神农架大九湖大气中的多环芳烃
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摘要
为了研究神农架大九湖大气中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的质量浓度、来源及健康风险,用聚氨基甲酸酯泡沫被动采样器对大九湖大气中的PAHs进行了季节性监测.结果表明,大气中ΣPAHs的质量浓度为6.94~184.23 ng·m~(-3),平均值为30.36 ng·m~(-3),主要成分为菲(Phe)、萘(Nap)、芘(Pyr)、荧蒽(Fla)、芴(Flu)和蒽(Ant)等低环数化合物.与其他地区相比,大九湖大气中的PAHs处于较低污染水平.鹿场附近、大九湖泥炭区和大九湖管理局PAHs污染较严重.秋冬季污染较严重,春夏季污染较轻.特征化合物含量比值法和后向轨迹聚类分析法解析结果表明,大九湖大气中的PAHs污染主要来自煤和生物质的燃烧,兼有机动车尾气排放和石油源,既有当地排放又有来自湖北、河南和湖南等地的近源传输和少数西北方向的远源传输.健康风险评价结果表明,总毒性当量质量浓度(ΣBaPeq)年平均值为0.208 ng·m~(-3),低于我国环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)中规定的BaP年平均质量浓度限值(1 ng·m~(-3)),说明大九湖大气中PAHs的健康风险较小.
The concentration,potential source and health risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the atmosphere of Dajiuhu,Shennongjia,China,were studied. Polyurethane foam(PUF) Passive air samplers(PAS) were settled. The results indicated that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs in different samples ranged from 6. 94 to 184. 23 ng·m~(-3),with the mean of 30. 36ng·m~(-3). The dominant compounds were low rings PAHs,such as Phe,Nap,Pyr,Fla,Flu and Ant. Compared with other regions,the PAHs pollution of Dajiuhu atmosphere was at a low level. Higher PAHs concentrations were detected in nearby Deer farm,Dajiuhu peat area and Dajiuhu Wetland Authority. Higher PAHs concentrations were detected in autumn and winter, whereas lower concentrations were detected in spring and summer. Potential pollution sources of PAHs were investigated by diagnostic ratios and backward trajectory analysis,which indicated that coal and biofuel combustion,vehicle emissions and petroleum were the main sources. PAHs of Dajiuhu in air not only came from local emission,but also originated from Hubei,Henan and Hunan's atmosphere transport for most part and long range transport from northwest direction for small part. Health risks assessment results showed that the annual average concentration of total Benzo(a) pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic potency(Σ BaP_(eq)) was 0. 208 ng·m~(-3),lower than the value recommended by Ambient Air Quality Standard of China(GB 3095-2012,1 ng·m~(-3)),indicating a low carcinogenic risk for the local residents.
The concentration,potential source and health risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the atmosphere of Dajiuhu,Shennongjia,China,were studied. Polyurethane foam(PUF) Passive air samplers(PAS) were settled. The results indicated that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs in different samples ranged from 6. 94 to 184. 23 ng·m~(-3),with the mean of 30. 36ng·m~(-3). The dominant compounds were low rings PAHs,such as Phe,Nap,Pyr,Fla,Flu and Ant. Compared with other regions,the PAHs pollution of Dajiuhu atmosphere was at a low level. Higher PAHs concentrations were detected in nearby Deer farm,Dajiuhu peat area and Dajiuhu Wetland Authority. Higher PAHs concentrations were detected in autumn and winter, whereas lower concentrations were detected in spring and summer. Potential pollution sources of PAHs were investigated by diagnostic ratios and backward trajectory analysis,which indicated that coal and biofuel combustion,vehicle emissions and petroleum were the main sources. PAHs of Dajiuhu in air not only came from local emission,but also originated from Hubei,Henan and Hunan's atmosphere transport for most part and long range transport from northwest direction for small part. Health risks assessment results showed that the annual average concentration of total Benzo(a) pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic potency(Σ BaP_(eq)) was 0. 208 ng·m~(-3),lower than the value recommended by Ambient Air Quality Standard of China(GB 3095-2012,1 ng·m~(-3)),indicating a low carcinogenic risk for the local residents.
引文
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[3]Chang K F,Fang G C,Chen J C,et al.Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Asia:a review from 1999 to2004[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,142(3):388-396.
[4]古孜扎尔·米吉提,迪丽努尔·塔力甫,王新明,等.乌鲁木齐南部冬季空气中气相多环芳烃的特征[J].干旱环境监测,2015,29(1):11-17,27.Guzizaeri M,Dilinuer T,Wang X M,et al.Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in southern part of Urumqi Air[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,2015,29(1):11-17,27.
[5]魏志成,常彪,邱炜珣,等.北京市民居室内气态PAHs浓度及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2007,28(9):2074-2079.Wei Z C,Chang B,Qiu W X,et al.Concentrations and influencing factors of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(9):2074-2079.
[6]Zhang Y J,Lin Y,Cai J,et al.Atmospheric PAHs in North China:spatial distribution and sources[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,565:994-1000.
[7]Hong W J,Jia H L,Ma W L,et al.Distribution,fate,inhalation exposure and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some Asian countries[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(13):7163-7174.
[8]Wang J,Yang L,Ma T Y,et al.Source apportionment research of fine particulate matter in the atmosphere by PAHs[J].Chemical Research in Chinese Universities,2016,32(5):746-753.
[9]Kang J H,Choi S D,Park H,et al.Atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the East Rongbuk Glacier in the Himalayas[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,408(1):57-63.
[10]Kallenborn R,Oehme M,Wynn-Williams D D,et al.Ambient air levels and atmospheric long-range transport of persistent organochlorines to Signy Island,Antarctica[J].Science of the Total Environment,1998,220(2-3):167-180.
[11]Wang Y P,Yao T D,Cong Z Y,et al.Gradient distribution of persistent organic contaminants along northern slope of centralHimalayas,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,372(1):193-202.
[12]Gong P,Wang X P,Xue Y G,et al.Influence of atmospheric circulation on the long-range transport of organochlorine pesticides to the western Tibetan Plateau[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,166:157-164.
[13]张华,蔡靖芳,刘会平.神农架大九湖12 500 a.B.P以来的孢粉植物群与气候变化[J].华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,36(1):87-92.Zhang H,Cai J F,Liu H P.The palynofloras and climate change in Dajuhu basin of Shennongjia Mountains during the last12 500 a.B.P[J].Journal of Central China Normal University(Natural Sciences),2002,36(1):87-92.
[14]刘国卿,张干,李军,等.利用SPMD技术监测珠江三角洲大气中多环芳烃[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(3):340-344.Liu G Q,Zhang G,Li J,et al.Studies on monitoring atmospheric PAHs utilizing SPMD technique in the Pearl River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(3):340-344.
[15]Qu C K,Xing X L,Albanese S,et al.Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides along the plain-mountain transect in central China:regional source vs.Long-range transport and air-soil exchange[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:31-40.
[16]Estellano V H,Pozo K,Harner T,et al.Altitudinal and seasonal variations of persistent organic pollutants in the Bolivian Andes mountains[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(7):2528-2534.
[17]Pozo K,Harner T,Wania F,et al.Toward a global network for persistent organic pollutants in air:results from the GAPS Study[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(16):4867-4873.
[18]Liu X,Zhang G,Li J,et al.Seasonal patterns and current sources of DDTs,chlordanes,hexachlorobenzene,and endosulfan in the atmosphere of 37 Chinese cities[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(5):1316-1321.
[19]马万里,李一凡,孙德智,等.哈尔滨市大气气相中多环芳烃的研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3167-3172.Ma W L,Li Y F,Sun D Z,et al.Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Harbin Air[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(11):3167-3172.
[20]黄业茹,狄一安,施钧慧,等.北京、东京、筑波大气中有机污染物组成研究[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1):4-8.Huang Y R,Di Y A,Shi J H,et al.PAHs and normal-alkanes in urban air of Beijing,Tokyo and Tsukuba[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2001,14(1):4-8.
[21]孔令军.哈尔滨大气中PAHs污染特征[J].环境科学与管理,2012,37(6):145-152.Kong L J.Pollution characteristic of PAHs in air in Harbin[J].Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(6):145-152.
[22]孔祥胜,苗迎.大气干湿沉降:地下河多环芳烃的重要来源——以广西清水泉地下河为例[J].地球学报,2014,35(2):239-247.Kong X S,Miao Y.Atmospheric depositions,PAHs sources of an underground river:a case study of the Qingshuiquan Underground River[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2014,35(2):239-247.
[23]孙海峰,朱亚先,张振轩,等.亚太地区部分国家城乡大气中PAHs的分布[A].见:清华大学持久性有机污染物研究中心,环境保护部斯德哥尔摩公约履约办公室,中国环境科学学会持久性有机污染物专业委员会等.持久性有机污染物论坛2011暨第六届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会论文集[C].哈尔滨:中国化学会,2011.359-360.Sun H F,Zhu Y X,Zhang Z X,et al.The distribution of PAHs in rural and urban atomosphere in some Asia Pacific Countries[A].In:Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)Research Center,Tsinghua University,Ministry of Environmental Protection Stockholm Convention Compliance Office,China Environmental Science Society of Persistent Organic Pollutants Committee,et al(Eds.).Proceedings of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Forum 2011 and the 6th National Symposium on Persistent Organic Pollutants[C].Harbin:Chinese Chemical Society,2011.359-360.
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