兰州市城区成年居民涉水活动的皮肤暴露参数研究
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摘要
目的了解兰州市城区成年居民涉水活动皮肤暴露参数,为兰州市城区居民饮用水健康风险评价提供基础数据。方法 2017年7、8、12月采用分层抽样的方法,从兰州市4个城区中选择成年居民1 236名进行问卷调查。结果兰州市城区成年居民皮肤体表面积为1.747 m~2,其中男、女性分别为1.846 m~2、1.646 m~2; 18～岁、45～岁、≥65岁者分别为1.731 m~2、1.783 m~2、1.709 m~2;夏、春秋、冬季的皮肤暴露面积分别为0.437 m~2、0.175 m~2、0.087 m~2。日常活动皮肤总涉水时间为76.51 min/d;男性、女性分别为56.82、96.45 min/d;18～岁、45～岁、≥65岁者分别为75.31、78.27、76.02 min/d;脑力劳动、体力劳动者分别为77.34、73.93 min/d;夏、冬季分别为75.93、77.10 min/d;涉水活动时间在性别、年龄、劳动状况和季节等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有游泳习惯的居民中,游泳时间为407 min/年,性别、劳动状况和季节等方面差异无统计学意义。结论性别、年龄、劳动状况和季节对兰州市城区居民日常涉水活动时间有影响,在饮用水健康风险评价中应综合考虑上述影响因素。
Objective To describe the current status of water exposure of adult urban residents in Lanzhou. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select a total of 1 236 residents aged 18 years or older from four urban areas in Lanzhou in July, August, December 2017 and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Results The average body surface area(BSA) of adult residents was 1.747 m~2 in Lanzhou, with 1.846 m~2 in males, 1.646 m~2 in females, and 1.731 m~2,1.783 m~2, 1.709 m~2 in residents aged 18-years, 45-years, 65 years and older, respectively.The exposed dermal surface area of residents was 0.437 m~2, with 0.175 m~2 and 0.087 m~2 in summer, spring and august, winter, respectively.The daily average time water exposure was 76.51 min/d in Lanzhou, with 56.82 min/d, 96.45 min/d, 75.31 min/d, 78.27 min/d, 76.02 min/d, 77.34 min/d, 73.93 min/d, 75.93 min/d and 77.10 min/d in males and females, residents aged 18-years, 45-years, 65 years and older, and in white-collar labors, blue-collar workers, in summer and winter respectively.There were significant differences in the daily time of water exposure among adult residents with different gender, age, labor status and season(P<0.05).The swimming time was 407 min/year among swimmers with no statistical significance between male and female swimmers in different labor status and in different seasons. Conclusions Gender, age, labor status and season are influencing factors for daily water exposure among adult urban residents in Lanzhou which should be taken into account in health risk assessment of drinking water.
Objective To describe the current status of water exposure of adult urban residents in Lanzhou. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select a total of 1 236 residents aged 18 years or older from four urban areas in Lanzhou in July, August, December 2017 and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Results The average body surface area(BSA) of adult residents was 1.747 m~2 in Lanzhou, with 1.846 m~2 in males, 1.646 m~2 in females, and 1.731 m~2,1.783 m~2, 1.709 m~2 in residents aged 18-years, 45-years, 65 years and older, respectively.The exposed dermal surface area of residents was 0.437 m~2, with 0.175 m~2 and 0.087 m~2 in summer, spring and august, winter, respectively.The daily average time water exposure was 76.51 min/d in Lanzhou, with 56.82 min/d, 96.45 min/d, 75.31 min/d, 78.27 min/d, 76.02 min/d, 77.34 min/d, 73.93 min/d, 75.93 min/d and 77.10 min/d in males and females, residents aged 18-years, 45-years, 65 years and older, and in white-collar labors, blue-collar workers, in summer and winter respectively.There were significant differences in the daily time of water exposure among adult residents with different gender, age, labor status and season(P<0.05).The swimming time was 407 min/year among swimmers with no statistical significance between male and female swimmers in different labor status and in different seasons. Conclusions Gender, age, labor status and season are influencing factors for daily water exposure among adult urban residents in Lanzhou which should be taken into account in health risk assessment of drinking water.
引文
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[12] USEPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].EPA/600/P-95/002-Fa.Washington DC:USEPA,1997.
[13] National institute of advanced industrial science and technology.Japanese exposure factors handbook[S/OL].[2018-06-20].http://unit.aist.go.jp/riss/cm/exposurefactors/english_su-mmary html.
[14] 王喆,刘少卿,陈晓民,等.健康风险评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.
[15] 段小丽,张文杰,王宗爽,等.我国北方某地区居民涉水活动的皮肤暴露参数[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(1):55-61.
[16] 许新宇,程斌,王菲凤,等.福州市人群饮用水活动经口、皮肤暴露参数调查研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,30(6):77-84.
[17] 姜登岭,王少鹏,王清.国内外饮用水暴露参数差异及其对剂量的影响[J].水科学与工程技术,2014(6):1-3.
[18] 杨彦,于云江,杨洁,等.浙江沿海地区居民环境健康风险评价中涉水和涉气活动的皮肤暴露参数研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(4):324-327.
[19] 杨彦,谢钦岳,于云江,等.太湖流域人群涉水活动的皮肤暴露参数研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1091-1095.
[20] USEPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington DC:USEPA,2009.
[2] 王占生,刘文君.微污染水源饮用水处理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[3] Zhang Y,Han X,Niu Z.Health risk assessment of haloacetonitriles in drinking water based on internaldose[J].Environ Pollut,2018,236:899-906.
[4] Cao F,Qin P,Lu S,et al.Measurement of volatile organic compounds and associated risk assessments through ingestion and dermal routes in Dongjiang Lake,China[J].Ecotoxicol Environ Safety,2018,165:645-653.
[5] Rajasekhar B,Nambi IM,Govindarajan SK.Human health risk assessment of ground water contaminated with petroleum PAHs using Monte Carlo simulations:A case study of an Indian metropolitan city[J].J Environ Manage,2018,205:183-191.
[6] Koki IB,Low KH,Juahir H,et al.Consumption of water from ex-mining ponds in Klang Valley and Melaka,Malaysia:A health risk study[J].Chemosphere,2018,195:641-652.
[7] 郑婵娟,赵秀阁,黄楠,等.我国成人饮水摄入量研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2014,31(11):967-970.
[8] 张剑,赵富旺,龚为进.水质健康风险评价的暴露参数研究[J].节水灌溉,2015(6):43-46.
[9] Rosinger A,Herrick K.Daily Water Intake Among U.S.Men and Women,2009-2012[J].NCHS Data Brief,2016(242):1-8.
[10] Mistura L,D′Addezio L,Turrini A.Beverage consumption habits in italian population:association with total water intake and energy Intake[J].Nutrients,2016,8(11):E674.
[11] Yoo JI,Choi H,Song SY,et al.Relationship between water intake and skeletal muscle mass in elderly Koreans:A nationwide population-based study[J].Nutrition,2018,53:38-42.
[12] USEPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].EPA/600/P-95/002-Fa.Washington DC:USEPA,1997.
[13] National institute of advanced industrial science and technology.Japanese exposure factors handbook[S/OL].[2018-06-20].http://unit.aist.go.jp/riss/cm/exposurefactors/english_su-mmary html.
[14] 王喆,刘少卿,陈晓民,等.健康风险评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.
[15] 段小丽,张文杰,王宗爽,等.我国北方某地区居民涉水活动的皮肤暴露参数[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(1):55-61.
[16] 许新宇,程斌,王菲凤,等.福州市人群饮用水活动经口、皮肤暴露参数调查研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,30(6):77-84.
[17] 姜登岭,王少鹏,王清.国内外饮用水暴露参数差异及其对剂量的影响[J].水科学与工程技术,2014(6):1-3.
[18] 杨彦,于云江,杨洁,等.浙江沿海地区居民环境健康风险评价中涉水和涉气活动的皮肤暴露参数研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(4):324-327.
[19] 杨彦,谢钦岳,于云江,等.太湖流域人群涉水活动的皮肤暴露参数研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1091-1095.
[20] USEPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington DC:USEPA,2009.