国内外食品营养强化法规标准的比较研究
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摘要
食品营养强化是现阶段解决人群营养素缺乏的重要途径之一。自20世纪40年代起,许多国家和地区相继出台了各自的食品营养强化法规及标准,这对促进食品营养强化产业的发展发挥着重要的指导性作用。食品营养强化标准主要根据目标人群营养状况、膳食结构、预期营养改善程度、营养素安全性、科学性以及国际贸易等因素制定,并且能够根据实施效果的动态监测数据及时进行调整。该文通过对美国、加拿大、菲律宾、澳大利亚、新西兰及中国的食品营养强化原则和强化标准进行比较分析,提出可以借鉴其他国家经验,引导我国食品营养强化行业的发展;为避免营养素摄入不足或过量应分人群规定营养素强化水平;建立食品营养强化法规标准有助于营养强化食品的推广和普及;一些新兴食品产业如生物强化食品等相关营养标准也亟待建立,以规范市场秩序及满足广大居民的营养需求。
Food fortification is one of the most important ways to solve the problem of nutritional deficiency in the population at present. Since 1940 s,many countries and regions issued their own food fortification regulations and standards,and these played a significant guiding role in developing food fortification industry. Food fortification regulations and standards were developed mainly based on factors such as the nutritional status of the target population,dietary pattern,expected nutritional improvement level,safety of nutrients,scientificity and international trade,and could be timely adjusted according to the dynamic monitoring and evaluation results of nutritional improvement effects. In this paper,food fortification regulations and standards in United States,Canada,Philippines,Australia,New Zealand,China were briefly analyzed. It pointed out that China could learn from the experience of other countries to guide the development of food fortification industry;in order to avoid insufficient or excessive nutrient intake,food fortification level should be clearly defined by different population;the establishment of food fortification regulations and standards is conducive to the promotion and popularization of fortified foods;some emerging food industries,such as biofortified food standards,also need to establish regulations and standards urgently to regulate the market and meet the needs of the general population.
Food fortification is one of the most important ways to solve the problem of nutritional deficiency in the population at present. Since 1940 s,many countries and regions issued their own food fortification regulations and standards,and these played a significant guiding role in developing food fortification industry. Food fortification regulations and standards were developed mainly based on factors such as the nutritional status of the target population,dietary pattern,expected nutritional improvement level,safety of nutrients,scientificity and international trade,and could be timely adjusted according to the dynamic monitoring and evaluation results of nutritional improvement effects. In this paper,food fortification regulations and standards in United States,Canada,Philippines,Australia,New Zealand,China were briefly analyzed. It pointed out that China could learn from the experience of other countries to guide the development of food fortification industry;in order to avoid insufficient or excessive nutrient intake,food fortification level should be clearly defined by different population;the establishment of food fortification regulations and standards is conducive to the promotion and popularization of fortified foods;some emerging food industries,such as biofortified food standards,also need to establish regulations and standards urgently to regulate the market and meet the needs of the general population.
引文
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[20]VALERIE T.Discretionary Fortification-A Public Health Perspective[J].Nutrients,2014,6:4421-4433
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[35]中华人民共和国卫生部.食品安全国家标准食品营养强化剂使用卫生标准:GB l4880-2012[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012:1-2
[36]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.《食品营养强化剂使用标准》(GB14880-2012)问答[EB/OL].(2012-10-23)[2017-10-26].http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/s10330/201210/56147.shtml
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[2]Food Fortification Initiative.Global Progress[EB/OL].(2017-11)[2017-12-20].http://www.ffinetwork.org/global_progress/index.php
[3]Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.Global Tracking[EB/OL].(2016-10)[2017-12-20].https://www.gainhealth.org/programs/initiatives/#global-tracking
[4]刘伟彬,张志强.国外营养强化与营养强化政策[J].中国卫生监督杂志,2008,12(5):372-375
[5]US Food and Drug Administration.Code of Federal Regulations,21CFR Ch.1Part 104.20,Fortification Policy[EB/OL].(2017-12-20)[2017-12-22].https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=104.20
[6]DWYER JT,WOTEK IC,BAILE YR,et al.Fortification:New Findings and Implications[J].Nutrition Reviews,2014,72(2):127-141
[7]李晓瑜.美国的食品强化管理[J].环境卫生学杂志,2006,33(2):65-69
[8]李晓瑜,刘秀梅.国内外食品强化管理法规标准比较研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2008,20(5):424-428
[9]Health Canada.Food and Drug Regulations,Part D,Vitamins,Minerals and Amino Acids[EB/OL].(2017-12-05)[2017-12-22].http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-141.html#h-314.
[10]丁晨芳.国外强化食品发展及对我国的启示[J].中国食物与营养,2005(11):53-56
[11]Republic of the Philippines Department of Health Bureau of Food and Drugs.Guidelines on Micronutrient Fortification Of Processed Foods[EB/OL].(2013-2-27)[2017-10-15].http://www.fda.gov.ph/attachments/article/15892/ao%204-a%20s%201995.pdf
[12]李晓瑜.澳大利亚食品强化管理法规标准分析[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2006,18(6):552-555
[13]Australia and New Zealand Food Regulation Ministerial Council.Policy Guideline on Fortification of Food with Vitamins and Minerals[EB/OL].(2009-10)[2017-10-24].http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/nutrition/vitaminadded/documents/Fortification%20of%20vitamins%20and%20minerals%20-%20amended%20Oct%202009.pdf
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化质量监督委员会.食品中必需营养素添加通则:GB/T 23526-2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009:2-3
[15]US Food and Drug Administration.Code of Federal Regulations,21CFR Ch.1Part 104,Fortification Policy[EB/OL].(2017-4-10)[2017-11-10].https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=104.20
[16]US Food and Drug Administration.Code of Federal Regulations,21CFR Ch.1Part 131.130,Evaporated milk[EB/OL].(2017-12-20)[2017-12-22].https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5adaebc6d88b433f1f4e0e16337dd416&mc=true&node=pt21.2.131&rgn=div5#se21.2.131_1130.CALVOA M S,WHITING S J.Survey of Current Vitamin D Food Fortification Practices in the United States and Canada[J].Journal of Steroid Biochemistry&Molecular Biology,2013,136:211-213
[17]US Food and Drug Administration.Code of Federal Regulations,21CFR Ch.1 Part 137.350,Enriched rice[EB/OL].(2017-12-20)[2017-12-22].https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5adaebc6d88b433f1f4e0e16337dd416&mc=true&node=se21.2.137_1350&rgn=div8
[18]殷继永,黄建,霍军生.食品营养强化原则的比较研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2009,21(6):129-132
[19]FREEDHOFF Y.Canada Leads Charge to Allow Industry to Fortify Foods[J].Canadian Medical Association Journal,2010,182(5):426-427
[20]VALERIE T.Discretionary Fortification-A Public Health Perspective[J].Nutrients,2014,6:4421-4433
[21]Health Canada.Food and Drug Regulations,B.08.004,Skim Milk[EB/OL].(2017-12-05)[2017-12-22].http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-41.html#docCont
[22]Health Canada.Food and Drug Regulations,B.13.060,Breakfast cereals[EB/OL].(2017-12-05)[2017-12-22].http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-66.html#h-96
[23]Health Canada.Interim Policy on the Use of Expired Interim Marketing Authorizations Related to Food Fortification[EB/OL].(2017-3)[2017-11-23].https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/policies/interim-policy-onuse-expired-interim-marketing-authorizations-related-food-fortification.html
[24]Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines Third Regular Session.Republic Act No.8976,An Act Establishing the Philippines Food Fortification Program and for Other Purposes[EB/OL].(1995-12-20)[2017-10-15].http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/policies_and_laws/RA08976.pdf
[25]Republic of the Philippines Department of Health.Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No.8976An Act Establishing the Philippine Food Fortification Program and for Other Purposes[EB/OL].(2004-03-22)[2017-10-15].http://home2.doh.gov.ph/ais_public/dcpdf/dc97-04.pdf
[26]Republic of the Philippines Department of Health Bureau of Food and Drugs.B4.12-01,Regulation Prescribing the Standard of Identity and Quality of Milk and Milk Products[EB/OL].(2005-05-18)[2017-10-15].http://home2.doh.gov.ph/ais_public/aopdf/ao132-70.pdf
[27]Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines First Regular Session.Republic Act No.8172,An Act Promoting Salt Iodization Nationwide and for Related Purposes[EB/OL].(1995-12-20)[2017-10-15].http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/policies_and_laws/RA08172.pdf
[28]Republic of the Philippines Department of Health Food And Drug Administration.FDA Circular No.2013-007,Amendment of Bureau Circular No.2007-009 on the Standard Iodine Level of Salts for Strict Compliance of Iodized Salt Manufacturers or Processors[EB/OL].(2013-03-05)[2017-10-15].http://www.fda.gov.ph/attachments/article/17208/FC2013-007.pdf
[29]CODLING K,RUDERT C,B魪GIN F,et al.The Legislative Framework For Salt Iodization in Asia and the Pacific and Its Impact on Programme Implementation[J].Public Health Nutrition,2017,20(16):3008-3018
[30]Food Standards Australia New Zealand.Australia New Zealand Food Standards,Code 1.3.2.Vitamins and Minerals[EB/OL].(2017-04-13)[2017-10-24].https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00313
[31]Food Standards Australia New Zealand.Australia New Zealand Food Standards,Code 2.10.2.Salt and Salt Products[EB/OL].(2016-03-01)[2017-10-24].https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00184
[32]Food Standards Australia New Zealand.Australia New Zealand Food Standards,Code2.4.2.Cereal and Cereal Products[EB/OL].(2016-03-01)[2017-10-24].https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00174
[33]Food Standards Australia New Zealand.Australia New Zealand Food Standards,Code2.4.1.Edible Oils[EB/OL].(2016-03-01)[2017-10-24].https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2015L00460
[34]Food Standards Australia New Zealand.Australia New Zealand Food Standards,Code2.9.1.Infant Formula Products[EB/OL].(2017-04-18)[2017-10-24].https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C-00332
[35]中华人民共和国卫生部.食品安全国家标准食品营养强化剂使用卫生标准:GB l4880-2012[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012:1-2
[36]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.《食品营养强化剂使用标准》(GB14880-2012)问答[EB/OL].(2012-10-23)[2017-10-26].http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/s10330/201210/56147.shtml
[37]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.实施食用盐碘含量标准知识答[EB/OL].(2012-05-07)[2017-10-26].http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/s10329/201203/54347.shtml
[38]中华人民共和国卫生部.食品安全国家标准食用盐碘含量:GB26878-2011[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011:1