声学回波统计的鱼群密度评估方法
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摘要
与渔业声学中传统的回波积分法相比,基于回波统计的鱼群密度评估方法具有无需回声信号绝对量和鱼群中个体鱼的平均目标强度先验知识的优点。该文对该方法在鱼群密度评估上的应用问题进行了实验研究,并针对鱼群密度分布的不均匀性和统计样本量偏少导致该方法评估结果偏差的问题,提出了一种基于能量阈值的鱼群回波数据预处理方法和统计样本的改进抽样方法。研究结果表明,在鱼群密度较小、统计样本充足的条件下,回波统计方法能有效地实现鱼群密度的评估;而在鱼群密度较大或样本量偏少情况下,利用改进后的样本抽样法能有效提高回波统计法的鱼群密度评估精度。
Fish number density can be determined from echoes statistic approach. Compared with the conventional echo-integration method of fisheries acoustics, the two main advantages of the echoes statistic approach are that no absolute amount of the sonar echo signal and no priority knowledge of fish target strength is required. This paper presents an experiment study on the fish number density estimation application of this method. For questions that the estimation result will be bias as the inhomogeneity of the fish distribution and the lack of statistic samples in cruise survey, a method of data choosing based on energy threshold and an improvement of the sampling method is proposed. The result indicates that this echoes statistic method is more precise under low fish density condition, and with the modified sampling method the error will be decreased in the denser fish density and lack of statistic samples situation.
Fish number density can be determined from echoes statistic approach. Compared with the conventional echo-integration method of fisheries acoustics, the two main advantages of the echoes statistic approach are that no absolute amount of the sonar echo signal and no priority knowledge of fish target strength is required. This paper presents an experiment study on the fish number density estimation application of this method. For questions that the estimation result will be bias as the inhomogeneity of the fish distribution and the lack of statistic samples in cruise survey, a method of data choosing based on energy threshold and an improvement of the sampling method is proposed. The result indicates that this echoes statistic method is more precise under low fish density condition, and with the modified sampling method the error will be decreased in the denser fish density and lack of statistic samples situation.
引文
[1]谭细畅,史建全,张宏,等. EY60回声探测仪在青海湖鱼类资源量评估中的应用[J].湖泊科学, 2009, 21(6):865–872.Tan Xichang, Shi Jianquan, Zhang Hong, et al. Hydroacoustic assessment of?sh resources in the Lake Qinghai with EY60 echosounder[J]. Journal of Lake Science, 2009,21(6):865–872.
[2]张俊,王新良,赵宪勇.渔业声学数据后处理中积分阈值的选择与优化I:目标离散分布状态下积分阈值的确定[J].渔业科学进展, 2011, 32(4):41–47.Zhang Jun, Wang Xinliang, Zhao Xianyong. De?nition and optimization of integration threshold in postprocessing of?sheries acoustic data I:determination of integration threshold for scattered distribution[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2011, 32(4):41–47.
[3]杜伟东.多波束探鱼声纳关键技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2015.
[4]张立,李渊,林龙山,等.南海中南部主要经济种类渔业资源声学评估[J].海洋渔业, 2016, 38(6):577–586.Zhang Li, Li Yuan, Lin Longshan, et al. Fishery resources acoustic assessment of major economic species in southcentral of the South China Sea[J]. Marine Fisheries, 2016,38(6):577–586.
[5]李路,黄汉英,涂群资,等.单品种淡水活鱼数量的被动声学估计[J].农业机械学报, 2018, 49(3):328–333.Li Lu, Huang Hanying, Tu Qunzi, et al. Numbers estimating of single species freshwater?sh using passive acoustic signals[J]. Transactions of Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(3):328–333.
[6] Simmonds J, MacLennan D. Fisheries acoustics theory and practice[M]. Second Edition Oxford:Blackwell Science, 2005:177–203.
[7] Clay C S, Medwin H. Acoustical oceanography:principles and applications[M]. New York:Wiley, 1977:235–284.
[8] Horne J K, Jech J M. Multi-frequency estimates of?sh abundance:constraints of rather high frequencies[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science, 1999,(56):184–199.
[9] Peterson M L, Clay C S, Brandt S B. Acoustic estimates of?sh density and scattering function[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1976, 60(3):618–622.
[10] Chu D Z, Stanton T K. Statistics of echoes from a directional sonar beam insonifying?nite numbers of single scatterers and patches of scatterers[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2010, 35(2):267–277.
[11] Jones B A, Colosi J A, Stanton T K. Echo statistics of individual and aggregations of scatterers in the water column of a random, oceanic waveguide[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2014, 136(1):90–108.
[12] Lee W J, Stanton T K. Statistics of broadband echoes:application to acoustic estimates of numerical density of?sh[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2016, 41(3):709–723.
[13] Pusey P N, Schaefer D W, Koppel D E. Single-interval statistics of light scattered by identical independent scatterers[J]. Journal of Physics A:Mathematical and General, 1974, 7(4):530–540.
[14] Wilhelm P, Denbigh P. A statistical approach to determining the number density of random scatterers from backscattered pulses[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1984, 76(6):1810–1818.
[15] Weintroub J. Fish stock assessment by a statistical analysis of echo sounder signals[D]. Cape Town:University of Cape Town, 1986.
[16] Denbigh P, Smit Q. Determination of?sh number density by a statistical analysis of backscattered sound[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991, 90(1):457–469.
[17] Schorth-Miller M L. A statistical analysis for estimating?sh number density with the use of a multi beam echo sounder[D]. California:California Polytechnic State University, 2009.
[18] Ryan T E, Downie R A, Kloser R J, et al. Reducing bias due to noise and attenuation in open-ocean echo integration data[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2015, 72(8):2482–2493.
[19] Scoulding B, Gastauer S, MacLennan D N. Effects of variable mean target strength on estimates of abundance:the case of Atlantic mackerel(Scomber scombrus)[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2017, 74(3):822831.
[20] Clay C S, Heist B G. Acoustic scattering by?sh—Acoustic models and a two-parameter?t[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1980, 75(4):1077–1083.
[21] MacLennan D N. Acoustical measurement of?sh abundance[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1990, 87(1):1–15.
[22] Foote K G. Linearity of?sheries acoustics, with addition theorems[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1983, 73(6):1932–1940.
[23] Foote K G. Energy in acoustic echoes from?sh aggregations[J]. Fisheries Research, 1981, 1:129–140.
[2]张俊,王新良,赵宪勇.渔业声学数据后处理中积分阈值的选择与优化I:目标离散分布状态下积分阈值的确定[J].渔业科学进展, 2011, 32(4):41–47.Zhang Jun, Wang Xinliang, Zhao Xianyong. De?nition and optimization of integration threshold in postprocessing of?sheries acoustic data I:determination of integration threshold for scattered distribution[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2011, 32(4):41–47.
[3]杜伟东.多波束探鱼声纳关键技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2015.
[4]张立,李渊,林龙山,等.南海中南部主要经济种类渔业资源声学评估[J].海洋渔业, 2016, 38(6):577–586.Zhang Li, Li Yuan, Lin Longshan, et al. Fishery resources acoustic assessment of major economic species in southcentral of the South China Sea[J]. Marine Fisheries, 2016,38(6):577–586.
[5]李路,黄汉英,涂群资,等.单品种淡水活鱼数量的被动声学估计[J].农业机械学报, 2018, 49(3):328–333.Li Lu, Huang Hanying, Tu Qunzi, et al. Numbers estimating of single species freshwater?sh using passive acoustic signals[J]. Transactions of Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(3):328–333.
[6] Simmonds J, MacLennan D. Fisheries acoustics theory and practice[M]. Second Edition Oxford:Blackwell Science, 2005:177–203.
[7] Clay C S, Medwin H. Acoustical oceanography:principles and applications[M]. New York:Wiley, 1977:235–284.
[8] Horne J K, Jech J M. Multi-frequency estimates of?sh abundance:constraints of rather high frequencies[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science, 1999,(56):184–199.
[9] Peterson M L, Clay C S, Brandt S B. Acoustic estimates of?sh density and scattering function[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1976, 60(3):618–622.
[10] Chu D Z, Stanton T K. Statistics of echoes from a directional sonar beam insonifying?nite numbers of single scatterers and patches of scatterers[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2010, 35(2):267–277.
[11] Jones B A, Colosi J A, Stanton T K. Echo statistics of individual and aggregations of scatterers in the water column of a random, oceanic waveguide[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2014, 136(1):90–108.
[12] Lee W J, Stanton T K. Statistics of broadband echoes:application to acoustic estimates of numerical density of?sh[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2016, 41(3):709–723.
[13] Pusey P N, Schaefer D W, Koppel D E. Single-interval statistics of light scattered by identical independent scatterers[J]. Journal of Physics A:Mathematical and General, 1974, 7(4):530–540.
[14] Wilhelm P, Denbigh P. A statistical approach to determining the number density of random scatterers from backscattered pulses[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1984, 76(6):1810–1818.
[15] Weintroub J. Fish stock assessment by a statistical analysis of echo sounder signals[D]. Cape Town:University of Cape Town, 1986.
[16] Denbigh P, Smit Q. Determination of?sh number density by a statistical analysis of backscattered sound[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991, 90(1):457–469.
[17] Schorth-Miller M L. A statistical analysis for estimating?sh number density with the use of a multi beam echo sounder[D]. California:California Polytechnic State University, 2009.
[18] Ryan T E, Downie R A, Kloser R J, et al. Reducing bias due to noise and attenuation in open-ocean echo integration data[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2015, 72(8):2482–2493.
[19] Scoulding B, Gastauer S, MacLennan D N. Effects of variable mean target strength on estimates of abundance:the case of Atlantic mackerel(Scomber scombrus)[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2017, 74(3):822831.
[20] Clay C S, Heist B G. Acoustic scattering by?sh—Acoustic models and a two-parameter?t[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1980, 75(4):1077–1083.
[21] MacLennan D N. Acoustical measurement of?sh abundance[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1990, 87(1):1–15.
[22] Foote K G. Linearity of?sheries acoustics, with addition theorems[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1983, 73(6):1932–1940.
[23] Foote K G. Energy in acoustic echoes from?sh aggregations[J]. Fisheries Research, 1981, 1:129–140.