & Company,1998,1239.
(8)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,6.
(9)Massimo Bacigalupo,“Safe with My Lynxes,Pound’s Figure in the Carpet”,Ezra Pound’s Cantos A Casebook ed.by Peter Makin,Oxford University Press,2006,114.
(10)詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽著,徐育新,汪培基,张泽石译:《金枝》,北京:大众文艺出版社,2009年,第360页。
(11)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,76.
(12)Massimo Bacigalupo,“Safe with My Lynxes,Pound’s Figure in the Carpet”,Ezra Pound’s Cantos A Casebook ed.by Peter Makin,Oxford University Press,2006,115.
(13)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,43.
(14)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,238.
(15)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,76.
(16)Leon Surette,A Light From Eleusis A Study of Ezra Pound’s Cantos,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979,45.
(17)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,241.狄格诺斯(Digonos)是酒神的别称。据佩萨雷西的研究,“狄格诺斯”一词可能是庞德从德国文化人类学家弗罗贝尼斯(Leo Frobenius)的《论非洲起源》一书中借用过来的。
(18)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,691.
(19)参见Carroll F Terrell,A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of Californian Press,1984,614.
(20)这是庞德从美国政治经济学家、历史学家亚历山大·德尔·马尔(Alexander Del Mar)的《货币制度的历史》一书中引用的一句话。参见Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,690.
(21)Carroll F.Terrell,A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound.Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of Californian Press,1984,688.
(22)萨克文·伯科维奇著,马睿,陈贻彦,刘莉译:《剑桥美国文学史·诗歌与批评1910-1950》,北京:中央编译出版社,2009年,第143-144页。
(23)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,717.
(24)Robert Casillo,The Genealogy of Demons Anti-Semitism,Fascism and the Myth of Ezra Pound,Evanston Illinois:Northwestern University Press,1988,48.
(25)Robert Casillo,The Genealogy of Demons Anti-Semitism,Fascism and the Myth of Ezra Pound,Evanston Illinois:Northwestern University Press,1988,26.
(26)Ezra Pound,Literary Essays of Ezra Pound ed.by T.S.Eliot,New York:New Directions,1968,152-154.
(27)詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽著,徐育新,汪培基,张泽石译:《金枝》,北京:大众文艺出版社,2009年,第360页。
(28)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,139.
(29)伊兹拉·庞德著,黄运特译:《庞德诗选比萨诗章》,桂林:漓江出版社,1998年,第129页。
(30)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,42.
(31)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,45.
(32)参见Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,41.
(33)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,42.
(34)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,445.
(35)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,509.
(36)詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽著,徐育新,汪培基,张泽石译:《金枝》,北京:大众文艺出版社,2009年,第360页。
(37)Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,New York:New Directions,1996,667.
(38)参见Ezra Pound,Selected Prose of Ezra Pound 1909-1965,ed.by William Cookson,New Directions,1973,64-69.
(39)Massimo Pesaresi,“Ezra Pound,a Poet from Hellas:the Dionysian Persona”,Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth ed.William Pratt,AMS Press,2002,46.
(40)伊兹拉·庞德著,黄运特译:《庞德诗选比萨诗章》,桂林:漓江出版社,1998年,第3页。