稻田径流易发期不同类型肥料的氮素流失风险
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摘要
依据60年典型自然降雨资料分析了太湖地区稻田径流易发期,结合不同肥料减量运筹长期定位试验(2009年开始)近3年的径流监测数据,比较了径流易发期内不同处理的实际径流氮素控制效果。结果表明,太湖地区水稻生长前期降雨概率较大,6月21日—7月6日单日降雨概率均超过50%。从阶段统计结果来看,基肥期和蘖肥期(含基肥-蘖肥阶段)降雨概率和降雨量均明显高于穗肥期、蘖肥-穗肥阶段和穗肥后至成熟阶段,降雨概率分别达48.15%和49.81%,降雨量分别为12.81 mm和12.84 mm,均超过实际监测到径流的同期最低降雨量11.5 mm,产生径流可能性较大,是稻季径流易发期。从定位试验的实际产生径流和田面水氮素浓度结果来看,易发期径流和田面水氮素以铵态氮为主,硝态氮差异不显著。与常规用量分次施肥处理(CN)相比,化肥减量优化处理(RF)和有机无机减量配施处理(OCN)径流易发期径流氮素浓度分别较CN处理平均降低8.83%和19.18%。缓控释肥减量替代处理(SCU)的基肥期和基肥-蘖肥阶段径流氮素浓度和田面水氮素浓度明显高于其他处理,径流氮素浓度较CN处理分别增加了20.3%和11.72%,但蘖肥期径流氮素浓度减少30.72%。全有机肥减量替代处理(OF)肥期径流和田面水氮素浓度降低,其中基肥期径流氮素浓度较CN处理降低9.04%、蘖肥期降低28.53%,但基肥-蘖肥阶段氮素浓度较CN处理增加了19.7%,增加了氮素径流损失风险。不同氮肥减量措施能够降低易发期内不同阶段径流氮素浓度,但在径流易发期的径流氮素损失控制效果不能一概而论。
The runoff prone period of paddy field in Taihu Lake region was analyzed according to the typical natural rainfall data of 60 years in this study. Then, the actual runoff nitrogen control effect from paddy field in runoff prone period of different fertilization reduction treatment were compared using the runoff monitoring data in recent 3 years of a long-term fertilization reduction experiment that initiated in2009. The results showed that, the rainfall probability was larger in early rice growth stage in Taihu Lake region and daily rainfall probability between June 21 st and July 6th were more than 50%. The rainfall probability of basal fertilization stage and tillering fertilization stage were48.15% and 49.81%, respectively, obviously higher than other stages. The mean precipitation of these two stages were 12.81 mm and 12.84 mm, both exceed the minimum rainfall for runoff(11.5 mm), implying high probability for paddy runoff in these two periods. The nitrogen in runoff water and surface water in the runoff prone period were mainly ammonium nitrogen as the long-term experiment study indicated. Compared with conventional nitrogen rate nitrogen rate(CN) treatment, the nitrogen concentrations of reduced nitrogen rate treatment(RF)and organic combined with chemical nitrogen treatment(OCN)were decreased 8.83% and 19.18%, respectively. The nitrogen concentrations in runoff water and surface water of sulfur coating urea treatment(SCU) in basal fertilization and basal fertilization-tiller-ing fertilization stage were higher than those of other treatments, which increased 20.3% and 11.72% respectively incomparasion with CN treatment. The nitrogen concentration in runoff water of organic fertilizer treatment(OF)decreased 9.04% and 28.53% in basal fertilization and tillering fertilization stage, respectively, but increased 19.7% in tillering fertilization-panicle fertilization stage compared with CN treat-ment, which increased the risk of runoff nitrogen loss. The nitrogen reduction measures referred in this study can reduce the runoff water nitrogen concentrations in the runoff prone period of paddy field, but the effect on nitrogen loss control in the runoff prone period are different.
The runoff prone period of paddy field in Taihu Lake region was analyzed according to the typical natural rainfall data of 60 years in this study. Then, the actual runoff nitrogen control effect from paddy field in runoff prone period of different fertilization reduction treatment were compared using the runoff monitoring data in recent 3 years of a long-term fertilization reduction experiment that initiated in2009. The results showed that, the rainfall probability was larger in early rice growth stage in Taihu Lake region and daily rainfall probability between June 21 st and July 6th were more than 50%. The rainfall probability of basal fertilization stage and tillering fertilization stage were48.15% and 49.81%, respectively, obviously higher than other stages. The mean precipitation of these two stages were 12.81 mm and 12.84 mm, both exceed the minimum rainfall for runoff(11.5 mm), implying high probability for paddy runoff in these two periods. The nitrogen in runoff water and surface water in the runoff prone period were mainly ammonium nitrogen as the long-term experiment study indicated. Compared with conventional nitrogen rate nitrogen rate(CN) treatment, the nitrogen concentrations of reduced nitrogen rate treatment(RF)and organic combined with chemical nitrogen treatment(OCN)were decreased 8.83% and 19.18%, respectively. The nitrogen concentrations in runoff water and surface water of sulfur coating urea treatment(SCU) in basal fertilization and basal fertilization-tiller-ing fertilization stage were higher than those of other treatments, which increased 20.3% and 11.72% respectively incomparasion with CN treatment. The nitrogen concentration in runoff water of organic fertilizer treatment(OF)decreased 9.04% and 28.53% in basal fertilization and tillering fertilization stage, respectively, but increased 19.7% in tillering fertilization-panicle fertilization stage compared with CN treat-ment, which increased the risk of runoff nitrogen loss. The nitrogen reduction measures referred in this study can reduce the runoff water nitrogen concentrations in the runoff prone period of paddy field, but the effect on nitrogen loss control in the runoff prone period are different.
引文
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[5]薛利红,俞映倞,杨林章.太湖流域稻田不同氮肥管理模式下的氮素平衡特征及环境效应评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):1133-1138.XUE Li-hong,YU Ying-liang,YANG Lin-zhang.Nitrogen balance and environmental impact of paddy field under different N management methods in Taihu Lake region[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(4):1133-1138.
[6]薛利红,杨林章,施卫明,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——源头减量技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):881-888.XUE Li-hong,YANG Lin-zhang,SHI Wei-ming,et al.Reduce-retainreuse-restore technology for controlling the agricultural non-point pollution in countryside in China:Source reduction technology[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(5):881-888.
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[8]侯朋福,薛利祥,范立慧,等.氮肥类型及施用方式对节水抗旱稻田面水氮动态及产量的影响[J].中国稻米,2016,22(3):43-48.HOU Peng-fu,XUE Li-xiang,FAN Li-hui,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer type and application method on surface water nitrogen dynamics and yield of drought-resistance rice[J].China Rice,2016,22(3):43-48.
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[11]Yu Y L,Xue L H,Yang L Z.Winter legumes in rice crop rotations reduces nitrogen loss,and improves rice yield and soil nitrogen supply[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2014,34(3):633-640.
[12]Qiao J,Yang L Z,Yan T M,et al.Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2012,146(1):103-112.
[13]纪雄辉,郑圣先,鲁艳红,等.施用尿素和控释氮肥的双季稻田表层水氮素动态及其径流损失规律[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2521-2530.JI Xiong-hui,ZHENG Sheng-xian,LU Yan-hong,et al.Dynamics of floodwater nitrogen and its runoff loss,urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer application regulation in rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(12):2521-2530.
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[15]郭智,周炜,陈留根,等.施用猪粪有机肥对稻麦两熟农田稻季养分径流流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(6):21-25.GUO Zhi,ZHOU Wei,CHEN Liu-gen,et al.Effect of pig manure application on surface runoff losses of soil nitrogen and phosphorus during the paddy season in intersive rice-wheat rotation field[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(6):21-25.
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[20]薛利红,李刚华,侯朋福,等.太湖地区稻田持续高产的减量施氮技术体系研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(4):729-736.XUE Li-hong,LI Gang-hua,HOU Peng-fu,et al.Nitrogen reduction technique system for sustaining high yield of paddy fields[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(4):729-736.
[21]林晶晶.水稻对基蘖穗肥氮素的吸收利用差异及适宜比例的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2014.LIN Jing-jing.Studies on absorption and utilization and optimum proportion of nitrogen of basic,tillering and panicle fertilizer in rice[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2014.
[22]范立慧,徐珊珊,侯朋福,等.不同地力下基蘖肥运筹比例对水稻产量及氮肥吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(10):1872-1884.FAN Li-hui,XU Shan-shan,HOU Peng-fu,et al.Effect of different ratios of basal to tiller nitrogen on rice yield and nitrogen utilization under different soil fertility[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(10):1872-1884.
[23]谷佳林,徐凯,付铁梅,等.不同密闭材料硫包衣尿素氮素释放特性及对夏玉米生长的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):630-637.GU Jia-lin,XU Kai,FU Tie-mei,et al.Nitrogen release characteristics of different hermetic material sulfur coated urea and their effects on summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(3):630-637.
[24]Miao X K,Xing X M,Ding Y F,et al.Yield and nitrogen uptake of bowl-seedling machine-transplanted rice with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer[J].Agronomy Journal,2015,108(1):313-320.
[25]李敏,郭熙盛,叶舒娅,等.硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、光合特性及氮肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):808-815.LI Min,GUO Xi-sheng,YE Shu-ya,et al.Effects of sulfur-and polymer-coated controlled release urea on yield,photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency of rice[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(4):808-815.
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