复合型电磁发射轨道接触应力分析
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摘要
电磁轨道发射时,电枢在轨道内滑动,轨道内表面与电枢之间会产生高温和摩擦,轨道将受到磨损、烧蚀及强度等破坏.因此,人们开始考虑采用铜基复合轨道来增强轨道内表面的强度及耐烧蚀能力.该文研究的是以钢材料作为复合层的铜基复合电磁轨道.当轨道通入电流时电枢与两轨道组成闭合回路,两轨道间形成强的磁场,电枢在磁场的作用下受到推力并沿着轨道移动.在这个过程中由于电流和磁场的相互作用,轨道间会产生相互作用的斥力;同时电枢在强电流的作用下产生大量的Joule(焦耳)热使得电枢产生膨胀,对两轨道的侧面造成挤压,根据轨道的受力情况将复合型轨道简化为受有一段均布载荷和一个"刚印"作用下的双层梁的力学模型.根据弹性半平面的基本方程求解电枢对轨道表面局部的作用力,进而得到整个轨道的复合层的应力状态;然后利用MATLAB软件对铜-钢界面上的应力进行多项式拟合,得到铜层表面的边界条件,分析铜层表面局部的各项应力,得到了复合轨道基层和复合层的应力与加载电压、复合层厚度比例等参量的关系.为复合型轨道的强度设计提供了依据.
During the launching process of electromagnetic rails,the armature slides along the rails,and high-temperature friction occurs on the rail-armature interface,so the rail is liable to damages due to wear,erosion and strength loss. Thus,copper-based composite materials are used to enhance the strength and ablation resistance of the inner surface of the rail. The steel-copper composite electromagnetic rails were studied. While electrified,the armature and the rails constituted a closed loop,and a strong magnetic field formed between the rails,then the armature moved along the rails under the pushing force from the magnetic field. In this process,due to the interaction between the current and the magnetic field,a repulsive force acted between the 2 rails. At the same time,the armature was greatly heated by the strong current,and the thermal expansion of the armature brought extrusive forces on the lateral rails. According to this force condition,the composite rails were simplified as a mechanical model of double-layer beams under a uniformly distributed load and a rigid stamp force. The forces by the armature on the rail surface were solved and the stress state of the composite layers was obtained with the basic equations in the elastic half plane. Hence,the polynomial fitting of the copper-steel interfacial stress was got with the MATLAB software. The boundary conditions of the copper layer surface were determined,the local stresses of the copper layer surface were analyzed,and the relationships between the stress and the loading voltage,as well as the thickness ratios of composite layers,were acquired. The results provide a foundation for the strength design of composite launching electromagnetic rails.
During the launching process of electromagnetic rails,the armature slides along the rails,and high-temperature friction occurs on the rail-armature interface,so the rail is liable to damages due to wear,erosion and strength loss. Thus,copper-based composite materials are used to enhance the strength and ablation resistance of the inner surface of the rail. The steel-copper composite electromagnetic rails were studied. While electrified,the armature and the rails constituted a closed loop,and a strong magnetic field formed between the rails,then the armature moved along the rails under the pushing force from the magnetic field. In this process,due to the interaction between the current and the magnetic field,a repulsive force acted between the 2 rails. At the same time,the armature was greatly heated by the strong current,and the thermal expansion of the armature brought extrusive forces on the lateral rails. According to this force condition,the composite rails were simplified as a mechanical model of double-layer beams under a uniformly distributed load and a rigid stamp force. The forces by the armature on the rail surface were solved and the stress state of the composite layers was obtained with the basic equations in the elastic half plane. Hence,the polynomial fitting of the copper-steel interfacial stress was got with the MATLAB software. The boundary conditions of the copper layer surface were determined,the local stresses of the copper layer surface were analyzed,and the relationships between the stress and the loading voltage,as well as the thickness ratios of composite layers,were acquired. The results provide a foundation for the strength design of composite launching electromagnetic rails.
引文
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[8] MCNAB I R,BEACH F C. Naval railguns[J]. IEEE Transactics on Magnetics,2007,43(1):463-468.
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[10]袁晓明,吴鹏,陈晓阳,等.增强型电磁轨道炮电磁结构耦合有限元分析及结构优化设计[J].机械设计,2016,33(2):18-23.(YUAN Xiaoming,WU Peng,CHEN Xiaoyang,et al. Electromagnetic structural coupling finite element analysis and structural optimal design of augmented electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Machine Design,2016,33(2):18-23.(in Chinese))
[11]李峰,李豪杰,殷强.电枢运动状态下轨道炮膛内磁场仿真分析[J].兵器装备工程学报,2016,37(10):61-71.(LI Feng,LI Haojie,YIN Qiang. Simulation analysis of railgun in-born magnetic field in armature movement state[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering,2016,37(10):61-71.(in Chinese))
[12]李小将,王志恒,武昊然.电磁炮轨道几何尺寸特性分析及优化设计[J].火炮发射与控制学报,2015,36(2):54-58.(LI Xiaojiang,WANG Zhiheng,WU Haoran. Characteristics analysis and optimization design of rail geometry size of electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Gun Launch&Control,2015,36(2):54-58.(in Chinese))
[13]王微,战再吉,唐琪,等. Ti2Al N-La2O3/Cu复合材料的界面反应与性能[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2015,44(5):1177-1180.(WANG Wei,ZHAN Zaiji,TANG Qi,et al. Interfacial reaction and properties of Ti2Al N-La2O3/Cu composite[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2015,44(5):1177-1180.(in Chinese))
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[15]田振国,孟晓永,安雪云,等.电磁轨道发射状态下的复合导轨动态响应[J].兵工学报,2017,38(4):651-657.(TIAN Zhenguo,MENG Xiaoyong,AN Xueyun,et al. Dynamic response of composite rail during launch process of electromagnetic rail[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2017,38(4):651-657.(in Chinese))
[16]雷彬,朱仁贵,张倩,等.电磁轨道发射器刨削产生特征与研究现状[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2011,34(3):76-80.(LEI Bin,ZHU Rengui,ZHANG Qian,et al. Production features and research status of gouging in electromagnetic railgun[J]. Ordnance Material Science and Engineering,2011,34(3):76-80.(in Chinese))
[17]石江波,栗保明.电磁轨道炮后坐过程研究[J].兵工学报,2015,36(2):227-233.(SHI Jiangbo,LI Baoming. Research on recoil process of electromagnetic railgun[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2015,36(2):227-233.(in Chinese))
[18]张豪,谢龙,高俊杰,等.电磁轨道炮轨道形状对电流分布的影响[J].火炮发射与控制学报,2016,37(4):48-53.(ZHANG Hao,XIE Long,GAO Junjie,et al. The influence of rail shape on the current distribution in electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Gun Launch&Control,2016,37(4):48-53.(in Chinese))
[19]魏存磊,徐亚栋,马燕颖.瞬态冲击载荷下复合材料身管损伤研究[J].兵器装备工程学报,2016,37(7):131-136.(WEI Cunlei,XU Yadong,MA Yanying. Study on damage of composite material barrel under transient impact load[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering,2016,37(7):131-136.(in Chinese))
[20]乔志明,雷彬,吕庆敖,等.轨道炮枢/轨接触界面温度仿真分析[J].装甲兵工程学院学报,2016,30(4):62-67.(QIAO Zhiming,LEI Bin,LQing’ao,et al. Simulation and analysis of the temperature distribution near the armature-rail interface in a railgun system[J]. Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering,2016,30(4):62-67.(in Chinese))
[21]谈至明,郭晶晶,陈景亮.双向弹簧夹层假定的弹性地基上双层板的解[J].应用数学和力学,2016,37(4):382-390.(TAN Zhiming,GUO Jingjing,CHEN Jingliang. Solutions of double-layer plate with two-way spring interlayers on elastic foundations[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2016,37(4):382-390.(in Chinese))
[22]马小丹,李星.一维六方准晶的两类周期接触问题[J].应用数学和力学,2016,37(7):699-709.(MA Xiaodan,LI Xing. 2 kinds of periodic contact problems of 1D hexagonal quasicrystals[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2016,37(7):699-709.(in Chinese))
[23]田振国,杨阳,白象忠.电磁轨道发射过程中电枢与轨道的力学特性[J].机械强度,2012,34(2):234-238.(TIAN Zhenguo,YANG Yang,BAI Xiangzhong. Rail-armature mechanics behavior during launch process of electromagnetic rail[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength,2012,34(2):234-238.(in Chinese))
[24]МУСХЕЛИШВИЛИНИ.数学弹性力学的几个基本问题[M].赵惠元,译.北京:科学出版社,1959.(МУСХЕЛИШВИЛИНИ. Some Basic Problem of the Mathematical Theory or Elasticity[M].ZHAO Huiyuan,transl. Beijing:Science Press,1959.(Chinese version))
[25]ПРУСОВИИА.НекотоыеЗадачиТермоупругосгн[M].Мииск:Мзд-воВГУ,1972.(ПРУСОВИИА. Some Problem of Thermal Elasticity[M]. Minsk:Press of National University of White Russia,1972.(in Russian))
[2]范长增,王文魁.发展中的电磁轨道炮[J].燕山大学学报,2007,31(5):377-386.(FAN Changzeng,WANG Wenkui. Review on the electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Yanshan University,2007,31(5):377-386.(in Chinese))
[3] FAIR H D. Electromagnetic launch science and technology in the United States enters a new era[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetic,2005,41(1):158-164.
[4]范光程,江明阳,隆小飞,等.驱动线圈连接方式对多极矩电磁发射效率的影响研究[J].兵工学报,2017,38(4):643-650.(FAN Guangcheng,JIANG Mingyang,LONG Xiaofei,et al. Effects of driving coil connection modes on emission efficiency of MFEL[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2017,38(4):643-650.(in Chinese))
[5]苏子舟,张涛,张博.欧洲电磁发射技术发展概述[J].飞航导弹,2016,46(1):80-85.(SU Zizhou,ZHANG Tao,ZHANG Bo. An overview of the development of electromagnetic launch technology in Europe[J]. Aerodynamic Missile Journal,2016,46(1):80-85(in Chinese))
[6] SU Z Z,ZHANG T,GUO W,et al. Investigation of armature capture effect on synchronous induction coilgun[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2015,43(5):1215-1219.
[7]杨世荣,王莹,徐海荣,等.电磁发射器的原理与应用[J].物理,2003,32(4):253-256.(YANG Shirong,WANG Ying,XU Hairong,et al. Principle and applications of electromagnetic launchers[J].Physics,2003,32(4):253-256.(in Chinese))
[8] MCNAB I R,BEACH F C. Naval railguns[J]. IEEE Transactics on Magnetics,2007,43(1):463-468.
[9]汪治全,王豫,严仲明,等.基于均匀设计的单级多极矩电磁推进器结构参数优化[J].兵工学报,2016,37(4):744-750.(WANG Zhiquan,WANG Yu,YAN Zhongming,et al. Research on structural parameters of sigle-stage multipole field launcher based on uniform design approach[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2016,37(4):744-750.(in Chinese))
[10]袁晓明,吴鹏,陈晓阳,等.增强型电磁轨道炮电磁结构耦合有限元分析及结构优化设计[J].机械设计,2016,33(2):18-23.(YUAN Xiaoming,WU Peng,CHEN Xiaoyang,et al. Electromagnetic structural coupling finite element analysis and structural optimal design of augmented electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Machine Design,2016,33(2):18-23.(in Chinese))
[11]李峰,李豪杰,殷强.电枢运动状态下轨道炮膛内磁场仿真分析[J].兵器装备工程学报,2016,37(10):61-71.(LI Feng,LI Haojie,YIN Qiang. Simulation analysis of railgun in-born magnetic field in armature movement state[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering,2016,37(10):61-71.(in Chinese))
[12]李小将,王志恒,武昊然.电磁炮轨道几何尺寸特性分析及优化设计[J].火炮发射与控制学报,2015,36(2):54-58.(LI Xiaojiang,WANG Zhiheng,WU Haoran. Characteristics analysis and optimization design of rail geometry size of electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Gun Launch&Control,2015,36(2):54-58.(in Chinese))
[13]王微,战再吉,唐琪,等. Ti2Al N-La2O3/Cu复合材料的界面反应与性能[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2015,44(5):1177-1180.(WANG Wei,ZHAN Zaiji,TANG Qi,et al. Interfacial reaction and properties of Ti2Al N-La2O3/Cu composite[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2015,44(5):1177-1180.(in Chinese))
[14]田振国,白象忠,杨阳.电磁轨道发射状态下导轨侧面的局部接触应力分析[J].固体力学学报,2011,32(1):74-81.(TIAN Zhenguo,BAI Xiangzhong,YANG Yang. The analysis of local contact stress on the side of rail when electromagnetic rail is at a launching state[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics,2011,32(1):74-81.(in Chinese))
[15]田振国,孟晓永,安雪云,等.电磁轨道发射状态下的复合导轨动态响应[J].兵工学报,2017,38(4):651-657.(TIAN Zhenguo,MENG Xiaoyong,AN Xueyun,et al. Dynamic response of composite rail during launch process of electromagnetic rail[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2017,38(4):651-657.(in Chinese))
[16]雷彬,朱仁贵,张倩,等.电磁轨道发射器刨削产生特征与研究现状[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2011,34(3):76-80.(LEI Bin,ZHU Rengui,ZHANG Qian,et al. Production features and research status of gouging in electromagnetic railgun[J]. Ordnance Material Science and Engineering,2011,34(3):76-80.(in Chinese))
[17]石江波,栗保明.电磁轨道炮后坐过程研究[J].兵工学报,2015,36(2):227-233.(SHI Jiangbo,LI Baoming. Research on recoil process of electromagnetic railgun[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2015,36(2):227-233.(in Chinese))
[18]张豪,谢龙,高俊杰,等.电磁轨道炮轨道形状对电流分布的影响[J].火炮发射与控制学报,2016,37(4):48-53.(ZHANG Hao,XIE Long,GAO Junjie,et al. The influence of rail shape on the current distribution in electromagnetic railgun[J]. Journal of Gun Launch&Control,2016,37(4):48-53.(in Chinese))
[19]魏存磊,徐亚栋,马燕颖.瞬态冲击载荷下复合材料身管损伤研究[J].兵器装备工程学报,2016,37(7):131-136.(WEI Cunlei,XU Yadong,MA Yanying. Study on damage of composite material barrel under transient impact load[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering,2016,37(7):131-136.(in Chinese))
[20]乔志明,雷彬,吕庆敖,等.轨道炮枢/轨接触界面温度仿真分析[J].装甲兵工程学院学报,2016,30(4):62-67.(QIAO Zhiming,LEI Bin,LQing’ao,et al. Simulation and analysis of the temperature distribution near the armature-rail interface in a railgun system[J]. Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering,2016,30(4):62-67.(in Chinese))
[21]谈至明,郭晶晶,陈景亮.双向弹簧夹层假定的弹性地基上双层板的解[J].应用数学和力学,2016,37(4):382-390.(TAN Zhiming,GUO Jingjing,CHEN Jingliang. Solutions of double-layer plate with two-way spring interlayers on elastic foundations[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2016,37(4):382-390.(in Chinese))
[22]马小丹,李星.一维六方准晶的两类周期接触问题[J].应用数学和力学,2016,37(7):699-709.(MA Xiaodan,LI Xing. 2 kinds of periodic contact problems of 1D hexagonal quasicrystals[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2016,37(7):699-709.(in Chinese))
[23]田振国,杨阳,白象忠.电磁轨道发射过程中电枢与轨道的力学特性[J].机械强度,2012,34(2):234-238.(TIAN Zhenguo,YANG Yang,BAI Xiangzhong. Rail-armature mechanics behavior during launch process of electromagnetic rail[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength,2012,34(2):234-238.(in Chinese))
[24]МУСХЕЛИШВИЛИНИ.数学弹性力学的几个基本问题[M].赵惠元,译.北京:科学出版社,1959.(МУСХЕЛИШВИЛИНИ. Some Basic Problem of the Mathematical Theory or Elasticity[M].ZHAO Huiyuan,transl. Beijing:Science Press,1959.(Chinese version))
[25]ПРУСОВИИА.НекотоыеЗадачиТермоупругосгн[M].Мииск:Мзд-воВГУ,1972.(ПРУСОВИИА. Some Problem of Thermal Elasticity[M]. Minsk:Press of National University of White Russia,1972.(in Russian))