贫困村空间分布及影响因素分析——以乌蒙山连片特困区为例
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摘要
针对目前贫困分布研究以大尺度为主而缺乏对小尺度的关注和致贫因素分析忽略个体效应或背景效应的不足,基于空间贫困视角,以乌蒙山片区为研究区域、贫困村为研究对象,运用空间点模式分析方法探究贫困村空间分布特征,并设计多层线性回归模型从贫困村和县域两个层面综合定量剖析贫困影响因素。研究发现:(1)贫困村的空间聚集特征较为明显,总体分布呈现大分散小集中、散点-极核-轴带-团块并存的空间格局。(2)贫困村的贫困程度受多层因素的显著影响。其中,村级影响因素为:人口密度、通路率、劳动力比例、遭受自然灾害频次、安全饮用水比例;县级影响因素为:人均地方生产总值、高中阶段毛入学率、植被覆盖率。(3)农村贫困来源于贫困村与县域的双重作用。因此在精准扶贫工作中,政府及相关部门可针对不同尺度对象有针对性地施策,合理配置扶贫资金。
Current research mainly focuses on large scale and ignores individual effect or background effect in the exploration of poverty contributing factors. Based on the perspective of spatial poverty, this paper, taking the Wumeng Mountain Area as an example and poor villages as the research object, uses spatial point pattern method to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the poor villages and designs multi-level linear regression models to comprehensively and quantitatively analyze the poverty contributing factors at both village and county levels. The results were concluded as follows.(1) The spatial clustering characteristics of the poor villages in the study area were obvious. The overall distribution showed a spatial pattern of both large scatters and small concentrations, and scatter points-polar core-axis-cluster coexisted.(2) The poverty degree of poor villages was significantly affected by multilevel factors. The village-level factors were: population density, road access ratio, labor force ratio, frequency of suffered natural disasters, and safe drinking water ratio.The county-level factors were: per capita GDP, second gross enrollment ratio, and vegetation coverage.(3) The rural poverty in the study area came from the dual role of poor villages and counties. Hence, the government and relevant departments can take targeted measures according to different scales in the poverty alleviation, and allocate funds reasonably for poverty relief.
Current research mainly focuses on large scale and ignores individual effect or background effect in the exploration of poverty contributing factors. Based on the perspective of spatial poverty, this paper, taking the Wumeng Mountain Area as an example and poor villages as the research object, uses spatial point pattern method to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the poor villages and designs multi-level linear regression models to comprehensively and quantitatively analyze the poverty contributing factors at both village and county levels. The results were concluded as follows.(1) The spatial clustering characteristics of the poor villages in the study area were obvious. The overall distribution showed a spatial pattern of both large scatters and small concentrations, and scatter points-polar core-axis-cluster coexisted.(2) The poverty degree of poor villages was significantly affected by multilevel factors. The village-level factors were: population density, road access ratio, labor force ratio, frequency of suffered natural disasters, and safe drinking water ratio.The county-level factors were: per capita GDP, second gross enrollment ratio, and vegetation coverage.(3) The rural poverty in the study area came from the dual role of poor villages and counties. Hence, the government and relevant departments can take targeted measures according to different scales in the poverty alleviation, and allocate funds reasonably for poverty relief.
引文
[1]刘彦随,周扬,刘继来.中国农村贫困化地域分异特征及其精准扶贫策略.中国科学院院刊,2016,31(3):269-278.[Liu Yansui,Zhou Yang,Liu Jilai.Regional differentiation characteristics of rural poverty and targeted poverty alleviation strategy in China.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,31(3):269-278.]
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[10]Chen X W,Pei Z Y,Chen A L,et al.Spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors of poverty:A case study on key country from national contiguous special poverty-stricken areas in China.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2015,26:82-90.
[11]袁媛,伍彬,古叶恒.重庆市城市贫困空间特征和影响因素研究:兼论东西部城市的异同.人文地理,2015,30(1):70-77.[Yuan Yuan,Wu Bin,Gu Yeheng.Spatial pattern and driving forces of urban poverty of Chongqing city:Discussion on similarities and differences between eastern and western cities in China.Human Geography.2015,30(1):70-77.]
[12]李君,李小建.综合区域环境影响下的农村居民点空间分布与影响因素分析:以河南巩义市为例.资源科学,2009,31(7):1195-1204.[Li Jun,Li Xiaojian.Study on the effect factors and distribution changes of rural residential under the multiple regional environment:A case study of Gongyi city in Henan province.Resources Science,2009,31(7):1195-1204.]
[13]郭晓东,张启媛,马利邦.山地-丘陵过渡区乡村聚落空间分布特征及其影响因素分析.经济地理,2012,32(10):114-120.[Guo Xiaodong,Zhang Qiyuan,Ma Libang.Analysis of the spatial distribution character and its influence factors of rural settlement in transition-region between mountain and hilly.Economic Geography,2012,32(10):114-120.]
[14]Ibrahim I,Baiquni M,Ritohardoyo S,et al.Analysis of the factors affecting the poverty in rural areas around gold mine areas in West Sumbawa Regency.Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management,2016,3(3):585-594.
[15]黎洁,邰秀军.西部山区农户贫困脆弱性的影响因素:基于分层模型的实证研究.当代经济科学,2009,31(5):110-115.[Li Jie,Tai Xiujun.An empirical research on the rural households'vulnerability to poverty in west China based on hierarchical linear model.Modern Economic Sceience,2009,31(5):110-115.]
[16]Cao M,Xu D,Xie F,et al.The influence factors analysis of households'poverty vulnerability in southwest ethnic areas of China based on the hierarchical linear model:A case study of Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture.Applied Geography,2016,66(8229):144-152.
[17]Ward P S.Transient poverty,Poverty dynamics,and vulnerability to poverty:An empirical analysis using a balanced panel from rural China.World Development,2016,78:541-553.
[18]Kim R,Mohanty S K,Subramanian S V.Multilevel geographies of poverty in India.World Development,2016,87:349-359.
[19]Ren Z,Ge Y,Wang J,et al.Understanding the inconsistent relationships between socioeconomic factors and poverty incidence across contiguous poverty-stricken regions in China:Multilevel modelling.Spatial Statistics,2017,21:406-420.
[20]闫庆武,卞正富.基于GIS-SDA的居民点空间分布研究.地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(3):57-61.[Yan Qingwu,Bian Zhengfu.Study on distribution pattern of settlements based on GIS-SDA.Geography and Geo-information Science,2008,24(3):57-61.]
[21]赵璐,赵作权.基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究.地理科学,2014,34(8):979-986.[Zhao Lu,Zhao Zuoquan.Projecting the spatial variation of economic based on the specific ellipses in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(8):979-986.]
[22]Raudenbush S W,Bryk A S.A hierarchical linear model:A review.Sociology of Education.1986,59:1-17.
[23]王艳慧,钱乐毅,段福洲,等.村级贫困人口多维测算及其贫困特征分析:以河南省内乡县为例.人口与经济,2014,(5):114-120.[Wang Yanhui,Qian Leyi,Duan Fuzhou,et al.An analysis on multidimensional poverty measurement and research on its spatial distribution pattern:A case study from Neixiang county.Population&Economics,2014,(5):114-120.]
[24]刘小鹏,苏胜亮,王亚娟,等.集中连片特殊困难地区村域空间贫困测度指标体系研究.地理科学,2014,34(4):447-453.[Liu Xiaopeng,Su Shengliang,Wang Yajuan,et al.The index system of spatial poverty of village level to monitor in concentrated contiguous areas with particular difficulties.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(4):447-453.]
[25]Gans H J.The positive functions of poverty.American Journal of Sociology,1972,78(2):275-289.
[26]Rank M R,Hirschl T A.The economic risk of childhood in America:Estimating the probability of poverty across the formative years.Journal of Marriage&Family,1999,61(4):1058-1067.
[27]王艳慧,钱乐毅,陈烨烽,等.生态贫困视角下的贫困县多维贫困综合度量.应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2677-2686.[Wang Yanhui,Qian Leyi,Chen Yefeng,et al.Multidimentional and comprehensive poverty measurement of poverty-stricken counties from the perspective of ecological poverty.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2677-2686.]
[28]丁建军.中国11个集中连片特困区贫困程度比较研究:基于综合发展指数计算的视角.地理科学,2014,34(12):1418-1427.[Ding Jianjun.Comparative analysis on poverty degree of China's 11 contiguous destitute areas:With view of comprehensive development index.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1418-1427.]
[29]姜高霞.分层线性模型方法及其降水量的分层特性研究.北京:华北电力大学硕士学位论文,2012.[Jiang Gaoxia.Hierarchical linear model and its research on hierarchical characteristics of rainfall.Beijing:Master Dissertation of North China Electric Power University,2012.]
[30]叶青青,刘艳芳,刘耀林,等.基于多层线性模型的湖北省县域建设用地集约利用影响因素研究.中国土地科学,2014,(8):33-39.[Ye Qingqing,Liu Yanfang,Liu Yaolin,et al.Study on the impact factors of construction land use intensity at county level in Hubei Province based on hierarchical linear model.China Land Science,2014,(8):33-39.]
[2]李小鹏,苏晓芳,王亚娟,等.空间贫困研究及其对我国贫困地理研究的启示.干旱区地理,2014,37(1):144-152.[Liu Xiaopeng,Su Xiaofang,Wang Yajuan,et al.Review on spatial poverty and deprivation and its enlightenments to poverty geography studies in China.Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):144-152.]
[3]陈烨烽,王艳慧,王小林.中国贫困村测度与空间分布特征分析.地理研究,2016,35(12):2298-2308.[Chen Yefeng,Wang Yanhui,Wang Xiaolin.Measurement and spatial analysis of poverty-stricken villages in China.Geographical Research,2016,35(12):2298-2308.]
[4]Wang Y,Chen Y.Using VPI to measure poverty-stricken villages in China.Social Indicators Research,2017,133(3):1-25.
[5]谯博文,王艳慧.连片特困区交通优势度评价及其与贫困关系研究:以武陵山片区及其周边四省为例.资源开发与市场,2014,30(8):924-928.[Qiao Bowen,Wang Yanhui.Assessment on transport superiority and relation with poverty in contiguous poor areas:A case study of Wuling Mountain Area and its surrounding four provinces.Resource Development&Market.2014,30(8):924-928.]
[6]曹诗颂,王艳慧,赵文吉,等.中国贫困地区生态环境脆弱性与经济贫困的耦合关系:基于连片特困区714个贫困县的实证分析.应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2614-2622.[Cao Shisong,Wang Yanhui,Zhao Wenji,et al.Coupling between ecological vulnerability and economic poverty in contiguous destitute areas,China:Empirical analysis of 714 poverty-stricken counties.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(8):2614-2622.]
[7]Wang Y,Chi Y.Measuring spatiotemporal changes of rural basic public service in poverty-stricken srea of China.International Regional Science Review,2018,41(5):510-539.
[8]Chen Y,Ge Y.Spatial point pattern analysis on the villages in China's poverty-stricken areas.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2015,27:98-105.
[9]罗庆,樊新生,高更和,等.秦巴山区贫困村的空间分布特征及其影响因素.经济地理,2016,36(4):126-132.[Luo Qing,Fan Xinsheng,Gao Genghe,et al.Spatial distribution of poverty village and influencing factors in Qinba Mountains.Economic Geography,2016,36(4):126-132.]
[10]Chen X W,Pei Z Y,Chen A L,et al.Spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors of poverty:A case study on key country from national contiguous special poverty-stricken areas in China.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2015,26:82-90.
[11]袁媛,伍彬,古叶恒.重庆市城市贫困空间特征和影响因素研究:兼论东西部城市的异同.人文地理,2015,30(1):70-77.[Yuan Yuan,Wu Bin,Gu Yeheng.Spatial pattern and driving forces of urban poverty of Chongqing city:Discussion on similarities and differences between eastern and western cities in China.Human Geography.2015,30(1):70-77.]
[12]李君,李小建.综合区域环境影响下的农村居民点空间分布与影响因素分析:以河南巩义市为例.资源科学,2009,31(7):1195-1204.[Li Jun,Li Xiaojian.Study on the effect factors and distribution changes of rural residential under the multiple regional environment:A case study of Gongyi city in Henan province.Resources Science,2009,31(7):1195-1204.]
[13]郭晓东,张启媛,马利邦.山地-丘陵过渡区乡村聚落空间分布特征及其影响因素分析.经济地理,2012,32(10):114-120.[Guo Xiaodong,Zhang Qiyuan,Ma Libang.Analysis of the spatial distribution character and its influence factors of rural settlement in transition-region between mountain and hilly.Economic Geography,2012,32(10):114-120.]
[14]Ibrahim I,Baiquni M,Ritohardoyo S,et al.Analysis of the factors affecting the poverty in rural areas around gold mine areas in West Sumbawa Regency.Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management,2016,3(3):585-594.
[15]黎洁,邰秀军.西部山区农户贫困脆弱性的影响因素:基于分层模型的实证研究.当代经济科学,2009,31(5):110-115.[Li Jie,Tai Xiujun.An empirical research on the rural households'vulnerability to poverty in west China based on hierarchical linear model.Modern Economic Sceience,2009,31(5):110-115.]
[16]Cao M,Xu D,Xie F,et al.The influence factors analysis of households'poverty vulnerability in southwest ethnic areas of China based on the hierarchical linear model:A case study of Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture.Applied Geography,2016,66(8229):144-152.
[17]Ward P S.Transient poverty,Poverty dynamics,and vulnerability to poverty:An empirical analysis using a balanced panel from rural China.World Development,2016,78:541-553.
[18]Kim R,Mohanty S K,Subramanian S V.Multilevel geographies of poverty in India.World Development,2016,87:349-359.
[19]Ren Z,Ge Y,Wang J,et al.Understanding the inconsistent relationships between socioeconomic factors and poverty incidence across contiguous poverty-stricken regions in China:Multilevel modelling.Spatial Statistics,2017,21:406-420.
[20]闫庆武,卞正富.基于GIS-SDA的居民点空间分布研究.地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(3):57-61.[Yan Qingwu,Bian Zhengfu.Study on distribution pattern of settlements based on GIS-SDA.Geography and Geo-information Science,2008,24(3):57-61.]
[21]赵璐,赵作权.基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究.地理科学,2014,34(8):979-986.[Zhao Lu,Zhao Zuoquan.Projecting the spatial variation of economic based on the specific ellipses in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(8):979-986.]
[22]Raudenbush S W,Bryk A S.A hierarchical linear model:A review.Sociology of Education.1986,59:1-17.
[23]王艳慧,钱乐毅,段福洲,等.村级贫困人口多维测算及其贫困特征分析:以河南省内乡县为例.人口与经济,2014,(5):114-120.[Wang Yanhui,Qian Leyi,Duan Fuzhou,et al.An analysis on multidimensional poverty measurement and research on its spatial distribution pattern:A case study from Neixiang county.Population&Economics,2014,(5):114-120.]
[24]刘小鹏,苏胜亮,王亚娟,等.集中连片特殊困难地区村域空间贫困测度指标体系研究.地理科学,2014,34(4):447-453.[Liu Xiaopeng,Su Shengliang,Wang Yajuan,et al.The index system of spatial poverty of village level to monitor in concentrated contiguous areas with particular difficulties.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(4):447-453.]
[25]Gans H J.The positive functions of poverty.American Journal of Sociology,1972,78(2):275-289.
[26]Rank M R,Hirschl T A.The economic risk of childhood in America:Estimating the probability of poverty across the formative years.Journal of Marriage&Family,1999,61(4):1058-1067.
[27]王艳慧,钱乐毅,陈烨烽,等.生态贫困视角下的贫困县多维贫困综合度量.应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2677-2686.[Wang Yanhui,Qian Leyi,Chen Yefeng,et al.Multidimentional and comprehensive poverty measurement of poverty-stricken counties from the perspective of ecological poverty.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2677-2686.]
[28]丁建军.中国11个集中连片特困区贫困程度比较研究:基于综合发展指数计算的视角.地理科学,2014,34(12):1418-1427.[Ding Jianjun.Comparative analysis on poverty degree of China's 11 contiguous destitute areas:With view of comprehensive development index.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1418-1427.]
[29]姜高霞.分层线性模型方法及其降水量的分层特性研究.北京:华北电力大学硕士学位论文,2012.[Jiang Gaoxia.Hierarchical linear model and its research on hierarchical characteristics of rainfall.Beijing:Master Dissertation of North China Electric Power University,2012.]
[30]叶青青,刘艳芳,刘耀林,等.基于多层线性模型的湖北省县域建设用地集约利用影响因素研究.中国土地科学,2014,(8):33-39.[Ye Qingqing,Liu Yanfang,Liu Yaolin,et al.Study on the impact factors of construction land use intensity at county level in Hubei Province based on hierarchical linear model.China Land Science,2014,(8):33-39.]