屋顶绿化对室外微气候的降温增湿效果
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摘要
在高密度城市中,建筑屋顶具有巨大的开发利用潜力,通过结合绿化打造屋顶休闲空间,不仅可以改善屋顶上部微气候,还能有效提高城市绿量。以重庆典型气候条件下绿化屋顶常用的3种屋顶绿化植物为研究对象,采用实测与理论分析相结合的方法,探究不同屋顶绿化植物对周围环境的降温增湿效果。实验结果表明,屋顶绿化的降温增湿作用从正午高温之后持续至次日日出,增湿作用夜间效果更为突出,植物的降温效果在其表面最显著;植物叶面积指数与其反射辐射量呈反向相关。3种植物中,小叶景天综合效果最好,在其表面日间最大降温11.7℃,在300、700mm处夜间分别降温4.64、3.97℃,其最大增湿效果出现在19:00,增湿33.1%。
Green roof has been recognized as a complement of urban green and an ecological solution to mitigate urban heat island(UHI)effects.The benefits of green roof in microclimate at the building scale have been identified by previous studies,but some quantitative data of the wider influence on neighborhood microclimate are still needed.Therefore,a field measurement was conducted in Chongqing to investigate the green-roof effects on outdoor microclimate.From the derived data,it has been verified that the thermal benefits of green roof begin from the high temperature noon to the next sunrise,and the humidification effect was more prominent at night,the most significant cooling effect of plants was at the surface.Meanwhile,the leaf area index of plants was inversely correlated with the amount of reflected radiation.The Sedum Makinoi had the best combined effect of three plants,the maximum cooling temperature was 11.7℃ during the day and the temperature was 4.64℃ and 3.97℃ respectively at 300 mm and 700 mm,the maximum humidification effect appeared at 19:00 at sunset and humidified 33.1%.
Green roof has been recognized as a complement of urban green and an ecological solution to mitigate urban heat island(UHI)effects.The benefits of green roof in microclimate at the building scale have been identified by previous studies,but some quantitative data of the wider influence on neighborhood microclimate are still needed.Therefore,a field measurement was conducted in Chongqing to investigate the green-roof effects on outdoor microclimate.From the derived data,it has been verified that the thermal benefits of green roof begin from the high temperature noon to the next sunrise,and the humidification effect was more prominent at night,the most significant cooling effect of plants was at the surface.Meanwhile,the leaf area index of plants was inversely correlated with the amount of reflected radiation.The Sedum Makinoi had the best combined effect of three plants,the maximum cooling temperature was 11.7℃ during the day and the temperature was 4.64℃ and 3.97℃ respectively at 300 mm and 700 mm,the maximum humidification effect appeared at 19:00 at sunset and humidified 33.1%.
引文
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[20]李耕.景天科植物屋顶绿化夏季隔热研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2008.LI G.The heat insulation of Jingtian green roof plants in summer[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2008.(in Chinese)
[2]ALEXANDRI E,JONES P.Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates[J].Building and Environment,2008,43(4):480-493.
[3]ALCAZAR S S,OLIVIERI F,NEILA J.Green roofs:Experimental and analytical study of its potential for urban microclimate regulation in Mediterraneancontinental climates[J].Urban Climate,2016,17:304-317.
[4]BERARDI U.The outdoor microclimate benefits and energy saving resulting from green roofs retrofits[J].Energy and Buildings,2016,121:217-229.
[5]TAKEBAYASHI H,MORIYAMA M.Surface heat budget on green roof and high reflection roof for mitigation of urban heat island[J].Building and Environment,2007,42(8):2971-2979.
[6]PENG L,JIM C.Green-roof effects on neighborhood microclimate and human thermal sensation[J].Energies,2013,6(2):598-618.
[7]俞伟,关庆伟.基于文献计量学的屋顶绿化研究综述[J].中国园林,2015,31(1):74-78.YU W,GUAN Q W.A bibliometric review of green roof research[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(1):74-78.(in Chinese)
[8]黄瑞,董靓,吴林梅.基于地理信息技术的成都市屋顶绿化现状调查与分析[J].中国园林,2015,31(1):79-82.HUANG R,DONG L,WU L M.Status analysis of Chengdu city green roof based on GIS[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(1):79-82.(in Chinese)
[9]史源,吴恩融.香港城市高空绿化实践[J].中国园林,2015,31(3):86-90.SHI Y,NG Y Y.Practice of urban skyrise greening in Hong Kong[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(3):86-90.(in Chinese)
[10]杨小山,赵立华.城市微气候对建筑能耗影响的研究方法综述[J].建筑科学,2015,31(12):1-7.YANG X S,ZHAO L H.Impacts of urban microclimate on building energy performance:A review of research methods[J].Building Science,2015,31(12):1-7.(in Chinese)
[11]林波荣.绿化对室外热环境影响的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2004.LIN B R.Studies of greening's effects on outdoor thermal environment[D].Beijing:Tsinghua Univesity,2004.(in Chinese)
[12]李延明,张济和,古润泽.北京城市绿化与热岛效应的关系研究[J].中国园林,2004,20(1):72-75.LI Y M,ZHANG J H,GU R Z.Research on the relationship between urban greening and the effect of urban heat island[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2004,20(1):72-75.(in Chinese)
[13]李月鹏.深圳市屋顶绿化对室外热环境的影响研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.LI Y P.Research on effects of green roof towards outdoor thermal environment in Shenzhen[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2014.(in Chinese)
[14]秦文翠,胡聃,李元征,等.基于ENVI-met的北京典型住宅区微气候数值模拟分析[J].气象与环境学报,2015,31(3):56-62.QIN W C,HU D,LI Y Z,et al.Numerical simulation of microclimate in Beijing typical residential area based on ENVI-met model[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2015,31(3):56-62.(in Chinese)
[15]艾丽皎,冯义龙,谭兴晏.重庆地区屋顶绿化现状调查与分析[J].中国园林,2015,31(11):27-30.AI L J,FENG Y L,TAN X Y.Investigation and analysis of green roof in Chongqing[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(11):27-30.(in Chinese)
[16]WONG N H,CHEN Y,ONG C L,et al.Investigation of thermal benefits of rooftop garden in the tropical environment[J].Building and Environment,2003,38(2):261-270.
[17]ALCAZAR S S,OLIVIERI F,NEILA J.Green roofs:Experimental and analytical study of its potential for urban microclimate regulation in Mediterraneancontinental climates[J].Urban Climate,2016,17:304-317.
[18]SPEAK A F,ROTHWELL J J,LINDLEY S J,et al.Reduction of the urban cooling effects of an intensive green roof due to vegetation damage[J].Urban Climate,2013,3:40-55.
[19]THORNLEY J H M.Mathematical models in plant physiology[M].Academic Press,1976.
[20]李耕.景天科植物屋顶绿化夏季隔热研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2008.LI G.The heat insulation of Jingtian green roof plants in summer[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2008.(in Chinese)