廊坊市和呼和浩特市PM_(2.5)浓度及呼吸系统疾病患病率比较
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摘要
目的探讨高PM_(2.5)地区居民呼吸系统疾病患病率情况。方法选取廊坊市、呼和浩特市居民共2 139名填写呼吸系统流行病学调查表,统计2016年两地呼吸系统疾病患病率,比较两地区患病率差异。收集2013-2016年两地区年均PM_(2.5)浓度,根据呼吸系统疾病患病率探讨呼吸系统疾病和PM_(2.5)的相关性。结果廊坊市年均PM_(2.5)浓度[(97.34±8.41)vs.(44.50±9.61)(μg/m~3),t=8.278,P<0.001]、AQI[(135.33±5.40)vs.(77.67±9.70),t=10.39,P<0.001]明显高于呼和浩特市。2016年廊坊市鼻炎(30.92%vs. 19.63%,χ~2=36.137,P<0.001)、鼻敏感(17.11%vs. 6.60%,χ~2=56.536,P<0.001)、咽炎(27.44%vs. 19.26%,χ~2=20.042,P<0.001)、急性上呼吸道感染(23.81%vs. 20.02%,χ~2=4.499,P=0.034)、支气管炎(9.12%vs. 5.49%,χ~2=10.411,P=0.001)、哮喘(5.73%vs. 3.81%,χ~2=4.337,P=0.037)、COPD(7.33%vs. 1.21%,χ~2=49.194,P<0.001)、肺炎(9.12%vs. 3.07%,χ~2=34.352,P<0.001)、间质性肺病(6.86%vs. 0.56%,χ~2=59.721,P<0.001)患病率均高于呼和浩特市。廊坊市51～岁(8.28%vs. 0.63%,χ~2=10.923,P=0.001)、61～岁(8.57%vs. 1.55%,χ~2=13.416,P<0.001)、71～岁(15.92%vs. 2.67%,χ~2=26.929,P<0.001)年龄组人群COPD患病率高于呼和浩特市。21～<31岁人群哮喘患病率呼和浩特市高于廊坊(10.26%vs. 1.27%,P=0.040),71～岁人群哮喘患病率廊坊高于呼和浩特市(8.57%vs. 2.67%,χ~2=8.446,P=0.004)。廊坊市PM_(2.5)浓度与鼻炎、咽炎、上感呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论廊坊市年均PM_(2.5)浓度、呼吸系统疾病患病率高于呼和浩特市。
Objective To investigate the incidence of respiratory diseases in residents of regions with high PM_(2.5) concentration. Methods A total of 2,139 residents in Langfang City and Hohhot City were selected to fill in an epidemiological questionnaire regarding respiratory system. The incidence rates of respiratory diseases in the two cities in 2016 were calculated, and the differences of the incidence rates between the two cities were compared. The annual average concentration of PM_(2.5) in the two cities during 2013-2016 was collected. The correlation between respiratory diseases and PM_(2.5) was explored based on the incidence rates of the two cities. Results The average annual concentration of PM_(2.5) [(97.34±8.41) vs.(44.50±9.61)(μg/m~3),t=8.278,P<0.001] and air quality index(AQI) [(135.33±5.40) vs.(77.67±9.70), t=10.39, P<0.001] were higher in Langfang City than in Hohhot City. The incidence rates of rhinitis(30.92% vs. 19.63%, χ~2=36.137, P<0.001), nasal hypersensitivity(17.11% vs. 6.60%, χ~2=56.536, P<0.001), pharyngitis(27.44% vs. 19.26%, χ~2=20.042, P<0.001), acute upper respiratory tract infection(23.81% vs. 20.02%, χ~2=4.499, P=0.034), bronchitis(9.12% vs. 5.49%, χ~2=10.411, P=0.001), asthma(5.73% vs. 3.81%, χ~2=4.337, P=0.037), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder(COPD)(7.33% vs. 1.21%, χ~2=49.194, P<0.001), pneumonia(9.12% vs. 3.07%, χ~2=34.352, P<0.001) and interstitial lung disease(6.86% vs. 0.56%, χ~2=59.721, P<0.001) in Langfang City in 2016 was higher than those in Hohhot City(all P<0.05). The incidence rates of COPD in the age groups of 51 years and above(8.28% vs. 0.63%, χ~2=10.923, P=0.001), 61 years and above(8.57% vs. 1.55%, χ~2=13.416, P<0.001) and 71 years and above(15.92% vs. 2.67%, χ~2=26.929, P<0.001) in Langfang City were higher than those in Hohhot City. The incidence rate of asthma in the population aged 21-30 years in Hohhot City was higher than that in Langfang City( 10.26% vs.1. 27%,P = 0.040). The incidence rate of asthma in the population aged 71 years and above in Langfang City was higher than that in Hohhot City( 8.57% vs. 2.67%,χ~2= 8.446,P = 0.004). The concentration of PM_(2.5) was positively correlated with rhinitis,pharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection( P<0.05). Conclusions The average annual concentration of PM_(2.5) and the incidence rate of respiratory diseases are higher in Langfang City than in Hohhot City.
Objective To investigate the incidence of respiratory diseases in residents of regions with high PM_(2.5) concentration. Methods A total of 2,139 residents in Langfang City and Hohhot City were selected to fill in an epidemiological questionnaire regarding respiratory system. The incidence rates of respiratory diseases in the two cities in 2016 were calculated, and the differences of the incidence rates between the two cities were compared. The annual average concentration of PM_(2.5) in the two cities during 2013-2016 was collected. The correlation between respiratory diseases and PM_(2.5) was explored based on the incidence rates of the two cities. Results The average annual concentration of PM_(2.5) [(97.34±8.41) vs.(44.50±9.61)(μg/m~3),t=8.278,P<0.001] and air quality index(AQI) [(135.33±5.40) vs.(77.67±9.70), t=10.39, P<0.001] were higher in Langfang City than in Hohhot City. The incidence rates of rhinitis(30.92% vs. 19.63%, χ~2=36.137, P<0.001), nasal hypersensitivity(17.11% vs. 6.60%, χ~2=56.536, P<0.001), pharyngitis(27.44% vs. 19.26%, χ~2=20.042, P<0.001), acute upper respiratory tract infection(23.81% vs. 20.02%, χ~2=4.499, P=0.034), bronchitis(9.12% vs. 5.49%, χ~2=10.411, P=0.001), asthma(5.73% vs. 3.81%, χ~2=4.337, P=0.037), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder(COPD)(7.33% vs. 1.21%, χ~2=49.194, P<0.001), pneumonia(9.12% vs. 3.07%, χ~2=34.352, P<0.001) and interstitial lung disease(6.86% vs. 0.56%, χ~2=59.721, P<0.001) in Langfang City in 2016 was higher than those in Hohhot City(all P<0.05). The incidence rates of COPD in the age groups of 51 years and above(8.28% vs. 0.63%, χ~2=10.923, P=0.001), 61 years and above(8.57% vs. 1.55%, χ~2=13.416, P<0.001) and 71 years and above(15.92% vs. 2.67%, χ~2=26.929, P<0.001) in Langfang City were higher than those in Hohhot City. The incidence rate of asthma in the population aged 21-30 years in Hohhot City was higher than that in Langfang City( 10.26% vs.1. 27%,P = 0.040). The incidence rate of asthma in the population aged 71 years and above in Langfang City was higher than that in Hohhot City( 8.57% vs. 2.67%,χ~2= 8.446,P = 0.004). The concentration of PM_(2.5) was positively correlated with rhinitis,pharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection( P<0.05). Conclusions The average annual concentration of PM_(2.5) and the incidence rate of respiratory diseases are higher in Langfang City than in Hohhot City.
引文
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[2] Ginsberg GM,Kaliner E,Grotto I.Mortality,hospital days and expenditures attributable to ambient air pollution from particulate matter in Israel[J].Isr J Health Policy Res,2016,5:51.
[3] Gao M,Guttikunda SK,Carmichael GR,et al.Health impacts and economic losses assessment of the 2013 severe haze event in Beijing area[J].Sci Total Environ,2015,511:553-561.
[4] 中华人民共和国环境保护部.环境保护部发布2013年重点区域和74个城市空气质量状况[EB/OL].(2018-05-24)[2018-08-20].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-05/24/content_5293131.htm.
[5] 李瑞芃,吴琳.廊坊市区主要大气污染源排放清单的建立[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(10):3527-3534.
[6] 王海燕,王明仕.呼和浩特市大气污染物污染特征及污染物的相关性分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(3):182-183.
[7] 杨财平,马蓓蓓,余青,等.宜昌市PM2.5的污染特征及其风险评价[J].实用预防医学,2017,24(10):1209-1212.
[8] Onat B,Alver Sahin U,Bayat C.Assessment of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere:size distribution,metal composition and source characterization using principal component analysis[J].J Environ Monit,2012,14(5):1400-1409.
[9] 安静宇,李莉,黄成,等.2013年1月中国东部地区重污染过程中上海市细颗粒物的来源追踪模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(10):2635-2644.
[10] 杨春雪,阚海东,陈仁杰.我国大气细颗粒物水平、成分、来源及污染特征[J].环境与健康杂志,2011,28(8):735-738,753.
[11] 于亚歌.PM2.5 对呼吸系统疾病的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2017.
[12] Tsai SS,Chiu HF,Liou SH,et al.Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases:a case-crossover study in a tropical city[J].J Toxicol Environ Health A,2014,77(18):1091-1101.
[13] Xu Q,Li X,Wang S,et al.Fine particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for respiratory disease in urban areas in Beijing,China,in 2013[J].PLoS One,2016,11(4):e0153099.
[14] 殷永文,程金平,段玉森,等.上海市霾期间PM2.5、PM10污染与呼吸科、儿呼吸科门诊人数的相关分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(7):1894-1898.
[15] 刘晓莉,李红,孟紫强.PM2.5对大鼠心、肺、睾丸的氧化损伤作用[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(2):160-164.
[16] 王旭英,李国星,金晓斌,等.2012-2013年北京市大气PM2.5浓度与某三级甲等医院急诊人次相关性研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,2016,50(1):73-78.
[17] Haavens D,Jary HR,Patel LB,et al.Strategies for reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household burning of solid fules:effects on acute lower respiratory infections in children under the age of 15 years[J].Cocchrane DB Syst R,2015,19(1):1-10.
[18] 郭璇.气候变化对人口死亡率的影响-基于内蒙古数据的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2014.
[19] Mohammad HF,Alexander L,Anderson HR,et al.Global,regional,and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural,environmental and occupational,and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries,1990 -2013:a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013[J].Lancet,388,10053:1659-1724.
[20] Fossati S,Baccarelli A,Zanobetti A,et al.Ambient particulate air pollution and micro RNAs in elderly men[J].Epidemiology,2014,25(1):68-78.