TDG过饱和高含沙水体对鲤幼鱼的影响
|
摘要
高坝泄洪后产生的总溶解气体(Total dissolved gas,TDG)过饱和含沙水体威胁着下游河道鱼类的生存。以鲤(Cyprinus carpio)幼鱼为实验对象,中值粒径为7μm的泥沙为实验用沙,开展不同规格鲤幼鱼受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫的耐受性实验。结果表明,实验开始后不久,鲤幼鱼出现较明显的异常行为和气泡病症状;在无沙和含沙量为1 500 mg/L的TDG过饱和(饱和度为125%、130%、135%)水体中,无沙水体第一批实验鱼[体长(6.40±0.10) cm、体重(5.80±0.20) g]的中位生存时间为14.3 h、10.3 h、9.1 h,含沙水体(1 500 mg/L)第一批实验鱼的中位生存时间为13.0 h、9.8 h、7.1 h,两者无显著性差异(P>0.05);含沙量为1 500 mg/L的TDG过饱和(饱和度为125%、130%、135%)水体中,第二批小规格实验鱼[体长(5.80±0.25) cm、体重(2.00±0.31) g]的中位生存时间为12.6 h、10.2 h、7.4 h,第三批大规格实验鱼[体长(8.50±0.57) cm、体重(9.50±0.48) g]中位生存时间为11.2 h、8.6 h、4.5 h,两者也无显著差异(P>0.05),不同规格实验鱼对TDG过饱和含沙水体的耐受性无明显差异(P>0.05)。即使含沙量达到1 500 mg/L,泥沙单独作用并未造成实验鱼异常或死亡,但高饱和度(135%)的过饱和TDG与泥沙共同作用对实验鱼影响较大,降低了实验鱼的中位生存时间(最小值为4.5 h)。
Water from high dam spillways leads to supersaturated total dissolved gases(S-TDG) and high suspended sediment(SS), threatening the survival of downstream fish. Although the number of high dams has increased, there are few reports available on the combined effects of S-TDG and high SS. In this study, the tolerance of Cyprinus carpio to this combination of stressors was investigated. Juvenile fish of different size(small and large) were exposed to S-TDG at saturations of 125%, 130% and 135%, without SS(0 mg/L) and with SS(1 500 mg/L; average median diameter, 7 μm). During the exposure of each treatment group, abnormal activity, exposure symptoms, exposure time at death and death rate were recorded and median survival time calculated. C. carpio displayed abnormal behaviors and symptoms of gas bubble disease in the 125%, 130% and 135% S-TDG groups. Response intensity increased with degree of TDG supersaturation, exposure time and fish size. Median survival times [average full length,(6.40±0.10) cm; average weight,(5.80±0.20) g] were, respectively, 14.3 h, 10.3 h and 9.1 h at S-TDG levels of 125%, 130%, 135%, without SS, and 13.0 h, 9.8 h and 7.1 h with SS. There was not a significant difference between S-TDG treatments with SS and those without SS. At S-TDG levels of 125%, 130%, 135%, with SS, the respective median survival times of smaller fish [fork length,(5.80±0.25) cm; weight,(2.00±0.31) g] were 12.6 h, 10.2 h and 7.4 h and, for larger fish [fork length,(8.50±0.57) cm; weight,(9.50±0.48) g], 11.2 h, 8.6 h and 4.5 h. The differences in median survival times between small and large fish were not significant. While SS(1500 mg/L) alone did not result in abnormal activity or death, the combined effect of S-TDG(135%) and SS decreased median survival time to 4.5 h. Our results provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effect of flood discharges on fish and supports efforts to protect aquatic organisms downstream from high dams.
Water from high dam spillways leads to supersaturated total dissolved gases(S-TDG) and high suspended sediment(SS), threatening the survival of downstream fish. Although the number of high dams has increased, there are few reports available on the combined effects of S-TDG and high SS. In this study, the tolerance of Cyprinus carpio to this combination of stressors was investigated. Juvenile fish of different size(small and large) were exposed to S-TDG at saturations of 125%, 130% and 135%, without SS(0 mg/L) and with SS(1 500 mg/L; average median diameter, 7 μm). During the exposure of each treatment group, abnormal activity, exposure symptoms, exposure time at death and death rate were recorded and median survival time calculated. C. carpio displayed abnormal behaviors and symptoms of gas bubble disease in the 125%, 130% and 135% S-TDG groups. Response intensity increased with degree of TDG supersaturation, exposure time and fish size. Median survival times [average full length,(6.40±0.10) cm; average weight,(5.80±0.20) g] were, respectively, 14.3 h, 10.3 h and 9.1 h at S-TDG levels of 125%, 130%, 135%, without SS, and 13.0 h, 9.8 h and 7.1 h with SS. There was not a significant difference between S-TDG treatments with SS and those without SS. At S-TDG levels of 125%, 130%, 135%, with SS, the respective median survival times of smaller fish [fork length,(5.80±0.25) cm; weight,(2.00±0.31) g] were 12.6 h, 10.2 h and 7.4 h and, for larger fish [fork length,(8.50±0.57) cm; weight,(9.50±0.48) g], 11.2 h, 8.6 h and 4.5 h. The differences in median survival times between small and large fish were not significant. While SS(1500 mg/L) alone did not result in abnormal activity or death, the combined effect of S-TDG(135%) and SS decreased median survival time to 4.5 h. Our results provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effect of flood discharges on fish and supports efforts to protect aquatic organisms downstream from high dams.
引文
白音包力皋,陈兴茹,2012.水库排沙对下游河流鱼类影响研究进展[J].泥沙研究,(1):74-81.
陈世超,2012.高坝下游过饱和TDG对胭脂鱼的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学.
黄翔,2010.高坝泄水产生TDG过饱和对岩原鲤的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学.
蒋亮,李嘉,李然,等,2008.紫坪铺坝下游过饱和溶解气体原型观测研究[J].水科学进展,19(7) :367-371.
李博,2012.水体TDG过饱和对重口裂腹鱼早期生长发育的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学.
李然,李嘉,李克锋,等,2009.高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和预测研究[J].中国科学E辑(技术科学),39(12) :2001-2006.
李 E T著,陈家鼎,戴中维译,1998.生存数据分析的统计方法[M].北京:中国统计出版社.
刘成,王兆印,何耘,等,2007.武汉东湖泥沙需氧量现场测试[J].水利学报,38(11):1296-1300.
曲璐,李然,李克锋,等,2011.高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和影响的原型观测[J].中国科学(技术科学),41(2) :177-183.
唐诗,孙涛,沈小梅,等,2013.水体浊度变化影响下的河口溶解氧系统动力学模型及应用[J].水利学报,44(11):1286-1294.
吴松,姜文,刘晓庆,等,2012.TDG 过饱和对鲫鱼的急性毒性效应及 CAT 活性的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),44(S1):66-70.
杨桂文,安利国,1999.鱼类粘液细胞研究进展[J].水产学报,(4):403-408.
袁嫄,袁佺,王远铭,等,2017.总溶解气体过饱和对长薄鳅的急性和慢性致死效应研究[J].工程科学与技术,49(S2):56-61.
张亦然,杜秋成,王远铭,等,2014.总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究[J].水利学报,45(9):1029-1037.
中华人民共和国水利部,2011.中国河流泥沙公报[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.
Backman T W H,Evans A F,2002.Gas bubble trauma incidence in adult salmonids in the Columbia River Basin[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,22(2):579-584.
Beeman J W,Venditti D A,Morris R G,et al,2003.Gas Bubble Disease in Resident Fish below Grand Coulee Dam[R].Final Report of Research,Western Fisheries Research Center,Columbia River Research Laboratory,US Geological Survey,Cook,WA.
Crosa G,Castelli E,Gentili G,et al,2010.Effects of suspended sediments from reservior flushing on fish and macroinvertebrates in an alpine stream[J].Biomedical and Life Seiences,Aquatic Sciences-Research Across Boundaries,72(1):85-95.
Donald G R,1980.Etiology of gas bubble disease[J].Transactions of the Americould Fisheries Society,109:703-707.
Liu X Q,Li K F,Du J,et al,2011.Growth rate,catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang) exposed to supersaturated total dissolved gas[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science B,12(11):909-914.
Rowe D K,Hicks M,Smith J P,et al,2009.Lethal concentrations of suspended solids for common native fish species that are rare in New Zealand rivers with high suspended solids loads[J].New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,43(5):1029-1038.
Staub E,2000.Effects of sediment flushing on fish and invertebrates in Swiss Alpine Rivers[C].International Workshop and Symposium on Reservoir sedimentation Management,Toyama City,Japan:185-193.
陈世超,2012.高坝下游过饱和TDG对胭脂鱼的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学.
黄翔,2010.高坝泄水产生TDG过饱和对岩原鲤的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学.
蒋亮,李嘉,李然,等,2008.紫坪铺坝下游过饱和溶解气体原型观测研究[J].水科学进展,19(7) :367-371.
李博,2012.水体TDG过饱和对重口裂腹鱼早期生长发育的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学.
李然,李嘉,李克锋,等,2009.高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和预测研究[J].中国科学E辑(技术科学),39(12) :2001-2006.
李 E T著,陈家鼎,戴中维译,1998.生存数据分析的统计方法[M].北京:中国统计出版社.
刘成,王兆印,何耘,等,2007.武汉东湖泥沙需氧量现场测试[J].水利学报,38(11):1296-1300.
曲璐,李然,李克锋,等,2011.高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和影响的原型观测[J].中国科学(技术科学),41(2) :177-183.
唐诗,孙涛,沈小梅,等,2013.水体浊度变化影响下的河口溶解氧系统动力学模型及应用[J].水利学报,44(11):1286-1294.
吴松,姜文,刘晓庆,等,2012.TDG 过饱和对鲫鱼的急性毒性效应及 CAT 活性的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),44(S1):66-70.
杨桂文,安利国,1999.鱼类粘液细胞研究进展[J].水产学报,(4):403-408.
袁嫄,袁佺,王远铭,等,2017.总溶解气体过饱和对长薄鳅的急性和慢性致死效应研究[J].工程科学与技术,49(S2):56-61.
张亦然,杜秋成,王远铭,等,2014.总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究[J].水利学报,45(9):1029-1037.
中华人民共和国水利部,2011.中国河流泥沙公报[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.
Backman T W H,Evans A F,2002.Gas bubble trauma incidence in adult salmonids in the Columbia River Basin[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,22(2):579-584.
Beeman J W,Venditti D A,Morris R G,et al,2003.Gas Bubble Disease in Resident Fish below Grand Coulee Dam[R].Final Report of Research,Western Fisheries Research Center,Columbia River Research Laboratory,US Geological Survey,Cook,WA.
Crosa G,Castelli E,Gentili G,et al,2010.Effects of suspended sediments from reservior flushing on fish and macroinvertebrates in an alpine stream[J].Biomedical and Life Seiences,Aquatic Sciences-Research Across Boundaries,72(1):85-95.
Donald G R,1980.Etiology of gas bubble disease[J].Transactions of the Americould Fisheries Society,109:703-707.
Liu X Q,Li K F,Du J,et al,2011.Growth rate,catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang) exposed to supersaturated total dissolved gas[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science B,12(11):909-914.
Rowe D K,Hicks M,Smith J P,et al,2009.Lethal concentrations of suspended solids for common native fish species that are rare in New Zealand rivers with high suspended solids loads[J].New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,43(5):1029-1038.
Staub E,2000.Effects of sediment flushing on fish and invertebrates in Swiss Alpine Rivers[C].International Workshop and Symposium on Reservoir sedimentation Management,Toyama City,Japan:185-193.