鄱阳湖富营养化时空变化特征及其与水位的关系
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摘要
为了研究鄱阳湖水体的富营养化状态与水位变化的响应关系,基于2009—2016年鄱阳湖15个长期监测点的调查数据,采用TLI (综合营养状态指数)法评价了鄱阳湖水体的富营养化状态,并应用主成分分析(PCA)探讨了鄱阳湖富营养化状态的时空变化特征及其与水位的关系.结果表明:①从年内变化来看,鄱阳湖除冬季(1月)处于轻度富营养化状态,其余3个季节均处于中营养状态,其中,夏季(7月)富营养化程度最低是由于其水位较高、换水周期快所致,冬季处于轻度富营养化是由于水位降低导致的营养盐浓度升高以及湖泊沉淀物的再悬浮和营养盐的释放;从年际变化来看,除2011年、2012年及2014年鄱阳湖处于轻度富营养化状态外,其余年份均处于中营养状态.②从空间上来看,鄱阳湖湖区整体处于中营养状态,空间差异不大,湖区中部东侧富营养化程度最高.③在年内季节变化上富营养化程度与水位呈负相关,富营养化的空间分布特征与水位关系较小.研究显示,鄱阳湖整体富营养化程度不高,但有向富营养化湖泊发展的趋势,建议通过控制湖区污染源来减轻其富营养化程度.
In order to investigate the eutrophication of Poyang Lake and its variety characteristics under the change of water level,the eutrophication level of water body in the Poyang Lake region was appraised by TLI based on the periodical survey data from 15 long-term monitoring sites in Poyang Lake region during 2009-2016. At the same time,principal component analysis(PCA) was adopted to discuss the spatial-temporal characteristics of eutrophication in the Poyang Lake region as well as the relationship between the eutrophication state and water level. The results show that:(1) From the point of view of the change in one year,Poyang Lake was at the light eutrophic level in winter(January) while was at the mesotrophic level in the other three seasons,among which the summer(July) eutrophication degree was the lowest,due to the high water level in summer. The water changing period is fast. The decrease in water level in winter lead to the increase in nutrient concentration and the re-suspension of sediment and release of nutrients. In terms of annual changes,Poyang Lake in2011,2012 and 2014 was at the light eutrophic level,while at the mesotrophic level for the rest years.(2) In space,the Poyang Lake regions are integrally at the level of mesotrophic with little difference. Eutrophication was the highest in the eastern part of the middle lake district.(3) The change of water level in Poyang Lake had the most significant effect on eutrophication in seasonal changes during the year. The spatial distribution of eutrophication has little relation with the water level. The research shows that Poyang Lake is not at the eutrophic level on the whole,but it has the trend to become eutrophic. It is suggested that the degree of eutrophication should be reduced by controlling the pollution sources.
In order to investigate the eutrophication of Poyang Lake and its variety characteristics under the change of water level,the eutrophication level of water body in the Poyang Lake region was appraised by TLI based on the periodical survey data from 15 long-term monitoring sites in Poyang Lake region during 2009-2016. At the same time,principal component analysis(PCA) was adopted to discuss the spatial-temporal characteristics of eutrophication in the Poyang Lake region as well as the relationship between the eutrophication state and water level. The results show that:(1) From the point of view of the change in one year,Poyang Lake was at the light eutrophic level in winter(January) while was at the mesotrophic level in the other three seasons,among which the summer(July) eutrophication degree was the lowest,due to the high water level in summer. The water changing period is fast. The decrease in water level in winter lead to the increase in nutrient concentration and the re-suspension of sediment and release of nutrients. In terms of annual changes,Poyang Lake in2011,2012 and 2014 was at the light eutrophic level,while at the mesotrophic level for the rest years.(2) In space,the Poyang Lake regions are integrally at the level of mesotrophic with little difference. Eutrophication was the highest in the eastern part of the middle lake district.(3) The change of water level in Poyang Lake had the most significant effect on eutrophication in seasonal changes during the year. The spatial distribution of eutrophication has little relation with the water level. The research shows that Poyang Lake is not at the eutrophic level on the whole,but it has the trend to become eutrophic. It is suggested that the degree of eutrophication should be reduced by controlling the pollution sources.
引文
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[3] BEHMEL S,DAMOUR M,LUDWIG R,et al. Water quality monitoring strategies:a review and future perspectives[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,571:1312-1329.
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[5] SINGH K P,MALIK A,SINHA S. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti River(India)using multivariate statistical techniques:a case study[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,538(1/2):355-374.
[6] HUANG J,GAO J,ZHANG Y. Eutrophication prediction using a markov chain model:application to lakes in the Yangtze River Basin,China[J]. Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2016,21(2):233-246.
[7] WU N,SCHMALZ B,FOHRER N. Development and testing of a phytoplankton index of biotic integrity(P-IBI)for a German Lowland River[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,13(1):158-167.
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[9]胡春华,周文斌,肖化云,等.鄱阳湖富营养化现状及其正态分布特征分析[J].人民长江,2010,41(19):64-68.HU Chunhua,ZHOU Wenbin,XIAO Huayun,et al. Eutrophication state and normal distribution features of Poyang Lake[J]. Yangtze River,2010,41(19):64-68.
[10]毛玉婷,周晓宇,王毛兰.枯水期鄱阳湖水体富营养化状态评价[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2014(6):596-599.MAO Yuting,ZHOU Xiaoyu,WANG Maolan. Study on the eutrophication status in Poyang Lake during lower water period[J].Journal of Nanchang University(Natural Science),2014(6):596-599.
[11]高桂青,阮仁增,欧阳球林.鄱阳湖水质状况及变化趋势分析[J].南昌工程学院学报,2010,29(4):50-53.GAO Guiqing,RUAN Renzeng,OUYANG Qiulin. Water quality status and changing trend in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Nanchang Institute of Technology,2010,29(4):50-53.
[12] COOPS H,BEKLIOGLU M,CRISMAN T L.The role of water-level fluctuations in shallow lake ecosystems:workshop conclusions[J].Hydrobiologia,2003,506(1/2/3):23-27.
[13] WU Z,LAI X,ZHANG L,et al.Phytoplankton chlorophyll a in Lake Poyang and its tributaries during dry,mid-dry and wet seasons:a 4-year study[J].Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems,2014.doi:10. 1051/kmae/2013088.
[14]刘发根,李梅,郭玉银.鄱阳湖水质时空变化及受水位影响的定量分析[J].水文,2014,34(4):37-43.LIU Fagen,LI Mei,GUO Yuyin. Spatial-temporal variation of water quality and water level effect on water quality in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(4):37-43.
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[16]曾慧卿,何宗健,彭希珑.鄱阳湖水质状况及保护对策[J].江西科学,2003,21(3):226-229.ZENG Huiqing,HE Zongjian,PENG Xilong. The study of water quality and the protect measurement in the Poyang Lake[J].Jiangxi Science,2003,21(3):226-229.
[17]徐德龙,熊明,张晶.鄱阳湖水文特性分析[J].人民长江,2001,32(2):78-81.XU Delong,XIONG Ming,ZHANG Jing. Analysis on hydrologic characteristics of Poyang lake[J].Yangtze River,2001,32(2):78-81.
[18]刘小东,任兵芳.鄱阳湖低枯水位变化特征与成因探讨[J].人民长江,2014,45(4):12-16.LIU Xiaodong,REN Bingfang. Analysis on variation characteristics and genesis of lower water level of Poyang Lake[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(4):12-16.
[19]高敏,胡维平,邓建才,等.太湖典型沉水植物生理指标对水质的响应[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4570-4576.GAO Min,HU Weiping,DENG Jiancai,et al. Responses of physiological indices of typical submerged macrophytes to water quality in Taihu Lake[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4570-4576.
[20]王婷,黄文江,刘良云,等.鄱阳湖富营养化高光谱遥感监测模型初探[J].测绘科学,2007,32(4):44-46.WANG Ting,HUANG Wenjiang,LIU Liangyun,et al.Hyperspectral monitoring model of eutrophication in Poyang Lake[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping,2007,32(4):44-46.
[21]江立文,林暾,陈杨,等.江西省中小型湖泊富营养化控制指标的建议值[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(11):1493-1497.JIANG Liwen,LIN Tun,CHEN Yang,et al. Recommended values for eutrophication control indicators of small or medium size lakes in Jiangxi Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(11):1493-1497.
[22]王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49.WANG Mingcui,LIU Xueqin,ZHANG Jianhui. Evaluate method and classification standard on lake eutrophication[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2002,18(5):47-49.
[23]朱广伟.太湖水质的时空分异特征及其与水华的关系[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(5):439-445.ZHU Guangwei.Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of water quality in lake taihu and its relation with cyanobacterial blooms[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(5):439-445.
[24]余进祥,刘娅菲,钟晓兰,等.鄱阳湖水体富营养化评价方法及主导因子研究[J].江西农业学报,2009,21(4):125-128.YU Jinxiang,LIU Yafei,ZHONG Xiaolan,et al. Evaluation method of eutrophication in Poyang Lake and its leading factors[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2009,21(4):125-128.
[25] MOSS B,KOSTEN S,MEERHOFF M,et al.Allied attack:climate change and eutrophication[J]. Inland Waters Journal of the International Society of Limnology,2011,1(2):101-105.
[26] JEPPESEN E,KRONVANG B,OLESEN J E,et al.Climate change effects on nitrogen loading from cultivated catchments in Europe:implications for nitrogen retention,ecological state of lakes and adaptation[J].Hydrobiologia,2011,663(1):1-21.
[27]姚萍,黄小梅,陈菲菲,等. 2011年春季长江中下游严重干旱的异常环流分析[J].农业灾害研究,2013,3(4):55-57.YAO Ping,HUANG Xiaomei,CHEN Feifei,et al. Analysis of atmospheric circulation with serious drought over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during the 2011 spring[J]. Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2013,3(4):55-57.
[28]陈晓玲,张媛,张琍,等.丰水期鄱阳湖水体中氮、磷含量分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(5):643-648.CHEN Xiaoling,ZHANG Yuan,ZHANG Li,et al. Distribution characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Poyang during high water period[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2013,25(5):643-648.
[29] EVTIMOVA V V,DONOHUE I. Water-level fluctuations regulate the structure and functioning of natural lakes[J]. Freshwater Biology,2016,61(2):251-264.
[30] WANG Y Y,YU X B,LI W H,et al.Potential influence of water level changes on energy flows in a lake food web[J]. Science Bulletin,2011,56(26):2794-2802.
[31] WANG X,XIAO W,ZHU W,et al.Effects of water level variation on water quality in Dongting Lake[J]. South-to-North Water Diversion and Water Science&Technology,2012,10(5):59-62.
[32] WU Z,CAI Y,LIU X,et al. Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton in Lake Poyang:the largest freshwater lake in China[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2013,39(3):476-483.
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