收入多样化、森林依赖度和林业可持续发展——以西部四省756户农户数据为例
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摘要
林区农户的生计活动都是直接或间接地利用有限的森林资源,收入多样化和森林依赖度在农户保证收入安全方面是具有彼此替代性的。收入来源更为丰富的农户由于面临更高的森林资源收集的机会成本,从而可能更少地投入到林业生产活动中。以甘肃省、广西省、宁夏回族自治区和云南省的756户农户数据为例,通过建立收入多样化对森林依赖的Tobit模型,结果表明:(1)研究区域农户年均林业占农户家庭总收入的10%左右;(2)在控制其他变量的条件下,随着收入多样化系数提高一个单位,研究区域农户林业收入比重降低13%~23%。表明随着农户家庭收入多样化程度的提高,家庭对林业的依赖程度减小。因此,政府可以通过政策、项目扶持农户实现多样化收入,从而缓解森林资源和环境保护的压力,提高林区森林质量。
Diversification of income is considered to be an effective way to alleviate the pressure of forest cutting.Among many rural households,income diversification and forest dependency can be viewed as substitute sources of insurance. Farmers with diversified income sources enjoy a higher opportunity cost in forest harvesting and tend to allocate fewer labor inputs to forestry activities.The current study uses rural household survey data collected in Gansu Province,Guangxi Province,Ningxia Autonomous Region,and Yunnan Province and applies a Tobit regression model to determine the effect of income diversification on forest dependence.The two main findings of this study are as follows.( 1) Average annual forest income per household in the study area accounts for nearly 10% of total incomes. Wage income takes up almost 50% of total income in study area.( 2)When the income diversification index increases by one unit,the proportion of forest income to total income within the study areas decreases by 13%- 23%. This suggests that when the effect of other variables is controlled,a certain level of income-source diversification can significantly reduce a household's dependence on forest resources.
Diversification of income is considered to be an effective way to alleviate the pressure of forest cutting.Among many rural households,income diversification and forest dependency can be viewed as substitute sources of insurance. Farmers with diversified income sources enjoy a higher opportunity cost in forest harvesting and tend to allocate fewer labor inputs to forestry activities.The current study uses rural household survey data collected in Gansu Province,Guangxi Province,Ningxia Autonomous Region,and Yunnan Province and applies a Tobit regression model to determine the effect of income diversification on forest dependence.The two main findings of this study are as follows.( 1) Average annual forest income per household in the study area accounts for nearly 10% of total incomes. Wage income takes up almost 50% of total income in study area.( 2)When the income diversification index increases by one unit,the proportion of forest income to total income within the study areas decreases by 13%- 23%. This suggests that when the effect of other variables is controlled,a certain level of income-source diversification can significantly reduce a household's dependence on forest resources.
引文
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[16]Ruiz Perez M,Byron N.A methodology to analyze divergent case studies of non-timber forest products and their development potential[J].For Sci,1999,45(1):1-14
[17]Hill M.Diversity and evenness:A unifying notation and its consequences[J].Ecology,1973,54:427-432.
[18]Tobin J.Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables[J].Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,1958,26(1):24-36.
[19]Heckman J J.Sample selection bias as a specification error[J].Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,1979,47(1),153-161.
[20]Linders G J M,De Groot H L F.Estimation of the gravity equation in the presence of zero flows[R].Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2006.
[21]伍德里奇.计量经济学导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010.
[22]李翠珍,徐建春,孔祥斌.大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例[J].地理研究,2012,31(6):1039-1045.
[23]向国成,韩绍凤.农户兼业化:基于分工视角的分析[J].中国农村经济,2005(8):4-9.
[24]Bruce C Glavovic,Saskia Boonzaier.Confronting coastal poverty:Building sustainable coastal livelihoods in South Africa[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2007,50(1/2):1-23.
[25]Charlie M Shackleton,Sheona E Shackleton,Erik Buiten,et al.The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural Livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa forest[J].Policy and Economics,2007,9(5):558-577.
[26]张车伟.农村劳动力转移与新农村建设[J].中国农村经济,2006(7):4-8.
[27]Andrea E Iuierdo,Hector R,Grau T,et al.Implications of rural-urban migration for conservation of the atlantic forest and urban growth in Misiones,Argentina(1970-2030)[J].AMBIO,2011(40):298-309.
[2]Vedeld P,Angelsen A,BojJ,et al.Forest environmental incomes and the rural poor[J].For Policy Econ,2007(9):869-879.
[3]段伟,温亚利,王昌海.劳动力转移对朱鹮保护区周边环境的影响分析[J].资源环境,2010,35(6):35-38.
[4]Ellis F,Freeman H A.Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction strategies in four African countries[J].J Dev Stud,2000,40(4):1-30.
[5]Prabodh Illukpitiya,John F Yanagida.Role of income diversification in protecting natural forests:evidence from rural households in forest margins of Sri Lanka[J].Agroforest Syst,2008,74:51-62.
[6]Vedeld P,Angelsen A,Sjaastad E,et al.Counting on the environment:Forest incomes and the rural poor[M].Washington D C:The World Bank Environment Department,2004:98.
[7]Reardon T,Deigado C,Matlon P.Determinants and effects of income diversification alnongst farm households in Burkina Faso[J].Journal of Development Studies,1992,28(2):264-296.
[8]Haughton D,Haughton J.Living standards analytics:Development through the lens of household survey data[M].New York:Springer,2011.
[9]陈传波.农户多样化选择行为实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2007(1):48-54.
[10]都阳.风险分散与非农劳动供给——来自贫困地区农村的经验证据[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2001(1):46-54.
[11]刘建国.我国农户消费倾向偏低的原因分析[J].经济研究,1999(3):52-65.
[12]Caviglia-Harris J L,Sills E O.Land use and income diversification:comparing traditional and colonist populations in the Brazilian Amazon[J].Agric Econ,2005(32):221-237.
[13]Bluffstone R,Boscolo M,Molina R.How does community forestry affect rural households?A labor allocation model of the Bolivian Andes[R].University of Redlands,USA,Working Paper,2001.
[14]Angelsen A,Wunder S.Exploring the forest-poverty link:key concepts,issues and research implications[R].Center for International Forest Research(CIFOR)Occasional Paper,2003.
[15]Godoy R,Wilkie D,Overman H,et al.Valuation of consumption and sale of forest goods from a central American rain forest[J].Nature,2000(406):62-63.
[16]Ruiz Perez M,Byron N.A methodology to analyze divergent case studies of non-timber forest products and their development potential[J].For Sci,1999,45(1):1-14
[17]Hill M.Diversity and evenness:A unifying notation and its consequences[J].Ecology,1973,54:427-432.
[18]Tobin J.Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables[J].Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,1958,26(1):24-36.
[19]Heckman J J.Sample selection bias as a specification error[J].Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,1979,47(1),153-161.
[20]Linders G J M,De Groot H L F.Estimation of the gravity equation in the presence of zero flows[R].Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2006.
[21]伍德里奇.计量经济学导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010.
[22]李翠珍,徐建春,孔祥斌.大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例[J].地理研究,2012,31(6):1039-1045.
[23]向国成,韩绍凤.农户兼业化:基于分工视角的分析[J].中国农村经济,2005(8):4-9.
[24]Bruce C Glavovic,Saskia Boonzaier.Confronting coastal poverty:Building sustainable coastal livelihoods in South Africa[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2007,50(1/2):1-23.
[25]Charlie M Shackleton,Sheona E Shackleton,Erik Buiten,et al.The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural Livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa forest[J].Policy and Economics,2007,9(5):558-577.
[26]张车伟.农村劳动力转移与新农村建设[J].中国农村经济,2006(7):4-8.
[27]Andrea E Iuierdo,Hector R,Grau T,et al.Implications of rural-urban migration for conservation of the atlantic forest and urban growth in Misiones,Argentina(1970-2030)[J].AMBIO,2011(40):298-309.