抒情诗中抒情主体的时空存在
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摘要
有学者认为,抒情诗与叙事作品的一个重要区别在于,抒情诗往往不将其抒情人置于特别的时间或空间中,因而,自我在时间与空间中的存在位置是缺失的,而这在叙事作品中是必定存在的。这一看法难于成立,不仅过于绝对,也与古今中外众多抒情诗歌的实践不相吻合。尽管与叙事作品的叙述者或人物在时间与空间中的展现相比,抒情诗中的抒情主体或人物不像在前者中表现得那样明显,尤其是在那些表现一般性主题的抒情诗中。然而,在大量的抒情诗、尤其是自身故事的抒情人表现的抒情诗中,抒情主体透过情感的抒发,将自己置于特定的时间与空间中,抒情人或人物自我也可存在于特定的时间与空间中。这一状况可从对抒情文本的具体分析中明显地看到,理解这一状况对于理解抒情诗及其抒情主人公很有帮助。
Some scholars think that one important distinction between lyric and narrative is that poems frequently do not situate their speaker in a particular time and space,so that the existential location of the ego in time and space which is typical of narrative is missing. This view is problematic and is not identical with the situation of Chinese and foreign lyric texts. Comparing with narrator or character in narrative in time and space,speaking instance or character in lyric are not as obvious as those in the former,especially in those lyrics showing general themes. However,in a lot of lyric poetry,especially in those by the autodiegetic speaker,speaking instance or character can be situatedin a particular time and space,and the existential location of the ego can be found in time and space as well. This situation can be clearly seen from the concrete analysis of lyric texts,and understanding the situation is very helpful for understanding lyric poetry and lyric protagonist.
Some scholars think that one important distinction between lyric and narrative is that poems frequently do not situate their speaker in a particular time and space,so that the existential location of the ego in time and space which is typical of narrative is missing. This view is problematic and is not identical with the situation of Chinese and foreign lyric texts. Comparing with narrator or character in narrative in time and space,speaking instance or character in lyric are not as obvious as those in the former,especially in those lyrics showing general themes. However,in a lot of lyric poetry,especially in those by the autodiegetic speaker,speaking instance or character can be situatedin a particular time and space,and the existential location of the ego can be found in time and space as well. This situation can be clearly seen from the concrete analysis of lyric texts,and understanding the situation is very helpful for understanding lyric poetry and lyric protagonist.
引文
(1)Monika Fludenik,An Introduction to Narratology. London and New York:Routledge,2008,p.6.
(2)(3)(5)(古希腊)《古希腊抒情诗选》,水建馥译,北京:人民文学出版社,1988年,第19页,第83页,第166页。
(4)(7)(日)吉川幸次郎:《中国诗史》,章培恒等译,上海:复旦大学出版社,2012年,第20页,第20页。
(6)谭君强:《〈斯威夫特博士死亡之诗〉的文学主体与抒情主体》,《英语研究》2018年第8辑,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2018年。
(8)(14)吴闓生:《诗义会通》,北京:中华书局,1964年,第48页,第32页。
(9)(汉)毛亨传,(汉)郑玄笺,(唐)孔颖达疏,(唐)陆德明音释:《毛诗注疏》上,上海:上海古籍出版社,2013年,第325页。
(10)(俄)巴赫金:《小说的时间和时空体形式——历史诗学概述》,白春仁译,见巴赫金:《小说理论》,白春仁,晓河译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998年,第274—275页。
(11)Seymour Chatman,Story and Discourse:Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1978,pp.33-34.
(12)Gerald Price,A Dictionary of Narratology. Revised Edition. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2003,p.1.
(13)谭君强:《叙事学导论——从经典叙事学到后经典叙事学》(第二版),北京:高等教育出版社,2014年,第66—67页。
(15)(17)(美)段义孚:《恋地情结》,志丞,刘苏译,北京:商务印书馆,2018年,第5页,第7页。
(16)(宋)潘阆:《酒泉子》,见胡云翼选注《宋词选》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1982年,第4页。
(18)(南唐)李璟:《浣溪沙》,见詹安泰编注《李璟李煜词》,北京:人民文学出版社,1982年,第10页。
(19)(美)梅维恒(Victor H. Mair)主编:《哥伦比亚中国文学史》上卷,马小悟等译,北京:新星出版社,2016年,第356页。
(20)毛泽东:《沁园春·长沙》,见周振甫《毛泽东诗词欣赏》,北京:中华书局,2010年,第7页。
(21)王国维:《屈子文学之精神》,见洪治纲主编《王国维经典文存》,上海:上海大学出版社,2003年,第155页。
(2)(3)(5)(古希腊)《古希腊抒情诗选》,水建馥译,北京:人民文学出版社,1988年,第19页,第83页,第166页。
(4)(7)(日)吉川幸次郎:《中国诗史》,章培恒等译,上海:复旦大学出版社,2012年,第20页,第20页。
(6)谭君强:《〈斯威夫特博士死亡之诗〉的文学主体与抒情主体》,《英语研究》2018年第8辑,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2018年。
(8)(14)吴闓生:《诗义会通》,北京:中华书局,1964年,第48页,第32页。
(9)(汉)毛亨传,(汉)郑玄笺,(唐)孔颖达疏,(唐)陆德明音释:《毛诗注疏》上,上海:上海古籍出版社,2013年,第325页。
(10)(俄)巴赫金:《小说的时间和时空体形式——历史诗学概述》,白春仁译,见巴赫金:《小说理论》,白春仁,晓河译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998年,第274—275页。
(11)Seymour Chatman,Story and Discourse:Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1978,pp.33-34.
(12)Gerald Price,A Dictionary of Narratology. Revised Edition. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2003,p.1.
(13)谭君强:《叙事学导论——从经典叙事学到后经典叙事学》(第二版),北京:高等教育出版社,2014年,第66—67页。
(15)(17)(美)段义孚:《恋地情结》,志丞,刘苏译,北京:商务印书馆,2018年,第5页,第7页。
(16)(宋)潘阆:《酒泉子》,见胡云翼选注《宋词选》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1982年,第4页。
(18)(南唐)李璟:《浣溪沙》,见詹安泰编注《李璟李煜词》,北京:人民文学出版社,1982年,第10页。
(19)(美)梅维恒(Victor H. Mair)主编:《哥伦比亚中国文学史》上卷,马小悟等译,北京:新星出版社,2016年,第356页。
(20)毛泽东:《沁园春·长沙》,见周振甫《毛泽东诗词欣赏》,北京:中华书局,2010年,第7页。
(21)王国维:《屈子文学之精神》,见洪治纲主编《王国维经典文存》,上海:上海大学出版社,2003年,第155页。