长三角典型站点冬季大气PM_(2.5)中OC、EC污染特征
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摘要
对2015年1月9日~2015年1月31日临安、南京和苏州3个站点采集的PM_(2.5)样品(共计279组),使用热光反射法(thermal/optical reflectance,TOR)分析了样品中有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的含量,并研究了长三角地区冬季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的污染特征.结果表明,采样期间临安、南京和苏州的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为(123.56±61.11)、(144.77±62.91)和(156.5±68.97)μg·m-3,均超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)规定的PM_(2.5)日均值75μg·m-3;其中3个站点OC与EC的平均质量浓度依次分别为(21.93±11.69)/(6±3.6)、(20.32±10.3)/(5.39±3.07)和(27.08±14.35)/(6.4±4.29)μg·m-3.临安作为长三角大气环境背景点,OC与EC的污染也较为严重.3个站点OC与EC的相关性为临安(R2=0.83)、南京(R2=0.72)和苏州(R2=0.72),表明冬季长三角地区的碳质气溶胶的来源较为一致和稳定.3个站点样品中的OC/EC值均大于2.0,样品的OC/EC值主要分布在2.5~6.0这个区间内,表明燃煤源和机动车尾气排放源是OC与EC的主要来源.使用EC示踪法估算临安、南京和苏州3个站点的二次有机碳(SOC)平均质量浓度分别为(9.23±5.26)、(6.82±4.36)和(12.56±7.52)μg·m-3,在OC中占比为42%、34%和46%,表明SOC是OC的重要组成部分.后向轨迹显示,PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度与主要气团的传输路径有较好的相关性,自空气质量较差区域气团的PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度是来自空气质量较好区域的1.14~1.7倍、1.55~2.1倍和1.94~2.47倍.
Two hundred seventy-nine PM_(2.5) samples were collected from January 9,2015 to January 31,2015 in Lin'an,Nanjing,and Suzhou. They were analyzed for organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC) following the thermal/optical reflection protocol.The pollution characteristics of OC and EC in PM_(2.5) during the winter in the Yangtze River Delta were discussed in detail. The average mass concentrations of PM_(2.5) in the three sample sites were(123. 56 ± 61. 11),(144. 77 ± 62. 91),and(156. 5 ± 68. 97) μg·m-3,respectively,which were in excess of the Ambient Air Quality Standard(GB 3095-2012) 24-hr mass-based standard of 75 μg·m-3.The average mass concentration of OC and EC were(21. 93 ± 11. 69)/(6 ± 3. 6),(20. 32 ± 10. 3)/(5. 39 ± 3. 07),and(27. 08 ±14. 35)/(6. 4 ± 4. 29) μg·m-3,respectively. Lin'an,which is regarded as the background site for the atmospheric environment in the Yangtze River Delta,is also polluted seriously. The OC was strongly correlated with EC in Lin'an(R2= 0. 83),Nanjing(R2= 0. 72),and Suzhou(R2= 0. 72). This shows that the carbonaceous aerosols have similar sources during the winter in the Yangtze River Delta.All of the samples' OC/EC ratios exceeded 2. 0,with the sample OC/EC ratios mainly distributed in the range of 2. 5-6. 0,indicating that coal combustion and vehicle exhaust are the main sources of OC and EC. The estimated mass concentrations of SOC were(9. 23 ±5. 26),(6. 82 ± 4. 36),and(12. 56 ± 7. 52) μg·m-3,respectively,which contributed 42%,34%,and 46% to the OC,indicating that SOC is an important part of OC. Backward-trajectory shows that the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),OC,and EC have a good correlation with the transmission path of the main air mass. The mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),OC,and EC controlled by the air mass from poor air quality areas are 1. 14-1. 7 times,1. 55-2. 1 times,and 1. 94-2. 47 times higher than that in the air mass from good air quality areas.
Two hundred seventy-nine PM_(2.5) samples were collected from January 9,2015 to January 31,2015 in Lin'an,Nanjing,and Suzhou. They were analyzed for organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC) following the thermal/optical reflection protocol.The pollution characteristics of OC and EC in PM_(2.5) during the winter in the Yangtze River Delta were discussed in detail. The average mass concentrations of PM_(2.5) in the three sample sites were(123. 56 ± 61. 11),(144. 77 ± 62. 91),and(156. 5 ± 68. 97) μg·m-3,respectively,which were in excess of the Ambient Air Quality Standard(GB 3095-2012) 24-hr mass-based standard of 75 μg·m-3.The average mass concentration of OC and EC were(21. 93 ± 11. 69)/(6 ± 3. 6),(20. 32 ± 10. 3)/(5. 39 ± 3. 07),and(27. 08 ±14. 35)/(6. 4 ± 4. 29) μg·m-3,respectively. Lin'an,which is regarded as the background site for the atmospheric environment in the Yangtze River Delta,is also polluted seriously. The OC was strongly correlated with EC in Lin'an(R2= 0. 83),Nanjing(R2= 0. 72),and Suzhou(R2= 0. 72). This shows that the carbonaceous aerosols have similar sources during the winter in the Yangtze River Delta.All of the samples' OC/EC ratios exceeded 2. 0,with the sample OC/EC ratios mainly distributed in the range of 2. 5-6. 0,indicating that coal combustion and vehicle exhaust are the main sources of OC and EC. The estimated mass concentrations of SOC were(9. 23 ±5. 26),(6. 82 ± 4. 36),and(12. 56 ± 7. 52) μg·m-3,respectively,which contributed 42%,34%,and 46% to the OC,indicating that SOC is an important part of OC. Backward-trajectory shows that the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),OC,and EC have a good correlation with the transmission path of the main air mass. The mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),OC,and EC controlled by the air mass from poor air quality areas are 1. 14-1. 7 times,1. 55-2. 1 times,and 1. 94-2. 47 times higher than that in the air mass from good air quality areas.
引文
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