中国孢粉学的过去、现在及未来——侧重第四纪孢粉学
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摘要
孢粉学作为植物学的分支学科,在当代科学的作用与日俱增.本文从过去、现在和未来的角度阐述了中国孢粉学的发展历程.中国孢粉学起始于20世纪的初叶,着重阐述1979年以来第四纪孢粉学的研究领域,其涉及植物与环境、黄土高原、海洋、青藏高原隆升、考古植物学与先民生存环境及食物结构等方面的研究;进入21世纪,受全球变化和环境演变的影响,给予第四纪孢粉学的发展带来了良好机遇和新的挑战.
Palynology is a branch of botany with an increasingly important role in the development of modern nature science.It was originally established in Europe during the early twentieth century and has flourished in China since the 1950 s.This paper discusses the development of palynology in China from the historical,contemporaneous,and future perspectives.Specifically,we focus on the development of Quaternary palynology since 1979.Quaternary palynology involves six research fields: plants and environment,Loess Plateau,ocean,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,global climate change,and environmental archaeology in this paper.Palynologists who study environmental changes mainly focus on the relationships among pollen,vegetation,and environment.The high-resolution analyses of pollen records in the surface soil and sediment profiles of Loess Plateaus have promoted the development of information about paleovegetation and paleoenvironment and enabled the comparison of past climate changes and effects of human activities with global changes.By analyzing pollen data from surface water samples and marine drilling cores,palynologists have made significant progress in elucidating the high-resolution evolutionary history of paleovegetation,paleoclimate,and paleomonsoon in South China Sea and its surrounding regions on the time scales of several million years.Such progress has benefitted research on global sea level changes.The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been a hot area of research for several years.Palynologists have explored the vegetational,climatic,and environmental features of different periods,such as the Late Glacial,the Last Glacial Maximum,the Younger Dryas,and the Holocene Megathermal,to reveal the mechanism and process of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.The application of Quaternary palynology to environmental archeology not only facilitates understanding of the needs of the economic life and food structure of ancestral humans,the evolution of paleoenvironment and the rise and fall of culture,but also promotes current research on the origin of human,agricultural and civilization.Although Quaternary palynology has made remarkable achievements in many research fields,three problems require urgent solutions.First,the low magnification and resolution of optical microscopy complicate palynological identification on the species level and introduce a degree of uncertainty to the reconstruction of paleovegetation,paleoenvironment and paleoclimate.Second,pollen does not show a simple linear relationship with vegetation.Thus,a reliable pollen-vegetation relationship model remains to be established.Third,research on modern pollen processes,which includes pollen production,transportation,source,deposition,and preservation,has a crucial role in the correct explanation of pollen data and quantitative reconstruction of the paleovegetation and paleoenvironment.Global changes and the impact of environmental evolution have provided excellent opportunities and new challenges for the development of Quaternary palynology in the new century.These opportunities and challenges are as follows: First,the accuracy of pollen identification must be improved to establish a reliable pollen-vegetation relationship model.Second,systemic theoretical studies on modern pollen processes,such as pollen production,transportation,source,deposition,and preservation,should be conducted using surfaces,atmosphere,water,and rock as media.Third,the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate from the qualitative and quantitative analyses of high-resolution pollen assemblages should receive additional efforts.Pollen records should be analyzed using various mathematical methods.Finally,to distinguish the role of climate change and human activities in vegetation and climate dynamics,human land use data,surface and fossil pollen data,and meteorological data can be combined to quantify paleovegetation and land use patterns using appropriate mathematical models.Therefore,only by relying on the integration of multidisciplinary data and academic cooperation with colleagues at home and abroad can we further improve the Quaternary palynological research in China and better serve the needs of our society and national strategies.
Palynology is a branch of botany with an increasingly important role in the development of modern nature science.It was originally established in Europe during the early twentieth century and has flourished in China since the 1950 s.This paper discusses the development of palynology in China from the historical,contemporaneous,and future perspectives.Specifically,we focus on the development of Quaternary palynology since 1979.Quaternary palynology involves six research fields: plants and environment,Loess Plateau,ocean,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,global climate change,and environmental archaeology in this paper.Palynologists who study environmental changes mainly focus on the relationships among pollen,vegetation,and environment.The high-resolution analyses of pollen records in the surface soil and sediment profiles of Loess Plateaus have promoted the development of information about paleovegetation and paleoenvironment and enabled the comparison of past climate changes and effects of human activities with global changes.By analyzing pollen data from surface water samples and marine drilling cores,palynologists have made significant progress in elucidating the high-resolution evolutionary history of paleovegetation,paleoclimate,and paleomonsoon in South China Sea and its surrounding regions on the time scales of several million years.Such progress has benefitted research on global sea level changes.The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been a hot area of research for several years.Palynologists have explored the vegetational,climatic,and environmental features of different periods,such as the Late Glacial,the Last Glacial Maximum,the Younger Dryas,and the Holocene Megathermal,to reveal the mechanism and process of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.The application of Quaternary palynology to environmental archeology not only facilitates understanding of the needs of the economic life and food structure of ancestral humans,the evolution of paleoenvironment and the rise and fall of culture,but also promotes current research on the origin of human,agricultural and civilization.Although Quaternary palynology has made remarkable achievements in many research fields,three problems require urgent solutions.First,the low magnification and resolution of optical microscopy complicate palynological identification on the species level and introduce a degree of uncertainty to the reconstruction of paleovegetation,paleoenvironment and paleoclimate.Second,pollen does not show a simple linear relationship with vegetation.Thus,a reliable pollen-vegetation relationship model remains to be established.Third,research on modern pollen processes,which includes pollen production,transportation,source,deposition,and preservation,has a crucial role in the correct explanation of pollen data and quantitative reconstruction of the paleovegetation and paleoenvironment.Global changes and the impact of environmental evolution have provided excellent opportunities and new challenges for the development of Quaternary palynology in the new century.These opportunities and challenges are as follows: First,the accuracy of pollen identification must be improved to establish a reliable pollen-vegetation relationship model.Second,systemic theoretical studies on modern pollen processes,such as pollen production,transportation,source,deposition,and preservation,should be conducted using surfaces,atmosphere,water,and rock as media.Third,the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate from the qualitative and quantitative analyses of high-resolution pollen assemblages should receive additional efforts.Pollen records should be analyzed using various mathematical methods.Finally,to distinguish the role of climate change and human activities in vegetation and climate dynamics,human land use data,surface and fossil pollen data,and meteorological data can be combined to quantify paleovegetation and land use patterns using appropriate mathematical models.Therefore,only by relying on the integration of multidisciplinary data and academic cooperation with colleagues at home and abroad can we further improve the Quaternary palynological research in China and better serve the needs of our society and national strategies.
引文
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19 Jiang W Y,Chen Y F,Yang X X,et al.Chinese Loess Plateau vegetation since the Last Glacial Maximum and its implications for vegetation restoration.J Appl Ecol,2013,50:440-448
20 Wang K F,Wang X Z.Introduction to Palynology(in Chinese).Beijing:Peking University Press,1983[王开发,王宪曾.孢粉学概论.北京:北京大学出版社,1983]
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2 Song Z C.Analysis of Spores and Pollen Grains(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1965[宋之琛.孢子花粉分析.北京:科学出版社,1965]
3 Wang K F,Xu X.Quaternary Palynology(in Chinese).Guiyang:Guizhou People’s Press,1988[王开发,徐馨.第四纪孢粉学.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1988]
4 Wang W M.Progress and prospect of studies on palynology in China(in Chinese).Acta Palaeontol Sin,2009,48:338-346[王伟铭.中国孢粉学的研究进展与展望.古生物学报,2009,48:338-346]
5 HsüJ.The climatic condition in North China during the time of Sinanthropus.Sci Sin,1966,15:410-414
6 HsüJ.Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic vegetation in China,emphasizing their connections with North America.Ann Miss Bot Gard,1983,70:490-508
7 Xu R,Tao J R,Sun X J.On the discovery of a Quercus Semicarpifolia bed in Mount Shisha Pangma and its significance in botany and geology(in Chinese).Acta Bot Sin,1973,15:102-119[徐仁,陶君容,孙湘君.希夏邦马峰高山栎化石层的发现及其在植物学和地质学上的意义.植物学报,1973,15:102-119]
8ПокровскаяH M.Wang F X,translated.Pollen Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1956[ПокровскаяH M.王伏雄,译.花粉分析.北京:科学出版社,1956]
9 Erdtman G.Wang F X,Qian N F,translated.Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1962[Erdtman G.王伏雄,钱南芬,译.花粉形态与植物分类.北京:科学出版社,1962]
10 Wang F X,Qian N F,Zhang Y L,et al.Pollen Flora of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1995[王伏雄,钱南芬,张玉龙,等.中国植物花粉形态.北京:科学出版社,1995]
11 Zhang J T,Wang P L,Hao H P,et al.Application Research of Modern Pollen(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1990[张金谈,王萍莉,郝海平,等.现代花粉应用研究.北京:科学出版社,1990]
12 Tang L Y,Mao L M,Shu J W,et al.An Illustrated Handbook of Quaternary Pollen Spores in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2017[唐领余,毛礼米,舒军武,等.中国第四纪孢粉图鉴.北京:科学出版社,2017]
13 Li W Y.Vegetation and Environment of Quaternary in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1998[李文漪.中国第四纪植被与环境.北京:科学出版社,1998]
14 Xu Q H,Li Y C,Yang X L,et al.Source and distribution of pollen in the surface sediment of Daihai Lake,inner Mongolia.Quat Inter,2005,136:33-45
15 Yan S,Kong Z C,Yang Z J,et al.Seeking relationship between vegetation and Picea pollen in surface soils of Xinjiang,northwestern China(in Chinese).Acta Ecol Sin,2004,24:2017-2023[阎顺,孔昭宸,杨振京,等.新疆表土中云杉花粉与植被的关系.生态学报,2004,24:2017-2023]
16 Hao Q,Liu H Y,Liu X.Pollen-detected altitudinal migration of forests during the Holocene in the mountainous forest-steppe ecotone in northern China.Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol,2016,446:70-77
17 Zhou K S,Liang X L,Ye Y Y,et al.Analysis of loess pollen in Liu Shu Gully of Wu Cheng at Shanxi(in Chinese).In:Pollen Analysis of Quaternary and Paleoenvironment.Beijing:Science Press,1960[周昆叔,梁秀龙,叶永英,等.山西午城柳树沟黄土花粉分析.见:第四纪孢粉分析与古环境.北京:科学出版社,1960]
18 Liu D S.The Evolution of Nature Environment and Development Trend in North-West China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2004.191-244[刘东生.西北地区自然环境演变及其发展趋势.北京:科学出版社,2004.191-244]
19 Jiang W Y,Chen Y F,Yang X X,et al.Chinese Loess Plateau vegetation since the Last Glacial Maximum and its implications for vegetation restoration.J Appl Ecol,2013,50:440-448
20 Wang K F,Wang X Z.Introduction to Palynology(in Chinese).Beijing:Peking University Press,1983[王开发,王宪曾.孢粉学概论.北京:北京大学出版社,1983]
21 Sun X J,Luo Y L,Chen H C.The research development of China Quaternary deep-sea pollen(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,2003,48:1613-1621[孙湘君,罗运利,陈怀成.中国第四纪深海孢粉研究进展.科学通报,2003,48:1613-1621]
22 Kong Z C,Du N Q,Shan F S.A Preliminary study of vegetational changes in space-time on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since Late Cenozoic(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,1996,13:339-351[孔昭宸,杜乃秋,山发寿.青藏高原晚新生代以来植被时空变化的初步探讨.微体古生物学报,1996,13:339-351]
23 Tang L Y,Wang R,Kong Z C.Pollen analytical investigation of the Ruoguo Glacier in southeast Xizang(in Chinese).Acta Bot Sin,1983,25:171-178[唐领余,王睿,孔昭宸.西藏东南部若果冰川的孢粉分析.植物学报,1983,25:171-178]
24 Wischnewski J,Kramer A,Kong Z C,et al.Terrestrial and aquatic responses to climate change and human impact on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the past two centuries.Glob Change Biol,2011,17:3376-3391
25 Zhang Y,Kong Z C,Zhang Q B,et al.Holocene climate events inferred from modern and fossil pollen records in Butuo Lake,Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Clim Change,2015,133:223-235
26 LüH Y,Wu N Q,Liu K B,et al.Modern pollen distributions in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes.Quat Sci Rev,2011,30:947-966
27 Shi Y F,Kong Z C,Wang S M,et al.Mid-Holocene climates and environments in China.Glob Planet Change,1993,7:219-234
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