CBD与TRIPs协议冲突视野下公知中药配方的知识产权保护
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摘要
发达国家打着"公共知识"旗号,大肆掠夺发展中国家公知中药配方,生物海盗活动日益猖獗。以我国为代表的资源国,呼吁遵照CBD的相关规定,对公知中药配方等传统知识享有主权权利,主张信息披露、共同研发与利益分享。发达国家则坚持在现有专利框架内予以解决,称公知中药配方新颖性丧失,与TRIPs协议的"三性"不符,不具可专利性。学界对此争论不休,时至今日,仍无定论。我国宜借鉴域外相关国家已在此领域积累的诸多经验,通过国家所有权制度赋予国家知识产权权利主体资格,对公知中药配方专利授予奉行"四要件说",创设以修改权和保护作品完整权为主要内容的创作专用权,力争得到国际社会认可,掌控中医药国际立法的话语权,为公知中药配方进军国际市场保驾护航。
The developed countries plunder the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations wantonly with the flag of "public knowledge"which belongs to the developing countries so that biopiracy activities become rampant increasingly.China,which represents resource countries,calls on complying with the provisions concerned of CBD,enjoy sovereign rights towards traditional knowledge which includes the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations and assert information disclosure,common development and benefit sharing.However,the developed countries insist that the problem should be solved under the modern patent frame——claiming that the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations have forfeited novelty,which does not accord with "three properties "of TRIPs,and should not be patented.Academic circles debate the problem ceaselessly,even to this day the conclusion is still not reached.Our country should learn the extraterritorial relevant countries which have accumulated lots of experience in this field,endow the country the position as a subject of right of intellectual? property right property through state ownership system,pursue the"four-element theory"about authorizing patents towards the known Chinese traditional medicine formations and create exclusive usage right of creation which regards right of alternation and right to integrity of the work as the main contents,which should be recognized international society through our hard work so that our country can master the discourse power of international legislation of Chinese traditional medicine and escort for the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations entering the international market.
The developed countries plunder the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations wantonly with the flag of "public knowledge"which belongs to the developing countries so that biopiracy activities become rampant increasingly.China,which represents resource countries,calls on complying with the provisions concerned of CBD,enjoy sovereign rights towards traditional knowledge which includes the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations and assert information disclosure,common development and benefit sharing.However,the developed countries insist that the problem should be solved under the modern patent frame——claiming that the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations have forfeited novelty,which does not accord with "three properties "of TRIPs,and should not be patented.Academic circles debate the problem ceaselessly,even to this day the conclusion is still not reached.Our country should learn the extraterritorial relevant countries which have accumulated lots of experience in this field,endow the country the position as a subject of right of intellectual? property right property through state ownership system,pursue the"four-element theory"about authorizing patents towards the known Chinese traditional medicine formations and create exclusive usage right of creation which regards right of alternation and right to integrity of the work as the main contents,which should be recognized international society through our hard work so that our country can master the discourse power of international legislation of Chinese traditional medicine and escort for the known Chinese traditional medicine formulations entering the international market.
引文
[1]李睿菀.论中药知识产权保护问题---由“绿箭”专利案谈起[J].理论导报,2012,9.
[2]崔桂林.非物质文化遗产六神丸:捐献国家的神奇“秘方”[EB/OL].http://sports.eastday.com/eastday/hist ory/h/shl pp/u1a8105599_1.html,2016-7-6.
[3]周方.传统知识法律保护研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2011.
[4]宋晓亭.中医药国际科技合作中的知识产权新动向[J].世界科学技术-中医药现代化,2008,2.
[5]纪媛媛.从知识产权角度浅谈拜耳收购中药企业的产业安全思考[J].中国发明与专利,2015,2.
[6]严永和.论传统知识的知识产权保护[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.
[7]宋晓亭等.传统医药知识利益未获保护的国际国内背景[J].法学,2006,3.
[8]李发耀.多维视野下的传统知识保护机制实证研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2008.
[9]陈默.遗传资源及传统知识披露问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2014.
[10]Katie Bates.A Penny for Your Thoughts:Private and Collective Contracting for Traditional Medicinal Kno-wledge Modeled on Bioprospectin Contracts in Costa Rice[J].Georgia Law Review,2007,41.
[11]WIPO Report on Fact-finding Mission on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge 70.1998-1999.
[12]Murray Lee Eiland.Patenting Traditional Medicine[J],Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society,2007,89.
[13]李发耀.多维视野下的传统知识保护机制实证研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2008.
[14]宋晓亭.国际传统知识保护的兴起及发展趋势[J].上海中医药大学学报,2007,4.
[15]Eliana Torelly de Carvalho.Protection of Traditional Biodiversity-Related Knowledge:Analysis of Proposals for Adoption of a Sui Generis System[J].MO.ENVTL.L.POL’Y REV,2004,11.
[16]张宇燕.利益集团与制度非中性[J].改革,1994,2.
[17]Nuno Pires de Carvalho.Requiring Disclosure of the Origin of Genetic Resources and Prior Informed Consent in Patent Applications without Infringing the TRIPs Agreement:the Problem and the Solution[J].Wash.U.J.L?Pol’y,2000,2.
[18]Shayana Kadidal.Plants,Poverty,and Pharmaceutical Patents[J].YALE L.J,1993,103.
[19]杨崇森,杨显滨.本土意境下中药复方专利的涅槃场域---以中医药学原理为研究路径[J].法学杂志,2013,10.
[20]Liz Hanellin.Protecting Plant-Derived Drugs:Patents and Beyond[J].CARDUZO ARTS&ENTL.J,1991,10.
[21]Eliana Torelly de Carvalho.Protection of Traditional Biodiversity-Related Knowledge:Analysis of Proposals for Adoption of a Sui Generis System[J].MO.ENVTL.L.POL’Y REV,2004,11.
[22]王利明.关于占有、占有权和所有权问题[J].法学评论,1986,1.
[23]孟勤国.论占有、占有权能和占有权[J].法学研究,1985,2.
[24]谭启平,蒋拯.遗失物制度研究[J].法学研究,2004,4.
[25]谭启平.遗失物与遗忘物的区分及法律意义[J].法学杂志,2008,4.
[26]Muria Kruger.Harmonising TRIPs and the CBD:a Proposal from India[J].MIN.J.GLOBAl TRADE,2001,10.
[27]陈默.遗传资源及传统知识披露问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2014.
[28]Margo A.Bagley.Patently Unconstitutional:the Geographical Limitation on Prior Art in a Small World[J].MINN.L.REV,2002,87.
[29][美]白瑞.知识产权与中医药传统知识的现代化[M].张美成译.北京:法律出版社,2010.
(1)就商标权而言,除非以公知中药配方开发出中药产品,或提供相关服务,否则很难用商标法进行调整。
(2)该专利以芍药为活性成分,权利范围覆盖桂枝茯苓丸、加味逍遥散、芍药甘草汤、当归芍药汤等我国中医药实践常用中药复方。
(3)《生物多样性公约》第2条规定,“遗传资源”是指具有实际或潜在价值的遗传材料。“遗传材料”是指来自植物、动物、微生物或其他来源的任何含有遗传功能单位的材料。中药配方主要由动物、植物等构成,必然含有某种或多种具有遗传功能的单位,具有实际或潜在的药用价值。因此,即使中药配方不能完全归属于遗传资源,至少中药配方中关涉遗传资源,二者具有一定交叉与重合,故学界认为CBD有关遗传资源的规定,可以类推适用以中药配方为代表的中医药传统知识。
[2]崔桂林.非物质文化遗产六神丸:捐献国家的神奇“秘方”[EB/OL].http://sports.eastday.com/eastday/hist ory/h/shl pp/u1a8105599_1.html,2016-7-6.
[3]周方.传统知识法律保护研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2011.
[4]宋晓亭.中医药国际科技合作中的知识产权新动向[J].世界科学技术-中医药现代化,2008,2.
[5]纪媛媛.从知识产权角度浅谈拜耳收购中药企业的产业安全思考[J].中国发明与专利,2015,2.
[6]严永和.论传统知识的知识产权保护[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.
[7]宋晓亭等.传统医药知识利益未获保护的国际国内背景[J].法学,2006,3.
[8]李发耀.多维视野下的传统知识保护机制实证研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2008.
[9]陈默.遗传资源及传统知识披露问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2014.
[10]Katie Bates.A Penny for Your Thoughts:Private and Collective Contracting for Traditional Medicinal Kno-wledge Modeled on Bioprospectin Contracts in Costa Rice[J].Georgia Law Review,2007,41.
[11]WIPO Report on Fact-finding Mission on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge 70.1998-1999.
[12]Murray Lee Eiland.Patenting Traditional Medicine[J],Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society,2007,89.
[13]李发耀.多维视野下的传统知识保护机制实证研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2008.
[14]宋晓亭.国际传统知识保护的兴起及发展趋势[J].上海中医药大学学报,2007,4.
[15]Eliana Torelly de Carvalho.Protection of Traditional Biodiversity-Related Knowledge:Analysis of Proposals for Adoption of a Sui Generis System[J].MO.ENVTL.L.POL’Y REV,2004,11.
[16]张宇燕.利益集团与制度非中性[J].改革,1994,2.
[17]Nuno Pires de Carvalho.Requiring Disclosure of the Origin of Genetic Resources and Prior Informed Consent in Patent Applications without Infringing the TRIPs Agreement:the Problem and the Solution[J].Wash.U.J.L?Pol’y,2000,2.
[18]Shayana Kadidal.Plants,Poverty,and Pharmaceutical Patents[J].YALE L.J,1993,103.
[19]杨崇森,杨显滨.本土意境下中药复方专利的涅槃场域---以中医药学原理为研究路径[J].法学杂志,2013,10.
[20]Liz Hanellin.Protecting Plant-Derived Drugs:Patents and Beyond[J].CARDUZO ARTS&ENTL.J,1991,10.
[21]Eliana Torelly de Carvalho.Protection of Traditional Biodiversity-Related Knowledge:Analysis of Proposals for Adoption of a Sui Generis System[J].MO.ENVTL.L.POL’Y REV,2004,11.
[22]王利明.关于占有、占有权和所有权问题[J].法学评论,1986,1.
[23]孟勤国.论占有、占有权能和占有权[J].法学研究,1985,2.
[24]谭启平,蒋拯.遗失物制度研究[J].法学研究,2004,4.
[25]谭启平.遗失物与遗忘物的区分及法律意义[J].法学杂志,2008,4.
[26]Muria Kruger.Harmonising TRIPs and the CBD:a Proposal from India[J].MIN.J.GLOBAl TRADE,2001,10.
[27]陈默.遗传资源及传统知识披露问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2014.
[28]Margo A.Bagley.Patently Unconstitutional:the Geographical Limitation on Prior Art in a Small World[J].MINN.L.REV,2002,87.
[29][美]白瑞.知识产权与中医药传统知识的现代化[M].张美成译.北京:法律出版社,2010.
(1)就商标权而言,除非以公知中药配方开发出中药产品,或提供相关服务,否则很难用商标法进行调整。
(2)该专利以芍药为活性成分,权利范围覆盖桂枝茯苓丸、加味逍遥散、芍药甘草汤、当归芍药汤等我国中医药实践常用中药复方。
(3)《生物多样性公约》第2条规定,“遗传资源”是指具有实际或潜在价值的遗传材料。“遗传材料”是指来自植物、动物、微生物或其他来源的任何含有遗传功能单位的材料。中药配方主要由动物、植物等构成,必然含有某种或多种具有遗传功能的单位,具有实际或潜在的药用价值。因此,即使中药配方不能完全归属于遗传资源,至少中药配方中关涉遗传资源,二者具有一定交叉与重合,故学界认为CBD有关遗传资源的规定,可以类推适用以中药配方为代表的中医药传统知识。