中美鱼类产品限量标准对比分析
|
摘要
为完善鱼类产品标准体系适用范围,促进鱼类产品贸易,文章对比和分析了中美两国鱼类产品的渔药残留、污染物、微生物及食品添加剂有关规定和残留限量标准,发现了中美两国在这些方面的差异。1)渔药残留方面:中国的渔药种类多于美国,残留限量要求严于美国,但在规定的针对性上不如美国; 2)污染物方面:中国污染物指标划分的较细致,限量值要求相对合理; 3)微生物方面:限量种类差别较大,美国注重生产过程控制中出现的微生物,因此规定的指标较多; 4)食品添加剂方面:两国定义的食品添加剂范畴、分类、品种、使用范围和限量均有所不同,美国食品添加剂指标涵盖范围更广、数量更多。基于此,提出如下建议:加强中国渔药残留指标的针对性,加快微生物限量与国际接轨的步伐,适当放宽食品添加剂的范围,强调中国应重视鱼类标准基础研究和风险评估工作,进一步加大国际标准跟踪与预警力度,为完善中国的鱼类产品标准体系提供翔实的依据。
In order to develop the system of the standards and promote trade in fish products,this paper compares and analyzes the relevant regulations on limits of drug residues,pollutants,microbes and food additives in fish products between China and the United States. The results show that: 1) in the aspect of fishery drug residues,there are more kinds of fishery drugs in China,and the requirements of residue limits are stricter,while the regulations of the United States on fishery drug residues are more pertinent; 2) in the aspect of pollutants,the classification of pollutant indexes in China is more detailed and the requirements of limit values are relatively reasonable; 3) in the aspect of microorganisms,there are great differences in the types of limited drugs between China and the United State,and more pertinent indicators are stipulated in United State because of more attention to the control of microorganism during production process; 4) in the aspect of food additives,the scope, classification, variety, range of use and limits of food additives defined by the two countries are different. The indexes of food additives in the United States covers a wider range and has more quantities. It is concluded that we should strengthen the pertinence of fishery drug residue indicators in China,speed up the pace of integrating microbe limits with international standards,and properly broaden the scope of food additives. It is necessary to actively carry out basic research and risk assessment of fish standards,increase the tracking of international and foreign standards,further providing the basis for developing more scientific and reasonable fish product limit standardsin China.
In order to develop the system of the standards and promote trade in fish products,this paper compares and analyzes the relevant regulations on limits of drug residues,pollutants,microbes and food additives in fish products between China and the United States. The results show that: 1) in the aspect of fishery drug residues,there are more kinds of fishery drugs in China,and the requirements of residue limits are stricter,while the regulations of the United States on fishery drug residues are more pertinent; 2) in the aspect of pollutants,the classification of pollutant indexes in China is more detailed and the requirements of limit values are relatively reasonable; 3) in the aspect of microorganisms,there are great differences in the types of limited drugs between China and the United State,and more pertinent indicators are stipulated in United State because of more attention to the control of microorganism during production process; 4) in the aspect of food additives,the scope, classification, variety, range of use and limits of food additives defined by the two countries are different. The indexes of food additives in the United States covers a wider range and has more quantities. It is concluded that we should strengthen the pertinence of fishery drug residue indicators in China,speed up the pace of integrating microbe limits with international standards,and properly broaden the scope of food additives. It is necessary to actively carry out basic research and risk assessment of fish standards,increase the tracking of international and foreign standards,further providing the basis for developing more scientific and reasonable fish product limit standardsin China.
引文
[1]农业农村部渔业局.中国渔业年鉴2018[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2018.
[2]揣江宇,胡麦秀.日本技术性壁垒对我国水产品出口影响的实证分析[J].中国渔业经济,2012,30(6):80-84.
[3]冯少林,高维新.广东水产品应对国外技术性贸易壁垒策略[J].现代商贸工业,2014,14:62-63.
[4]张建伦,杨丹妮.技术性贸易壁垒对我国水产品出口的影响[J].中国渔业经济,2012,4(30):73-78.
[5]张青青,王海华.技术贸易壁垒对我国水产品进出H贸易的影响与对策分析[J].渔业经济研究,2005(6):8-12.
[6]武玉英,郭珉.我国水产品出口欧盟遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的影响研究[J].财贸研究,2007(2):56-60,71.
[7]孙琛,张黄花.金融危机对中国水产品出口日本市场的影响[J].山西农业科学,2009,37(11):62-65.
[8]中华人民共和国WTO/TBT-SPS国家通报咨询中心.中国WTO/TBT-SPS通报咨询网[EB/OL].(2008-06-27)[2018-10-18]. http://www. tbt-sps. gov. cn/page/cwtoz/Indexquery. action.
[9]美国FDA扣留我国食品情况.食品资讯中心[EB/OL].(2003-12-16)[2018-10-28]. http://news. foodmate. net/search. php? kw=FDA&fields=1&catid=281&order=0&x=65&y=17.
[10] U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Fish and fishery products hazards and controls guidance, fourth edition[S]. Rockvill:U. S. Department of Health and Human Service,Food and Drug Administration,Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,2011:439-440.
[11]国家食品安全风险评估中心.国内外食品安全法规标准对比分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2014.
[12]朱文嘉.我国与主要贸易国鱼类药物残留标准法规比对分析研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.
[13]张俭波.美国食品添加剂管理介绍(2)[J].中国食品添加剂,2010(1):45-51.
[14]美国食品和药品监督管理局.美国食品和药品监督管理局[EB/OL].(2002-12-24)[2012-01-30]. https://www. fda. gov/Animal Veterinary/default. htm.
[15]中华人民共和国农业部.中华人民共和国农业部公告第235号[EB/OL].(2002-12-24)[2012-01-30]. http://www. moa. gov. cn/zwllm/tzgg/gg/200302/t20030226_59300. htm.
[16]朱文嘉,王联珠,郭莹莹,等.国内外鱼类产品兽药残留限量标准对比分析[J].水产科技情报,2013,40(5):225-231.
[17]中华人民共和国国家卫生与计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.
[18]中华人民共和国国家卫生与计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 10136—2015《食品安全国家标准动物性水产制品》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.
[19]中华人民共和国国家卫生与计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 29921—2013《食品安全国家标准食品中致病菌限量》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2013.
[20]江艳华,姚琳,朱文嘉,等.国内外水产品微生物限量标准的比对分析[J].中国渔业质量与标准,2015,5(4):6-16.
[21] Eldred J. Overview of US legislation and regulations concerning the import and marketing of finished food products[J]. China Food Addit,2004(4):1-5.
[22]汤银姬,郭建亭.食品添加剂安全控制措施探讨[J].现代农业科技,2010(22):358-360.
[23]马爱进.国内外食品添加剂标准差异研究[J].标准科学,2007(12):40-43.
[24]孟娣,宋怿,房金岑,等.水产品中食品添加剂限量标准分析及建议[J].渔业现代化,2011,38(5):49-52.
[25]张帆,郑壹鸣,金航峰.技术性贸易壁垒对大连市水产品出口影响及对策分析[J].对外经贸,2017(10):48-50.
[2]揣江宇,胡麦秀.日本技术性壁垒对我国水产品出口影响的实证分析[J].中国渔业经济,2012,30(6):80-84.
[3]冯少林,高维新.广东水产品应对国外技术性贸易壁垒策略[J].现代商贸工业,2014,14:62-63.
[4]张建伦,杨丹妮.技术性贸易壁垒对我国水产品出口的影响[J].中国渔业经济,2012,4(30):73-78.
[5]张青青,王海华.技术贸易壁垒对我国水产品进出H贸易的影响与对策分析[J].渔业经济研究,2005(6):8-12.
[6]武玉英,郭珉.我国水产品出口欧盟遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的影响研究[J].财贸研究,2007(2):56-60,71.
[7]孙琛,张黄花.金融危机对中国水产品出口日本市场的影响[J].山西农业科学,2009,37(11):62-65.
[8]中华人民共和国WTO/TBT-SPS国家通报咨询中心.中国WTO/TBT-SPS通报咨询网[EB/OL].(2008-06-27)[2018-10-18]. http://www. tbt-sps. gov. cn/page/cwtoz/Indexquery. action.
[9]美国FDA扣留我国食品情况.食品资讯中心[EB/OL].(2003-12-16)[2018-10-28]. http://news. foodmate. net/search. php? kw=FDA&fields=1&catid=281&order=0&x=65&y=17.
[10] U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Fish and fishery products hazards and controls guidance, fourth edition[S]. Rockvill:U. S. Department of Health and Human Service,Food and Drug Administration,Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,2011:439-440.
[11]国家食品安全风险评估中心.国内外食品安全法规标准对比分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2014.
[12]朱文嘉.我国与主要贸易国鱼类药物残留标准法规比对分析研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.
[13]张俭波.美国食品添加剂管理介绍(2)[J].中国食品添加剂,2010(1):45-51.
[14]美国食品和药品监督管理局.美国食品和药品监督管理局[EB/OL].(2002-12-24)[2012-01-30]. https://www. fda. gov/Animal Veterinary/default. htm.
[15]中华人民共和国农业部.中华人民共和国农业部公告第235号[EB/OL].(2002-12-24)[2012-01-30]. http://www. moa. gov. cn/zwllm/tzgg/gg/200302/t20030226_59300. htm.
[16]朱文嘉,王联珠,郭莹莹,等.国内外鱼类产品兽药残留限量标准对比分析[J].水产科技情报,2013,40(5):225-231.
[17]中华人民共和国国家卫生与计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.
[18]中华人民共和国国家卫生与计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 10136—2015《食品安全国家标准动物性水产制品》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.
[19]中华人民共和国国家卫生与计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 29921—2013《食品安全国家标准食品中致病菌限量》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2013.
[20]江艳华,姚琳,朱文嘉,等.国内外水产品微生物限量标准的比对分析[J].中国渔业质量与标准,2015,5(4):6-16.
[21] Eldred J. Overview of US legislation and regulations concerning the import and marketing of finished food products[J]. China Food Addit,2004(4):1-5.
[22]汤银姬,郭建亭.食品添加剂安全控制措施探讨[J].现代农业科技,2010(22):358-360.
[23]马爱进.国内外食品添加剂标准差异研究[J].标准科学,2007(12):40-43.
[24]孟娣,宋怿,房金岑,等.水产品中食品添加剂限量标准分析及建议[J].渔业现代化,2011,38(5):49-52.
[25]张帆,郑壹鸣,金航峰.技术性贸易壁垒对大连市水产品出口影响及对策分析[J].对外经贸,2017(10):48-50.