竹材纹孔结构及表征方法研究进展
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摘要
竹子是世界上生长最快的植物之一,竹秆节间组织由轴向系统的细胞组成,细胞壁上的纹孔结构是节间组织至关重要的物理通道。竹材纹孔既是竹子生长发育时期的物质运输路径,也是竹材加工利用过程中的关键影响因子,因而对竹材纹孔进行深入系统的研究具有非常重要的意义。目前对于竹材纹孔的结构和功能等相关研究很少,相比木材纹孔的研究状况而言,竹材纹孔研究显得较薄弱。笔者在综述竹材纹孔生物形成、基本结构和化学组成以及类型等主要特征的基础上,总结了竹材自身特性以及物理、化学和生物类处理手段对纹孔结构的影响,并对纹孔研究方法和创新方向进行了归纳,分析了竹材纹孔研究中存在的问题和未来的发展前景,以期为解析竹子生理生态功能和实现竹类资源高效利用提供参考。
As one of the fastest growing plants in the world,bamboos can provide environmental,social,and economic benefits. Bamboo is a multi-purpose plant,which can substitute for timber in many respects owing to its lignified culms. Because of its fast growth,intricate rhizome system,and sustainability,bamboo has become a plant with environmental conservation value,being able to mitigate phenomena that resulted from global climate change.Bamboo consists of vertical cells in internodes,while the pit acts as the crucial channel through cell walls. The pit structure is not only responsible for the material transportation path during the growth and development of bamboo,but also a key factor influencing the processing and utilization of bamboo. Thus,it is of great importance to perform thorough and profound studies to clarify its structure and function relationship. Despite the significant role of the bamboo pit in influencing the mechanical properties of bamboo,there are limited studies regarding to pit hitherto. Thus,it still needs a extensive investigation to compare with the wood pit that has much more comprehensive research status quo.In this study,we reviewed major structure characteristics of the bamboo pit,such as,the types and formats of pits,the basic structures,chemical composition,etc. Then,we summarized the factors influencing bamboo pit including both bamboo inherent feature that different from that of wood,and processing technology in ways of physical,chemical and biological treatments. The results would probably provide a new and great view from microstructure perspective for improving bamboo seasoning and modification. Furthermore,the bamboo pit research methods and innovation direction were carried on the induction,and the relative problems and the development prospect of the future were discussed as well. It is hoped that this paper would serve as an incentive to others to analyze the physiological and ecological functions of bamboo and realize efficient utilization of bamboo resources.
As one of the fastest growing plants in the world,bamboos can provide environmental,social,and economic benefits. Bamboo is a multi-purpose plant,which can substitute for timber in many respects owing to its lignified culms. Because of its fast growth,intricate rhizome system,and sustainability,bamboo has become a plant with environmental conservation value,being able to mitigate phenomena that resulted from global climate change.Bamboo consists of vertical cells in internodes,while the pit acts as the crucial channel through cell walls. The pit structure is not only responsible for the material transportation path during the growth and development of bamboo,but also a key factor influencing the processing and utilization of bamboo. Thus,it is of great importance to perform thorough and profound studies to clarify its structure and function relationship. Despite the significant role of the bamboo pit in influencing the mechanical properties of bamboo,there are limited studies regarding to pit hitherto. Thus,it still needs a extensive investigation to compare with the wood pit that has much more comprehensive research status quo.In this study,we reviewed major structure characteristics of the bamboo pit,such as,the types and formats of pits,the basic structures,chemical composition,etc. Then,we summarized the factors influencing bamboo pit including both bamboo inherent feature that different from that of wood,and processing technology in ways of physical,chemical and biological treatments. The results would probably provide a new and great view from microstructure perspective for improving bamboo seasoning and modification. Furthermore,the bamboo pit research methods and innovation direction were carried on the induction,and the relative problems and the development prospect of the future were discussed as well. It is hoped that this paper would serve as an incentive to others to analyze the physiological and ecological functions of bamboo and realize efficient utilization of bamboo resources.
引文
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[28]DUSOTOIT-COUCAUD A,BRUNEL N,TIXIER A,et al.Hydrolase treatments help unravel the function of intervessel pits in xylem hydraulics[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2014,150(3):388-396.
[29]PLAVCOVA L,HACKE U G,SPERRY J S.Linking irradianceinduced changes in pit membrane ultrastructure with xylem vulnerability to cavitation[J].Plant Cell Environ,2011,34(3):501-513.
[30]WHEELER J K,SPERRY J S,HACKE U G,et al.Inter-vessel pitting and cavitation in woody Rosaceae and other vesselled plants:a basis for a safety versus efficiency trade-off in xylem transport[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,2005,28(6):800-812.
[31]CHRISTMAN M A,SPERRY J S,ADLER F R.Testing the‘rare pit’hypothesis for xylem cavitation resistance in three species of Acer[J].New Phytol,2009,182(3):664-674.
[32]JIANG Z H.Bamboo and rattan in the world[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007.
[33]马灵飞,马乃训.毛竹材材性变异的研究[J].林业科学,33(4):356-384.MA L F,MA N X.Research on variation of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens)[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1997,33(4):356-384.
[34]ITO R,MIYAFUJI H,KASUYA N.Rhizome and root anatomy of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens)observed with scanning electron microscopy[J].Journal of Wood Science,2015,61(4):431-437.
[35]PRENTICE P,CUSCHIERI A,Dholakia K,et al.Membrane disruption by optically controlled microbubble cavitation[J].Nature Physics,2005,1(2):107-110.
[36]雍宬,常馨曼,关明杰.超声破壁效应对竹材横向渗透性能的影响[J].竹子研究汇刊,2013,32(4):33-36.YONG C,CHANG X M,GUAN J M.Effect of ultrasonic wallbreaking on bamboo transverse permeability[J].Journal of Bamboo Research,2013,32(4):33-36.
[37]孙照斌,袁哲,强明礼,等.龙竹竹材的微波干燥特性研究[J].林业机械与木工设备,2006,34(4):9-12.SUN Z B,YUAN Z,QIANG M L,et al.Study on drying properties of Dendrocalamus giganteus using microwave drying[J].Forestry Machinery&Woodworking Equipment,34(4):9-12.
[38]鈴木寧.竹材の研究(第7報)竹材柔細胞腔の空気及び液体に対する閉鎖について[R].東京大学農学部演習林報告,1952,43:151-157.SUZUKI Y.Studies on bamboo(Ⅶ)-Stopping of pit pore in bamboo parenchyma cell and its effect on gas and liquid permeability into bamboo[R].Tokyo university agriculture department exercise forest report,1952,43:151-157[in Japanese].
[39]王黎明,沈勇,张惠芳,等.生物酶处理对竹材Lyocell纤维染色性能的影响[J].印染,2011(19):9-11.WANG L M,SHEN Y,ZHANG H F,et al.Effects of enzyme treatment on dyeing properties of bamboo lyocell fiber[J].Printing and Dyeing Periodical,2011(19):9-11.
[40]THOMMES M,KANEKO K,NEIMARK A V,et al.Physisorption of gases,with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution(IUPAC technical report)[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,2015,87(9/10):1051-1069.
[41]中戸莞二.木材の空隙構造(木質材料小特集)[J].材料,1973,22(241):903-907.NAKATO KANJI.Pore structure of wood[J].Materials,1973,22(241):903-907.
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[50]刘嵘,杨淑敏,李晖,等.毛竹材导管分子的纹孔特征[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(6):163-168.LIU R,YANG S M,LI H,et al.Characteristics of pits in the vessel element of Moso bamboo[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2017,41(6):163-168.
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[52]马星霞,蒋明亮,覃道春.竹材受不同败坏真菌危害的宏观和微观变化[J].林业科学,2012,48(11):76-82.MA X X,JIANG M L,QIN D C.Macro-and micro-structure changes in bamboo after attack by various fungi[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,33(4):356-384.
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[2]ZACHARIAH E J,SABULAL B,NAIR D N K,et al.Carbon dioxide emission from bamboo culms[J].Plant Biology,2016(3):400-405.
[3]LIESE W,KOHL M.Bamboo:the plant and its uses[M].Switzerland:Springer,2015.
[4]KAUR P J,PANT K,SATYA S,et al.Bamboo:the material of future[J].International Journal Series in Multidisciplinary Research,2016,2(2):27-34.
[5]NURDIAH E A.The potential of bamboo as building material in organic shaped buildings[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2016,216:30-38.
[6]NIRMALA C,BISHT M S,BAJWA H K,et al.Bamboo:a rich source of natural antioxidants and its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry[J].Trends in Food Science&Technology,2018,77:91-99.
[7]FEI B H,GAO Z M,WANG J,LIU Z J.Biological,anatomical,and chemical characteristics of bamboo[M]∥YOON S K,RYOF,ADYA P S.Secondary Xylem Biology.Netherlands:Elsevier,2016:283-306.
[8]EMMA C.Development of fibre and parenchyma cells in the bamboo phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens[D].London:Imperial College London,2000.
[9]ODA Y,FUKUDA H.Initiation of cell wall pattern by a Rho-and microtubule-driven symmetry breaking[J].Science,2012,337(6100):1333-1336.
[10]ODA Y,IIDA Y,KONDO Y,et al.Wood cell-wall structure requires local 2D-microtubule disassembly by a novel plasma membraneanchored protein[J].Current Biology,2010,20(13):1197-1202.
[11]CHOAT B,COBB A R,JANSEN S.Structure and function of bordered pits:new discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function[J].New Phytologist,2008,177(3):608-626.
[12]ZWIENIECKI M A,MELCHER P J,HOLBROOK N M.Hydrogel control of xylem hydraulic resistance in plants[J].Science,2001,291(5506):1059-1062.
[13]MANSFIELD S D,KIM H,LU F,et al.Whole plant cell wall characterization using solution-state 2D NMR[J].Nature Protocols,2012,7(9):1579-1589.
[14]JANSEN S,CHOAT B,PLETSERS A.Morphological variation of intervessel pit membranes and implications to xylem function in angiosperms[J].American Journal of Botany,2009,96(2):409-419.
[15]SINGH A,DAWSON B,FRANICH R,et al.The relationship between pit membrane ultrastructure and chemical impregnability of wood[J].Holzforschung,1999,53(4):341-346.
[16]EHLERS K,KOLLMANN R.Primary and secondary plasmodesmata:structure,origin,and functioning[J].Protoplasma,2001,216(1/2):1-30.
[17]甘小洪.毛竹茎杆纤维细胞的发育生物学研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2005.GANG X H.2005.Study on the developmental biology of fiber in Phyllostachs edulis culms[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2005.
[18]李正理,靳紫宸.几种国产竹材的比较解剖观察[J].植物学报,1960,9(1):76-97.LI Z L,JIN Z C.Anatomical studies of some Chinese bamboos[J].Acta Botanic Sinica,1960,9(1):76-97.
[19]PARAMESWARAN N,LIESE W.On the fine structure of bamboo fibres[J].Wood Science and Technology,1976,10(4):231-246.
[20]房桂干,王菊华,任维羡,等.毛竹的形态学特性、超微结构及木素分布[J].中国造纸学报,1989,1(4):41-49.FANG G G,WANG J H,REN W X,et al.The morphology,ultrastructure and lignin distribution of bamboo(Phyllosiachys pubescens)[J].Transaction of China Pulp and Paper,1989,1(4):41-49.
[21]YAO X,YI T,MA N,et al.Bamboo culm anatomy of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002.
[22]刘波.毛竹发育过程中细胞壁形成的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2008.LIU B.Formation of cell wall in developmental culms of Phyllostachys pubescens[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2008.
[23]刘主凰.福建主要竹材纤维特性的研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2011.LIU Z H.Study on fiber properties of chief bamboo species in Fujian Province[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2011.
[24]刘嵘.毛竹材细胞壁的纹孔特征研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2017LIU R.Characteristics of pits in bamboo cell wall[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2017.
[25]姜笑梅,张立非,周崟.国产重要阔叶树村纹孔的超微构造研究[J].林业科学,1996,32(1):62-68.JIANG X M,ZHANG L F,ZHOU C.Studies of the ultrastructure of pits in main Chinese hardwoods[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1996,32(1):62-68.
[26]罗俊吉,刘嵘,连彩萍,等.竹材导管壁纹孔式的比较研究[J].竹子学报,2018,37(1):16-22.LUO J J,LIU R,LIAN C P,et al.Comparison of pit types in bamboos vessel walls[J].Journal of Bamboo Research,2018,37(1):16-22.
[27]LIESE W.The anatomy of bamboo culms[R].Beijing:International Network for Bamboo and Rattan,1998.
[28]DUSOTOIT-COUCAUD A,BRUNEL N,TIXIER A,et al.Hydrolase treatments help unravel the function of intervessel pits in xylem hydraulics[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2014,150(3):388-396.
[29]PLAVCOVA L,HACKE U G,SPERRY J S.Linking irradianceinduced changes in pit membrane ultrastructure with xylem vulnerability to cavitation[J].Plant Cell Environ,2011,34(3):501-513.
[30]WHEELER J K,SPERRY J S,HACKE U G,et al.Inter-vessel pitting and cavitation in woody Rosaceae and other vesselled plants:a basis for a safety versus efficiency trade-off in xylem transport[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,2005,28(6):800-812.
[31]CHRISTMAN M A,SPERRY J S,ADLER F R.Testing the‘rare pit’hypothesis for xylem cavitation resistance in three species of Acer[J].New Phytol,2009,182(3):664-674.
[32]JIANG Z H.Bamboo and rattan in the world[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007.
[33]马灵飞,马乃训.毛竹材材性变异的研究[J].林业科学,33(4):356-384.MA L F,MA N X.Research on variation of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens)[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1997,33(4):356-384.
[34]ITO R,MIYAFUJI H,KASUYA N.Rhizome and root anatomy of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens)observed with scanning electron microscopy[J].Journal of Wood Science,2015,61(4):431-437.
[35]PRENTICE P,CUSCHIERI A,Dholakia K,et al.Membrane disruption by optically controlled microbubble cavitation[J].Nature Physics,2005,1(2):107-110.
[36]雍宬,常馨曼,关明杰.超声破壁效应对竹材横向渗透性能的影响[J].竹子研究汇刊,2013,32(4):33-36.YONG C,CHANG X M,GUAN J M.Effect of ultrasonic wallbreaking on bamboo transverse permeability[J].Journal of Bamboo Research,2013,32(4):33-36.
[37]孙照斌,袁哲,强明礼,等.龙竹竹材的微波干燥特性研究[J].林业机械与木工设备,2006,34(4):9-12.SUN Z B,YUAN Z,QIANG M L,et al.Study on drying properties of Dendrocalamus giganteus using microwave drying[J].Forestry Machinery&Woodworking Equipment,34(4):9-12.
[38]鈴木寧.竹材の研究(第7報)竹材柔細胞腔の空気及び液体に対する閉鎖について[R].東京大学農学部演習林報告,1952,43:151-157.SUZUKI Y.Studies on bamboo(Ⅶ)-Stopping of pit pore in bamboo parenchyma cell and its effect on gas and liquid permeability into bamboo[R].Tokyo university agriculture department exercise forest report,1952,43:151-157[in Japanese].
[39]王黎明,沈勇,张惠芳,等.生物酶处理对竹材Lyocell纤维染色性能的影响[J].印染,2011(19):9-11.WANG L M,SHEN Y,ZHANG H F,et al.Effects of enzyme treatment on dyeing properties of bamboo lyocell fiber[J].Printing and Dyeing Periodical,2011(19):9-11.
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