运动训练对女子足球运动员心率变异性的影响——以惠州市仲恺中学女子足球队为例
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摘要
探讨心率变异性(HRV)指标在女子足球训练中的应用,并分析其变化规律.选取广东省惠州市仲恺中学女子足球队运动员共17名,年龄为(16.17±0.92)岁,均为备战2017年广东省"省长杯"足球联赛高中组全省总决赛的女子足球运动选手.实验不分组,进行运动训练和足球比赛前后的受试者自我对照分析.测试受试者7个月训练(统称"集训")前和集训后一次比赛前后的体成分指标如体重(W)、体质指数(BMI)、体脂百分比(BF%)和HRV指标.与集训前安静时比较,集训后受试者的BF%呈现显著性降低(P<0.05),而W、BMI均无显著变化(P>0.05);单场足球比赛前后的结果显示,与安静时比较,比赛后平均R-R间期值(RRp)、最大R-R间期值(RRm)、最小R-R间期值(RRn)、R-R间期的标准差(SD)、连续2次R-R间期之差的标准差(MSD)、R-R间期大于50 ms的个数占总个数的百分数(P50)、高频功率(HF)呈现显著性下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),而低频功率(LF)/HF呈现非常显著性增加(P<0.01);集训后安静时较集训前的对应时刻比较,SD、MSD、P50、总功率(T.S.)、HF均呈现显著性增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),而LF/HF呈现非常显著性下降(P<0.01).单场足球比赛主要通过降低女子校园足球运动员的副交感神经活性,抑制自主神经系统功能活动.长期的运动训练能较好地提高女子校园足球运动员的HRV,改善自主神经中迷走神经和交感神经的平衡状态,表现为安静时能量节省化.
To discuss the application of heart rate variability index in women's campus soccer training,and analyze the change rules,17 women's campus soccer players at the age of( 16. 17 ± 0. 92) from Zhongkai middle school in Huizhou,Guangdong Province were chosen for football league finals group of high school in the provincial Governor Cup of Guangdong Province in 2017. All the data such as weight,BMI,BF% and HRV were analyzed before and after the football match or after seven months of training. After training,BF% of subjects decreased significantly( P<0.05),and there was no significant change in weight and BMI( P > 0.05). The results of a single football match showed that compared with the quiet time,the RRp,RRm,RRn,SD,MSD,P50 and HF showed a significant decrease respectively( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),while LF/HF showed a significant increase( P < 0. 01).Compared with the corresponding time before training,SD,MSD,P50,T.S.,and HF showed significant increase respectively( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),while LF/HF showed significant decrease( P < 0. 01). The activity of the autonomic nervous system function for rural middle school girls' campus football players after single football match could be inhibited mainly by reducing the parasympathetic activity. Training could improve HRV,the balance of the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve of the rural middle school women's campus football players in the autonomic nervous state,characterized by energy saving at rest.
To discuss the application of heart rate variability index in women's campus soccer training,and analyze the change rules,17 women's campus soccer players at the age of( 16. 17 ± 0. 92) from Zhongkai middle school in Huizhou,Guangdong Province were chosen for football league finals group of high school in the provincial Governor Cup of Guangdong Province in 2017. All the data such as weight,BMI,BF% and HRV were analyzed before and after the football match or after seven months of training. After training,BF% of subjects decreased significantly( P<0.05),and there was no significant change in weight and BMI( P > 0.05). The results of a single football match showed that compared with the quiet time,the RRp,RRm,RRn,SD,MSD,P50 and HF showed a significant decrease respectively( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),while LF/HF showed a significant increase( P < 0. 01).Compared with the corresponding time before training,SD,MSD,P50,T.S.,and HF showed significant increase respectively( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),while LF/HF showed significant decrease( P < 0. 01). The activity of the autonomic nervous system function for rural middle school girls' campus football players after single football match could be inhibited mainly by reducing the parasympathetic activity. Training could improve HRV,the balance of the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve of the rural middle school women's campus football players in the autonomic nervous state,characterized by energy saving at rest.
引文
[1]张剑利,梁进,胡慧等.足球运动员体能训练、监测与调控研究综述[J].天津体育学院学报,1999,14(3):22-25.
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[10]OLIVEIRA R S,LEICHT A S,BISHOP D,et al.Seasonal changes in physical performance and heart rate variability in high level futsal players[J].Int J Sports Med,2013,34(5):424-430.
[11]SCHMITT L,REGNARD J,PARMENTIER A L,et al.Typology of‘fatigue’by heart rate variability analysis in elite nordic-skiers[J].Int J Sports Med,2015,36(12):999-1007.
[12]AUBERT A E,SEPS B,BECHERS F.Heart rate variability in athletes[J].Sports Med,2003,33:889-919.
[13]COTTIN F,MEDIGUE C,LEPRETRE P M,et al.Heart rate variability during exercise performed below and above ventilatory threshold[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2004,36(4):594-600.
[14]朱晓梅,严政,刘凌,等.女子手球运动员力竭运动后HRV分析[J].体育与科学,2008,29(6):63-65.
[15]刘文举.八周健身气功八段锦练习对人体脑电及心率变异性的影响[D].北京:北京体育大学民族传统体育专业,2012.
[16]YUDA E,MORIYAMA Y,MORI T,et al.Acute effects of endurance exercise on nocturnal autonomic functions in sedentary subjects:a pilot study[J].J Exerc Rehabil,2018,14(1):113-117.
[17]NUMMELA A,HYNYNEN E,KAIKKONEN P,et al.High-intensity endurance training increases nocturnal heart rate variability in sedentary participants[J].Biol Sport,2016,33:7-13.
[18]MAY R,MCBERTY V,ZAKY A,et al.Vigorous physical activity predicts higher heart rate variability among younger adults[J].J Physiol Anthropol,2017,36(1):24.
[19]谢红.运动训练对心脏植物神经功能的影响[J].体育科学,2006,26(9):31-33.
[20]PERINI R,FISHER N,VERCSTEINAS A,et al.Aerobic training and cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in older men and women[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2002,34(4):700-708.
[21]DJAOUI L,HADDAD M,CHAMARI K,et al.Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers[J].Physiol Behav,2017,181:86-94.
[22]BOTEK M,KREJCI J,WEISSER R.Autonomic cardiac regulation and morpho-physiological responses to eight week training preparation in junior soccer players[J].Acta Gymnica,2014,44:155-163.
[2]陈翀.我国U17男子足球运动员体能评价指标体系的构建和标准的建立[D].北京:北京体育大学体育教育训练学专业,2016.
[3]DONG Jinguo.The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology[J].Exp Ther Med,2016,11(5):1531-1536.
[4]刘凌,曹佩江,徐岩,等.心率变异性各指标在运动适应性评定中的应用[J].体育与学,2008,29(6):60-62.
[5]何腾蛟.校园足球制度安排和管理困境研究[D].北京:北京体育大学体育人文社会学专业,2015.
[6]胡庆山,曾丽娟,朱珈萱,等.校园足球热的审思——兼论中国青少年足球后备人才的培养[J].北京体育大学学报,2016,39(1):161-163.
[7]BOTEK M,KREJCI J,MCKUNE A J,et al.Somatic,endurance performance and heart rate variability profiles of professional soccer players grouped according to age[J].J Hum Kinet,2016,54:65-74.
[8]VESTERINEN V,HAKKINEN K,LAINE T,et al.Predictors of individual adaptation to high-volume or high-intensity endurance training in recreational endurance runners[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,2016,26(8):885-893.
[9]TERESHCHENKO L G,CYGANKIEWICZ I,MCNITT S,et al.Predictive value of beat-to-beat QT variability index across the continuum of left ventricular dysfunction:Competing risks of noncardiac or cardiovascular death and sudden or nonsudden cardiac death[J].Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2012,5(4):719-727.
[10]OLIVEIRA R S,LEICHT A S,BISHOP D,et al.Seasonal changes in physical performance and heart rate variability in high level futsal players[J].Int J Sports Med,2013,34(5):424-430.
[11]SCHMITT L,REGNARD J,PARMENTIER A L,et al.Typology of‘fatigue’by heart rate variability analysis in elite nordic-skiers[J].Int J Sports Med,2015,36(12):999-1007.
[12]AUBERT A E,SEPS B,BECHERS F.Heart rate variability in athletes[J].Sports Med,2003,33:889-919.
[13]COTTIN F,MEDIGUE C,LEPRETRE P M,et al.Heart rate variability during exercise performed below and above ventilatory threshold[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2004,36(4):594-600.
[14]朱晓梅,严政,刘凌,等.女子手球运动员力竭运动后HRV分析[J].体育与科学,2008,29(6):63-65.
[15]刘文举.八周健身气功八段锦练习对人体脑电及心率变异性的影响[D].北京:北京体育大学民族传统体育专业,2012.
[16]YUDA E,MORIYAMA Y,MORI T,et al.Acute effects of endurance exercise on nocturnal autonomic functions in sedentary subjects:a pilot study[J].J Exerc Rehabil,2018,14(1):113-117.
[17]NUMMELA A,HYNYNEN E,KAIKKONEN P,et al.High-intensity endurance training increases nocturnal heart rate variability in sedentary participants[J].Biol Sport,2016,33:7-13.
[18]MAY R,MCBERTY V,ZAKY A,et al.Vigorous physical activity predicts higher heart rate variability among younger adults[J].J Physiol Anthropol,2017,36(1):24.
[19]谢红.运动训练对心脏植物神经功能的影响[J].体育科学,2006,26(9):31-33.
[20]PERINI R,FISHER N,VERCSTEINAS A,et al.Aerobic training and cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in older men and women[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2002,34(4):700-708.
[21]DJAOUI L,HADDAD M,CHAMARI K,et al.Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers[J].Physiol Behav,2017,181:86-94.
[22]BOTEK M,KREJCI J,WEISSER R.Autonomic cardiac regulation and morpho-physiological responses to eight week training preparation in junior soccer players[J].Acta Gymnica,2014,44:155-163.