美国教材评价标准的指标和方法——以《优质教材工具》为例
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摘要
美国教材评价标准主要由行业组织、地方教育机构和教育咨询机构等发布,彼此之间形成了一个较为完善的教材评价体系。以《优质教材工具》为代表的教材评价标准,积极吸纳并回应教材评价研究中的经验和教训,形成了可靠的评价工具。在教材评价指标方面,通过考察教材中文本内容、案例的选择和学习活动的设计等对教材与课程标准的一致性进行评价;通过考察教材对教和学的支持以评价教材的可用性。在评价方法方面,通过设立评价"关卡"规范评价程序和评分规则,以《证据指南》统一评价人员的理解,采用"基于证据"的评价方法保证评价结果的可靠性。在公布评价结果时,采用图文结合的方式公布评价结果和详细的评价意见,并公开接受质疑。美国经验为我国研制教材评价标准提供了有益的参考。
The evaluation criteria for textbooks in the United States are mainly issued by industrial associations, local educational institutions, and educational advisory institutions. They form a relatively complete evaluation system for textbooks. As an example of Textbook evaluation standards, Quality Instructional Materials Tool, actively absorbs and responds to the experiences and lessons in the evaluation of textbooks, and form reliable evaluation tools. In terms of evaluation criteria, evaluating the consistency between textbooks and CCSS takes place by examining the content of text, the selection of cases, and the design of learning activities; the usability of textbooks is evaluated by examining the support of teaching materials for teaching and learning. In terms of evaluation methods, through the "gateways" normative evaluation procedures and scoring rules, the "evidence-based" evaluation method following the "Evidence Guides" ensures the reliability of the evaluation results. The evaluation results are published in detail by means of graphic and textual integration, and open to being questioned. The American experience provides a useful reference for the development of textbook evaluation criteria in China.
The evaluation criteria for textbooks in the United States are mainly issued by industrial associations, local educational institutions, and educational advisory institutions. They form a relatively complete evaluation system for textbooks. As an example of Textbook evaluation standards, Quality Instructional Materials Tool, actively absorbs and responds to the experiences and lessons in the evaluation of textbooks, and form reliable evaluation tools. In terms of evaluation criteria, evaluating the consistency between textbooks and CCSS takes place by examining the content of text, the selection of cases, and the design of learning activities; the usability of textbooks is evaluated by examining the support of teaching materials for teaching and learning. In terms of evaluation methods, through the "gateways" normative evaluation procedures and scoring rules, the "evidence-based" evaluation method following the "Evidence Guides" ensures the reliability of the evaluation results. The evaluation results are published in detail by means of graphic and textual integration, and open to being questioned. The American experience provides a useful reference for the development of textbook evaluation criteria in China.
引文
[1] Eckhardt Fuchs & Annekatrin Bock.The Palgrave Handbook of Textbook Studies[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2018:157.
[2] Jayakaran Mukundan,Reza Hajimohammadi & Vahid Nimehchisalem.Developing an English Language Textbook Evaluation Checklist[J].Contemporary Issues in Education Research,2011(6):21-27.
[3] Edreports.org.Informed Decisions,Improved Materials,Better Outcomes for Students[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/files/EdReports.org_AboutUs_7-2017.pdf.2017-7-1/2018-5-1.
[4] 董蓓菲.全景搜索:美国语文课程、教材、教法、评价[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009:65.
[5] Sheldon,L.E.Evaluating ELT Textbooks and Materials[J].Elt Journal,1988(4):237-246.
[6] National Association of State Textbook Administrators.Common Criteria Framework for the Vetting of Instructional Materials[EB/OL].http://simra.us/MembersAdd/Submissions/Common_Criteria_for_Vetting_of_Instructional_Materials.pdf.2012-1-5/2018-2-5.
[7] California State Board of Education.English Language Arts/English Language Development Framework for Californai Public Schools Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve [EB/OL].https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/rl/cf/documents/elaeldfwintro.pdf.2015-7-1/2018-8-20.
[8] Edreports.org.Quality Instructional Materials Tool:English Language Arts 3-8 Review Tool [EB/OL].http://storage.googleapis.com/edreports-206618.appspot.com/resources/files/EdReports_ELA_ 3-8 _Review_Tool.pdf.2017-8-15/2018-10-10.
[9] Edreports.org.Instructional Materials Reviews[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/impact.2017-8-15/2018-11-29.
[10][16][17][19] Karamoozian,F.M.& Riazi,A.Development of a New Checklist for Evaluating Reading Comprehension Textbooks[J].Online Submission,2008(7):21.
[11] Common Core State Standards Initiative.Key Shifts in English Language Arts [EB/OL].]http://www.corestandards.org/other-resources/key-shifts-in-english-language-arts.2010-3-1/2018-3-5.
[12] [英] 怀特海.教育的目的[M].靳玉乐,刘富利,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2016:2.
[13] [德] 克里斯托夫·武尔夫.人的图像:想象、表演与文化[M].陈红燕,译.上海:华东师范大学,2018:5-6.
[14] [美] 塞尔斯·穆尔西亚.英语作为第二语言或外语的教学[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006:422.
[15] ?im?ek,M.R.& Dündar,E.Particularised Checklists in Materials Evaluation:Developing Contextually Relevant Criteria for Turkish EFL Classes[J].Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies,2018(3):154-189.
[18] Corestandards.org.ELA 3-8 Evidence Guide[EB/OL].http://storage.googleapis.com/edreports-206618.appspot.com/resources/files/3-8_ELA_Combined_Evidence_Guides.pdf.2017-8-15/2018- 10-20.
[20] Ghorbani,M.R.Quantification and Graphic Representation of EFL Textbook Evaluation Results[J].Theory & Practice in Language Studies,2011(5):511-520.
[21] Corestandards.org.McGraw-Hill Education Reading Wonders Sixth Grade[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/ela/reading-wonders/sixth-grade.html.2017-10-11/2018-5-1.
[22] [美] 丹尼尔·贝尔.资本主义的文化矛盾[M].赵一凡,译.北京:三联书店,1989:156.
[23] McGraw-Hill Education.McGraw-Hill Education Response to EdReports Evaluation Wonders Grades 3-6[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/files/series/publisher-response/Reading%20Wonders%20Publisher%20Response.pdf.2018-1-11/2018-5-1.
[24] Liana Heitin Loewus.EdReports Makes Changes to Textbook Review Process[EB/OL].http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/curriculum/2015/06/edreports_makes_changes_to_textbook_review_process.html.2015-6-10/2018-11-29.
[25] Chambliss,M.& Calfee,R.Textbooks for Learning:Nurturing Children's Minds[M].Malden,MA:Blackwell,1998.
[26] Pingel,F.UNESCO Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision[EB/OL].http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001171/117188E.pdf.2010-3-7/2018-12-2.
[27] Mikk,J.Textbook:Research and Writing[M].Frankfurt:Peter Lang Pub Inc,2000.
[28] Ansary,H.& Babaii,E.Universal Characteristics of EFL/ESL Textbook:A Step towards Systematic Textbook Evaluation[EB/OL].http://iteslj.org/Articles/Ansary-Textbooks.2012-2-1/2018-7-13.
[29] Achievethecore.A Overview:Toolkit for Evaluating Alignment of Instructional and Assessment Materials to the Common Core State Standards[EB/OL].https://achievethecore.org/content/upload/Materials_Alignment_Toolkit_Overview_June2015.pdf.2015-6-1/2018-5-1.
[30] David Coleman & Susan Pimentel.Revised Publishers' Criteria for the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts and Literacy,Grades K-2[EB/OL].http://www.corestandards.org/assets/Publishers_Criteria_for_K-2.pdf.2015-10-16/2018-5-1.
[31] Ellis,R.The Empirical Evaluation of Language Teaching Materials[J].ELT Journal,1997(1):36-42.
[32] Brian Tomlinson & Hitomi Masuhara.The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning[M].Hoboken,NJ:Wiley Blackwell,2018:59-60.
(1)锚定文本是在任何一个年级的教学过程中都可以被用来教学相关阅读技巧和策略等语文知识的一类经典文本。
[2] Jayakaran Mukundan,Reza Hajimohammadi & Vahid Nimehchisalem.Developing an English Language Textbook Evaluation Checklist[J].Contemporary Issues in Education Research,2011(6):21-27.
[3] Edreports.org.Informed Decisions,Improved Materials,Better Outcomes for Students[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/files/EdReports.org_AboutUs_7-2017.pdf.2017-7-1/2018-5-1.
[4] 董蓓菲.全景搜索:美国语文课程、教材、教法、评价[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009:65.
[5] Sheldon,L.E.Evaluating ELT Textbooks and Materials[J].Elt Journal,1988(4):237-246.
[6] National Association of State Textbook Administrators.Common Criteria Framework for the Vetting of Instructional Materials[EB/OL].http://simra.us/MembersAdd/Submissions/Common_Criteria_for_Vetting_of_Instructional_Materials.pdf.2012-1-5/2018-2-5.
[7] California State Board of Education.English Language Arts/English Language Development Framework for Californai Public Schools Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve [EB/OL].https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/rl/cf/documents/elaeldfwintro.pdf.2015-7-1/2018-8-20.
[8] Edreports.org.Quality Instructional Materials Tool:English Language Arts 3-8 Review Tool [EB/OL].http://storage.googleapis.com/edreports-206618.appspot.com/resources/files/EdReports_ELA_ 3-8 _Review_Tool.pdf.2017-8-15/2018-10-10.
[9] Edreports.org.Instructional Materials Reviews[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/impact.2017-8-15/2018-11-29.
[10][16][17][19] Karamoozian,F.M.& Riazi,A.Development of a New Checklist for Evaluating Reading Comprehension Textbooks[J].Online Submission,2008(7):21.
[11] Common Core State Standards Initiative.Key Shifts in English Language Arts [EB/OL].]http://www.corestandards.org/other-resources/key-shifts-in-english-language-arts.2010-3-1/2018-3-5.
[12] [英] 怀特海.教育的目的[M].靳玉乐,刘富利,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2016:2.
[13] [德] 克里斯托夫·武尔夫.人的图像:想象、表演与文化[M].陈红燕,译.上海:华东师范大学,2018:5-6.
[14] [美] 塞尔斯·穆尔西亚.英语作为第二语言或外语的教学[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006:422.
[15] ?im?ek,M.R.& Dündar,E.Particularised Checklists in Materials Evaluation:Developing Contextually Relevant Criteria for Turkish EFL Classes[J].Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies,2018(3):154-189.
[18] Corestandards.org.ELA 3-8 Evidence Guide[EB/OL].http://storage.googleapis.com/edreports-206618.appspot.com/resources/files/3-8_ELA_Combined_Evidence_Guides.pdf.2017-8-15/2018- 10-20.
[20] Ghorbani,M.R.Quantification and Graphic Representation of EFL Textbook Evaluation Results[J].Theory & Practice in Language Studies,2011(5):511-520.
[21] Corestandards.org.McGraw-Hill Education Reading Wonders Sixth Grade[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/ela/reading-wonders/sixth-grade.html.2017-10-11/2018-5-1.
[22] [美] 丹尼尔·贝尔.资本主义的文化矛盾[M].赵一凡,译.北京:三联书店,1989:156.
[23] McGraw-Hill Education.McGraw-Hill Education Response to EdReports Evaluation Wonders Grades 3-6[EB/OL].https://www.edreports.org/files/series/publisher-response/Reading%20Wonders%20Publisher%20Response.pdf.2018-1-11/2018-5-1.
[24] Liana Heitin Loewus.EdReports Makes Changes to Textbook Review Process[EB/OL].http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/curriculum/2015/06/edreports_makes_changes_to_textbook_review_process.html.2015-6-10/2018-11-29.
[25] Chambliss,M.& Calfee,R.Textbooks for Learning:Nurturing Children's Minds[M].Malden,MA:Blackwell,1998.
[26] Pingel,F.UNESCO Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision[EB/OL].http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001171/117188E.pdf.2010-3-7/2018-12-2.
[27] Mikk,J.Textbook:Research and Writing[M].Frankfurt:Peter Lang Pub Inc,2000.
[28] Ansary,H.& Babaii,E.Universal Characteristics of EFL/ESL Textbook:A Step towards Systematic Textbook Evaluation[EB/OL].http://iteslj.org/Articles/Ansary-Textbooks.2012-2-1/2018-7-13.
[29] Achievethecore.A Overview:Toolkit for Evaluating Alignment of Instructional and Assessment Materials to the Common Core State Standards[EB/OL].https://achievethecore.org/content/upload/Materials_Alignment_Toolkit_Overview_June2015.pdf.2015-6-1/2018-5-1.
[30] David Coleman & Susan Pimentel.Revised Publishers' Criteria for the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts and Literacy,Grades K-2[EB/OL].http://www.corestandards.org/assets/Publishers_Criteria_for_K-2.pdf.2015-10-16/2018-5-1.
[31] Ellis,R.The Empirical Evaluation of Language Teaching Materials[J].ELT Journal,1997(1):36-42.
[32] Brian Tomlinson & Hitomi Masuhara.The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning[M].Hoboken,NJ:Wiley Blackwell,2018:59-60.
(1)锚定文本是在任何一个年级的教学过程中都可以被用来教学相关阅读技巧和策略等语文知识的一类经典文本。