兰花新入侵害虫康瘿蚊的形态特征、分布危害及防控
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摘要
【目的】研究兰花新入侵害虫康瘿蚊的形态特征及分布危害特点,为其防控提供参考。【方法】通过田间观察康瘿蚊的危害特点,并采集虫样于室内饲养,在体视显微镜及解剖镜下观察其形态特征。【结果】康瘿蚊雌成虫体长1.2~1.7 mm,雄虫略小;复眼位于头顶,由10个小眼面组成;前翅长1.2~1.5 mm,半透明,后翅特化为平衡棒;雄虫阳茎顶端尖,向外延伸,超出肛下板,雌虫产卵器较长,长度大于腹部的1/2。老熟幼虫长可达2.2 mm,白色至淡黄色,蛆状。蛹为被蛹,长约1.2 mm,椭圆形。目前已记录康瘿蚊寄主植物共10科22种,已知分布危害地区有:中国(台湾)、泰国、新加坡、菲律宾、日本、柬埔寨、越南、美国、澳大利亚等。康瘿蚊雌虫通常将卵产于植株顶端幼嫩的花苞上,造成花苞畸形、变色、褪色等,使花苞不能正常开放而脱落。【建议】加强检疫,避免康瘿蚊通过切花等传入我国其他省(市);对已发生康瘿蚊危害地区应采取农业、物理和化学防治等措施控制其种群密度,避免其扩散传播。
【Objective】Morphological characteristics, distribution and damage characteristics of a new invasive orchid pest Contarinia maculipennis Felt(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied to provide references for its control and prevention. 【Method】Damage characteristics of Contarinia maculipennis were observed in the field. Contarinia maculipennis samples were collected to grow indoors and their morphological characteristics were observed under stereoscopic microscope and anatomical lens. 【Result】Contarinia maculipennis female adult body length was 1.2-1.7 mm, while male adult was relatively small. Compound eye consisted of ten facets was in vertex. The fore wing with 1.2-1.5 mm was translucent. Underwings were specialized as halteres. The needle apex of male aedeagus extended outwards exceeding subanal plate. Female ovipositor was long, and its length was longer than half abdominal. Aging larva was as long as 2.2 mm, and presented maggot shape with white to yellowish. Oval pupa was obtect pupa with length of 1.2 mm. There were 10 families and 22 species of host plants of recorded Contarinia maculipennis. The known affected areas of Contarinia maculipennis were China(Taiwan), Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Japan, Cambodia, Vietnam, the United States and Australia. Male Contarinia maculipennis normally laid eggs on tender buds of plant top, which made the buds deform, discolor and fade. Consequently, the buds fell off instead of blooming naturally. 【Suggestion】Quarantine and control measures should be strengthened in the invaded regions to avoid the pest spread to other cities and provinces in our country. In the invaded regions, agricultural, physical and chemical measures should be adopted to control population density and avoid further invasion.
【Objective】Morphological characteristics, distribution and damage characteristics of a new invasive orchid pest Contarinia maculipennis Felt(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied to provide references for its control and prevention. 【Method】Damage characteristics of Contarinia maculipennis were observed in the field. Contarinia maculipennis samples were collected to grow indoors and their morphological characteristics were observed under stereoscopic microscope and anatomical lens. 【Result】Contarinia maculipennis female adult body length was 1.2-1.7 mm, while male adult was relatively small. Compound eye consisted of ten facets was in vertex. The fore wing with 1.2-1.5 mm was translucent. Underwings were specialized as halteres. The needle apex of male aedeagus extended outwards exceeding subanal plate. Female ovipositor was long, and its length was longer than half abdominal. Aging larva was as long as 2.2 mm, and presented maggot shape with white to yellowish. Oval pupa was obtect pupa with length of 1.2 mm. There were 10 families and 22 species of host plants of recorded Contarinia maculipennis. The known affected areas of Contarinia maculipennis were China(Taiwan), Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Japan, Cambodia, Vietnam, the United States and Australia. Male Contarinia maculipennis normally laid eggs on tender buds of plant top, which made the buds deform, discolor and fade. Consequently, the buds fell off instead of blooming naturally. 【Suggestion】Quarantine and control measures should be strengthened in the invaded regions to avoid the pest spread to other cities and provinces in our country. In the invaded regions, agricultural, physical and chemical measures should be adopted to control population density and avoid further invasion.
引文
刘忠善,段歌涛,丁元明,郭倩.2009.云南口岸截获危险性害虫康瘿蚊[J].植物检疫,23(2):39-41.Liu Z S,Duan G T,Ding Y M,Guo Q.2009.The intercepted dangerous pests Contarinia maculipennis in Yunnan ports[J].Plant Quarantine,23(2):39-41.
Felt E P.1933.A hibiscus bud midge new to Hawaii[J].Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society,8(2):247-248.
GagnéR J.1995.Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae),a polyphagous pest newly reported for North America[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,85(2):209-214.
Hara A H,Niino-DuPonte R Y.2002.Blossom midge in Hawaii——A pest on ornamentals and vegetables[J].Honolulu(HI):University of Hawaii.(Insect Pests;IP-11).
Iwaizumi R,Tokuda M,Yukawa J.2007.Identification of ga midges(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)intercepted under plan quarantine inspection at Japanese sea-and airports from2000 to 2005[J].Applied Entomology Zoology,42(2):231240.
Jensen D D.1946.The identity and host plants of blossom midge in Hawaii(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae:Contarinia)[J].Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society,12(3):525-534.
Tokuda M,Yukawa J,Yasuda K,Iwaizumi R.2002.Occurrence of Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)infesting flower buds of Dendrobium phalaenopsis(Orchidaceae)in greenhouses on Okinawa Island,Japan[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,37(4):583-587.
Uechi N,Tokuda M,Yukawa J,Kawamura F,Teramoto K.K,Harris K.M.2003.Confirmation by DNA analysis that Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)is a polyphagous pest of orchids and other unrelated cultivated plants[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,93(6):545-551.
Uechi N,Yukawa J.Tokuda M,Ganaha-Kikumura T,Taniguchi M.2011.New information on host plants and distribution ranges of an invasive gall midge,Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae),and its congeners in Japan[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,46(3):383-389.
Uechi N,Ooishi T,Yasuda K,Yamagishi K,Taniguchi M,Yukawa J.2007a.Discovery of 2 platygastrid species parasitizing Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)from Okinawa,Japan[J].Kyushu Plant Protection Research,53:107-110.
Uechi N,Yasuda K,Gyoutoku N,Yukawa J.2007b.Further detection of an invasive gall midge,Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae),on bitter gourd in Okinawa and on orchids in Fukuoka and Miyazaki,Japan,with urgent warning against careless importation of orchids[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,42(2):277-283.
Felt E P.1933.A hibiscus bud midge new to Hawaii[J].Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society,8(2):247-248.
GagnéR J.1995.Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae),a polyphagous pest newly reported for North America[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,85(2):209-214.
Hara A H,Niino-DuPonte R Y.2002.Blossom midge in Hawaii——A pest on ornamentals and vegetables[J].Honolulu(HI):University of Hawaii.(Insect Pests;IP-11).
Iwaizumi R,Tokuda M,Yukawa J.2007.Identification of ga midges(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)intercepted under plan quarantine inspection at Japanese sea-and airports from2000 to 2005[J].Applied Entomology Zoology,42(2):231240.
Jensen D D.1946.The identity and host plants of blossom midge in Hawaii(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae:Contarinia)[J].Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society,12(3):525-534.
Tokuda M,Yukawa J,Yasuda K,Iwaizumi R.2002.Occurrence of Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)infesting flower buds of Dendrobium phalaenopsis(Orchidaceae)in greenhouses on Okinawa Island,Japan[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,37(4):583-587.
Uechi N,Tokuda M,Yukawa J,Kawamura F,Teramoto K.K,Harris K.M.2003.Confirmation by DNA analysis that Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)is a polyphagous pest of orchids and other unrelated cultivated plants[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,93(6):545-551.
Uechi N,Yukawa J.Tokuda M,Ganaha-Kikumura T,Taniguchi M.2011.New information on host plants and distribution ranges of an invasive gall midge,Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae),and its congeners in Japan[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,46(3):383-389.
Uechi N,Ooishi T,Yasuda K,Yamagishi K,Taniguchi M,Yukawa J.2007a.Discovery of 2 platygastrid species parasitizing Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)from Okinawa,Japan[J].Kyushu Plant Protection Research,53:107-110.
Uechi N,Yasuda K,Gyoutoku N,Yukawa J.2007b.Further detection of an invasive gall midge,Contarinia maculipennis(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae),on bitter gourd in Okinawa and on orchids in Fukuoka and Miyazaki,Japan,with urgent warning against careless importation of orchids[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,42(2):277-283.