1980-2015年雅鲁藏布江流域土地利用时空演变格局分析
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摘要
土地利用/覆被与环境变化和社会经济发展联系紧密。基于雅鲁藏布江流域1980年、1995年、2005年和2015年的土地利用数据,利用转移矩阵、综合土地利用度等指标,分析了雅鲁藏布江流域35年间土地利用/覆被时空变化特征,探讨了雅鲁藏布江流域土地利用/覆被变化的时空演变规律。结果表明:在1980-2015年,主要的土地利用/覆被变化为林地、未利用地、城乡建设用地面积分别增长了0.33%、5.33%和101.03%,永久性冰川雪地、耕地、水体面积分别减少了23.39%、1.66%和1.14%;雅鲁藏布江流域土地利用/覆被类型空间格局的变化具有明显的区域特征,不同海拔高度分布的土地利用/覆被类型有很大差异,从低海拔到高海拔分布的主要土地利用/覆被类型依次为林地、耕地、城乡建设用地、水体、草地、未利用地、永久性冰川雪地;在海拔3 500～4 500 m,耕地减少的面积占总减少量的75%,林地和城乡建设用地增加的面积分别占总增加量的87.7%和71.4%,草地面积无显著变化。当海拔高于4 500 m,永久性冰川雪地的减少量占总减少量的99.7%,未利用地的增加量占总增加面积的99.6%。气候和水文要素是雅鲁藏布江流域土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动因子,国家的生态修复政策、流域内经济的发展以及人口增长是城乡建设用地和耕地发生变化的驱动力。
Land use/cover change(LUCC) is dependent on environmental change and socioeconomic development. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of LUCC has been analyzed by the transfer matrix and comprehensive land use index, according to the data of LUCC in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin from 1980 to 2015. The results indicate that the main change in LUCC are forest land, unused land and the build-up, increasing by 0.33%, 5.33% and 101.03%, respectively. While the area of permanent glacier-snow, cultivated land and water body are diminished by 23.39%, 1.66% and 1.14%, respectively. The changes in the spatial pattern of LUCC for Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin accord with the distinct regional characteristics of vertical zonation. The types of LUCC are forest land, cultivated land, built-up, water body, grassland and unused land and permanent glacier-snow with the increase in altitude. It should be noted that the decreased cultivated land at the altitude of 3 500～4 500 m account for 75% of total reduction, while the increased forestland and built-up area are 87.7% and 71.4% of total increased area, respectively. There is no significant change in grassland. At the altitude above 4 500 m, the decrease in permanent glacier-snow accounts for 99.7% of total reduction. In contrast, the increased area of unused land is 99.6% of total increased area.Climate and hydrological elements are the main driving factors for LUCC in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin. The country ' s ecological restoration policies,economic development and population growth within the basin are the driving forces for the changes in built-up land and cultivated land.
Land use/cover change(LUCC) is dependent on environmental change and socioeconomic development. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of LUCC has been analyzed by the transfer matrix and comprehensive land use index, according to the data of LUCC in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin from 1980 to 2015. The results indicate that the main change in LUCC are forest land, unused land and the build-up, increasing by 0.33%, 5.33% and 101.03%, respectively. While the area of permanent glacier-snow, cultivated land and water body are diminished by 23.39%, 1.66% and 1.14%, respectively. The changes in the spatial pattern of LUCC for Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin accord with the distinct regional characteristics of vertical zonation. The types of LUCC are forest land, cultivated land, built-up, water body, grassland and unused land and permanent glacier-snow with the increase in altitude. It should be noted that the decreased cultivated land at the altitude of 3 500～4 500 m account for 75% of total reduction, while the increased forestland and built-up area are 87.7% and 71.4% of total increased area, respectively. There is no significant change in grassland. At the altitude above 4 500 m, the decrease in permanent glacier-snow accounts for 99.7% of total reduction. In contrast, the increased area of unused land is 99.6% of total increased area.Climate and hydrological elements are the main driving factors for LUCC in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin. The country ' s ecological restoration policies,economic development and population growth within the basin are the driving forces for the changes in built-up land and cultivated land.
引文
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[3] 刘黎明.土地资源学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[4] 马文娟,蒲春玲.昌吉市土地利用变化对生态环境影响分析[J].天津农业科学,2015,21(12):29-32,36.
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[8] 马彩虹,任志远,李小燕.黄土台塬区土地利用转移流及空间集聚特征分析[J].地理学报,2013,68(2):257-267.
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[11] 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏气候[M].北京:科学出版社,1984:208-210.
[12] YAO T D, ZHU L P. The Response of environmental changes on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy[J].Advances in Earth Science.2006,21(5):459-464.
[13] ZHEN B H, TIAN Z Q, WANG W J, et al. Analysis of recent land usage and survey in Weatern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1 078-1 085.
[14] PAN T, ZOU X T, LIU Y J, et al. Contributions of climatic and non-climatic drivers to grassland variations on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Ecological Engineering.2017,108:307-317.
[15] 杨元合,朴世龙.青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2006,(1):1-8.
[16] 蒋芸芸,柯长青.基于遥感和GIS的尼洋河流域土地利用变化研究[J].西藏大学学报:自然科学版,2007,27(4):63-67.
[17] 除多,张镱锂,郑度.拉萨地区土地利用变化情景分析[J].地理研究,2005,(6):869-877.
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[19] LI F P, XU Z X, FENG Y C, et al. Changes of land cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin from 1985 to 2005[J].Environment Earth Science,2013,68:181-188.
[20] 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏河流与湖泊[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[21] 刘文丰,徐宗学,李发鹏,等.基于ASD统计降尺度的雅鲁藏布江流域未来气候变化情景[J].高原气象,2014,33(1):26-36.
[22] 王秀兰, 包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1):83-89.
[23] 史培军,宫鹏.土地利用/覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[24] 王朋岭,唐国利,曹丽娟,等.1981-2010年青藏高原地区气温变化与高程及纬度的关系[J].气候变化研究进展,2012,8(5):4-10.
[25] 苏海林,李曙鸿.西部可持续农业与生态环境建设的路径选择[J].内蒙古林业,2010,(5),26-27.
[26] 陈德亮,徐柏青,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原环境变化科学评估:过去、现在与未来[J].科学通报,2015,60(32):3 025-3 035,1-2.
[2] FOLEY J A, DEFRIES R, ASNER G P, et al. Global consequences of land use[J]. Science, 2005,309(5734):570-574.
[3] 刘黎明.土地资源学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[4] 马文娟,蒲春玲.昌吉市土地利用变化对生态环境影响分析[J].天津农业科学,2015,21(12):29-32,36.
[5] Rindfuss R, Walsh S, Tumer B L, et al. Developing a science of land change: Challenges and methodological issues[J]. PNAS, 2004,101:13 976-13 981.
[6] 任斐鹏,江源,熊兴,等.东江流域近20年土地利用/覆被变化的时空差异特征分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(1):143-152.
[7] 刘纪远,张增祥,徐新良,等.21世纪初中国土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动力分析[J].地理学报,2009,64(12):1 411-1 420.
[8] 马彩虹,任志远,李小燕.黄土台塬区土地利用转移流及空间集聚特征分析[J].地理学报,2013,68(2):257-267.
[9] 彭建,蔡运龙.喀斯特生态脆弱地区土地利用/覆被变化研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[10] 刘晓娜,封志明,姜鲁光,等.西双版纳土地利用/土地覆被变化时空格局分析[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):234-244.
[11] 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏气候[M].北京:科学出版社,1984:208-210.
[12] YAO T D, ZHU L P. The Response of environmental changes on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy[J].Advances in Earth Science.2006,21(5):459-464.
[13] ZHEN B H, TIAN Z Q, WANG W J, et al. Analysis of recent land usage and survey in Weatern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1 078-1 085.
[14] PAN T, ZOU X T, LIU Y J, et al. Contributions of climatic and non-climatic drivers to grassland variations on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Ecological Engineering.2017,108:307-317.
[15] 杨元合,朴世龙.青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2006,(1):1-8.
[16] 蒋芸芸,柯长青.基于遥感和GIS的尼洋河流域土地利用变化研究[J].西藏大学学报:自然科学版,2007,27(4):63-67.
[17] 除多,张镱锂,郑度.拉萨地区土地利用变化情景分析[J].地理研究,2005,(6):869-877.
[18] 崔雪峰,王旭,王大军,等.人类活动引起的气候变化对青藏高原土地利用变化的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2006,54(1):33-56.
[19] LI F P, XU Z X, FENG Y C, et al. Changes of land cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin from 1985 to 2005[J].Environment Earth Science,2013,68:181-188.
[20] 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏河流与湖泊[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[21] 刘文丰,徐宗学,李发鹏,等.基于ASD统计降尺度的雅鲁藏布江流域未来气候变化情景[J].高原气象,2014,33(1):26-36.
[22] 王秀兰, 包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1):83-89.
[23] 史培军,宫鹏.土地利用/覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[24] 王朋岭,唐国利,曹丽娟,等.1981-2010年青藏高原地区气温变化与高程及纬度的关系[J].气候变化研究进展,2012,8(5):4-10.
[25] 苏海林,李曙鸿.西部可持续农业与生态环境建设的路径选择[J].内蒙古林业,2010,(5),26-27.
[26] 陈德亮,徐柏青,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原环境变化科学评估:过去、现在与未来[J].科学通报,2015,60(32):3 025-3 035,1-2.