历史街区更新驱动下的旅游绅士化研究——以佛山岭南天地为例
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摘要
综合采用质性和定量方法,从社会阶层、物质环境和消费方式等层面研究佛山岭南天地的旅游绅士化现象,并分析原住民在绅士化过程中的情感特征。结果发现,物质环境改造加速了地方社会阶层的更替,原住民大多被游客、中产阶级和房产投资者所替代,空间利用方式呈现出高度商业化特征。旅游绅士化虽有力地推动了地方的环境改造和经济发展,却衍生出阶层更替、社会排斥和空间隔离等副产品,使传统的本地化生活空间转变为"资本空间"与"消费空间"。城市历史街区改造不同于一般城市更新,街区更新应以地方性为落脚点,尊重原住民的情感与历史记忆,不应简单通过商业化手段推进历史街区更新。
Urban regeneration, based on the development of culture tourism and culture heritage reuse, has become fashionable in China over the recent years. Local governments hope to improve their city's image through showing their unique local features and hope to satisfy the demands of the emerging middle-class boosting the vitality of the inner city through cultural heritage renovation. The phenomenon, however, has led to a series of gentrification phenomena across big cities, such as Nanluoguxiang in Beijing, Xindianti in Shanghai, and Kuanzhai Xiangzi in Chengdu. In Foshan, under the guidance of government and investment of capital, the regeneration of Zumiao & Donghuali historical district(later known as Lingnan Tiandi) made this community one of the most important tourism attractions and recreation business districts(RBD) within four years. While the updated physical landscape has significantly attracted tourists and promoted the local economies, the social impacts of these projects have not been well-studied. We first reviewed the tourism gentrification literature, arguing that while there are numerous studies focusing on the mechanisms of tourism gentrification in China, few has emphasized the social impacts of gentrification. In fact, the original residents, especially the underprivileged, have little power to resist gentrification and have experienced complicated emotional changes. Their emotional reactions towards displacement, loss of social ties, and loss of sense of place require much more attention. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this study investigated the gentrification of Lingnan Tiandi, Foshan, examining the social and physical dimensions of the regeneration project. We conducted 19 in-depth interviews with different actors during gentrification in Lingnan Tiandi, including original residents, new-coming residents, residents nearby, tourists, shop managers, real estate agencies, and developers. In an investigation of the socio-economic status of Lingnan Tiandi consumers, we collected questionnaires from 222 tourists to identify their socio-economic characteristics. In addition, both participant and non-participant observation are used during our three fieldworks. The sentiments of the original residents are analyzed, with special attention focus on the underprivileged who were directly affected by the regeneration project. The changes of social class, physical environment, and consumption patterns indicated that gentrification was happening in Lingnan Tiandi with the reinvestment of capital, social upgrading of locale, landscape change, and direct displacement of low-income groups. We found that the physical environment has accelerated the social displacement, as Lingnan Tiandi is being increasingly rebranded for tourists, middle-class consumers, and real estate investors. Although tourism gentrification may help protect the historical heritage and promote the cultural and economic development, it has led to a serious social and spatial exclusion. The residents who lived in Lingnan Tiandi for generations have been forced to move out as the "living spaces" have been transformed into "capital spaces" and "consumption spaces". From ambivalent to lonely, from regret to pride, residents' sentiment underwent complex changes in the process of gentrification. We argue that unlike the common urban renewal in Chinese cities, the historic district renovation is crucial to urban culture, history, and resident's wellbeing. Therefore, resident's emotions and historical memories should be respected in a localized way during history district renovation.
Urban regeneration, based on the development of culture tourism and culture heritage reuse, has become fashionable in China over the recent years. Local governments hope to improve their city's image through showing their unique local features and hope to satisfy the demands of the emerging middle-class boosting the vitality of the inner city through cultural heritage renovation. The phenomenon, however, has led to a series of gentrification phenomena across big cities, such as Nanluoguxiang in Beijing, Xindianti in Shanghai, and Kuanzhai Xiangzi in Chengdu. In Foshan, under the guidance of government and investment of capital, the regeneration of Zumiao & Donghuali historical district(later known as Lingnan Tiandi) made this community one of the most important tourism attractions and recreation business districts(RBD) within four years. While the updated physical landscape has significantly attracted tourists and promoted the local economies, the social impacts of these projects have not been well-studied. We first reviewed the tourism gentrification literature, arguing that while there are numerous studies focusing on the mechanisms of tourism gentrification in China, few has emphasized the social impacts of gentrification. In fact, the original residents, especially the underprivileged, have little power to resist gentrification and have experienced complicated emotional changes. Their emotional reactions towards displacement, loss of social ties, and loss of sense of place require much more attention. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this study investigated the gentrification of Lingnan Tiandi, Foshan, examining the social and physical dimensions of the regeneration project. We conducted 19 in-depth interviews with different actors during gentrification in Lingnan Tiandi, including original residents, new-coming residents, residents nearby, tourists, shop managers, real estate agencies, and developers. In an investigation of the socio-economic status of Lingnan Tiandi consumers, we collected questionnaires from 222 tourists to identify their socio-economic characteristics. In addition, both participant and non-participant observation are used during our three fieldworks. The sentiments of the original residents are analyzed, with special attention focus on the underprivileged who were directly affected by the regeneration project. The changes of social class, physical environment, and consumption patterns indicated that gentrification was happening in Lingnan Tiandi with the reinvestment of capital, social upgrading of locale, landscape change, and direct displacement of low-income groups. We found that the physical environment has accelerated the social displacement, as Lingnan Tiandi is being increasingly rebranded for tourists, middle-class consumers, and real estate investors. Although tourism gentrification may help protect the historical heritage and promote the cultural and economic development, it has led to a serious social and spatial exclusion. The residents who lived in Lingnan Tiandi for generations have been forced to move out as the "living spaces" have been transformed into "capital spaces" and "consumption spaces". From ambivalent to lonely, from regret to pride, residents' sentiment underwent complex changes in the process of gentrification. We argue that unlike the common urban renewal in Chinese cities, the historic district renovation is crucial to urban culture, history, and resident's wellbeing. Therefore, resident's emotions and historical memories should be respected in a localized way during history district renovation.
引文
阿克塞尔·马克斯,贝努瓦·里候科斯,查尔斯·拉金.2015.社会科学研究中的定性比较分析法--近25年的发展及应用评估.臧雷振,译.国外社会科学,(6):105-112.[MARX A,RIHOUX Band RAGIN C.2015.The origins,development,and application of qualitative comparative analysis:The first 25 years.ZHANG Leizhen,Translate.Social Sciences Abroad,(6):105-112.]
BEAUREGARD A.1986.The chaos and complexity of gentrification.Gentrification of the city.London:Unwin Hyman:35-55.
CLARK E.2005.The order and simplicity of gentrification:A political challenge.In ATKINSON R and BRIDGE G.Gentrification in a global context:The new urban colonialism.London:Routledge:261-269.
DAVIDSON M and LEES L.2005.New-build“gentrification”and London’s riverside renaissance.Environment and Planning A,37(7):1165-1190.
大卫·威尔逊,雷婷.2012.论全球城市的绅士化.中国名城,(11):4-9.[WILSON D and LEI Ting.2012.Global urban gentrification.China Ancient City,(11):4-9.]
戴晓晖.2007.中产阶层化--城市社会空间重构进程.城市规划学刊,(2):25-31.[DAI Xiaohui.2007.Gentrification:An urban socio-spatial restructuring process.Urban Planning Forum,(2):25-31.]
冯淑华,沙润.2009.我国自驾车旅游与旅游绅士化研究.人文地理,(3):61-65.[FENG Shuhua and SHA Run.2009.Study on self-driving tours in China and tourism gentrification.Human Geography,(3):61-65.]
GLASS R.1964.London:Aspects of change.London:Mac Gibbon&Kee.
GOTHAM K F.2005.Tourism gentrification:The case of New Orleans’Vieux Carre(French Quarter).Urban Studies,42(7):1099-1121.
GUEST G,BUNCE A and JOHNSON L.2006.How many interviews are enough?An experiment with data saturation and variability.Field Methods,18(1):59-82.
HARVEY D.1989.From managerialism to entrepreneurism:The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism.Geografiska Annaler(series B),71(1):3-17.
HE S.2007.State-sponsored gentrification under market transition:The case of Shanghai.Urban Affairs Review,43(2):171-198.
HE S.2010.New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications.Population,space and place,16(5):345-361.
HERRERA L M G,SMITH N and VERA MáM.2007.Gentrification,displacement,and tourism in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.Urban Geography,28(3):276-298.
何深静,钱俊希,吴敏华.2011.“学生化”的城中村社区--基于广州下渡村的实证分析.地理研究,30(8):1508-1519.[HE Shenjing,QIAN Junxi and WU Minhua.2011.Studentification in urban village:A case of Xiadu village,Guangzhou.Geographical Research,30(8):1508-1519.]
LEES L.2003.Super-gentrification:The case of Brooklyn Heights,New York City.Urban Studies,40(12):2487-2509.
LEES L,SHIN H B and LóPEZ-MORALES E.2016.Planetary gentrification.Cambridge:Polity Press.
LEY D.1980.Liberal ideology and the postindustrial city.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,70(2):238-258.
LIANG Z,BAO J.2015.Tourism gentrification in Shenzhen,China:Causes and socio-spatial consequences.Tourism Geographies,17(3):461-481.
LIN Jan.2008.Los Angeles Chinatown:Tourism,gentrification,and the rise of an ethnic growth machine.Amerasia Journal,34(3):110-125.
MILLS C.1988.Life on the upslope:The postmodern landscape of gentrification.Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,6(2):169-189.
孟延春.2000.旧城改造过程中的中产阶层化现象.城市规划汇刊,(1):48-51.[MENG Yanchun.2000.Gentrification in the process of urban renewal.Urban Planning Forum,(1):48-51.]
PARSONS D.1980.Rural gentrification:The influence of rural settlement planning policies.Research Paper No.3.Brighton:Department of Geography,University of Sussex.
PODAGROSI A and VOJNOVIC I.2008.Tearing down freedmen's town and African American displacement in Houston:The good,the bad,and the ugly of urban revival.Urban Geography,29(4):371-401.
PODAGROSI A,VOJNOVIC I and PIGOZZI B.2011.The diversity of gentrification in Houston’s urban renaissance:From cleansing the urban poor to supergentrification.Environment and Planning A,43(8):1910-1929.
邱建华.2002.“绅士化运动”对我国旧城更新的启示.热带地理,22(2):125-129.[QIU Jianhua.2002.Consideration of“gentrification”in contemporary Chinese urban renewal.Tropical Geography,22(2):125-129.]
ROSE D.1984.Rethinking gentrification:Beyond the uneven development of Marxist urban theory.Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2(1):47-74.
SHIN H.2016.Economic transition and speculative urbanisation in China:Gentrification versus dispossession.Urban Studies,53(3):471-489.
SMITH D P.2005.Patterns and processes of“studentification”in Leeds.Regional Reviews,(12):14-16.
SMITH N.1979.Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital,not people.Journal of the American Planning Association,45(4):538-548.
SMITH N.1987.Gentrification and the rent gap.Annals of the Association of American geographers,77(3):462-465.
SMITH N.2012.The new urban frontier:Gentrification and the revanchist city.London:Routledge.
宋伟轩.2012.欧美国家绅士化问题的城市地理学研究进展.地理科学进展,31(6):825-834.[SONG Weixuan.2012.A review on gentrification in European and North American countries.Progress in Geography,31(6):825-834.]
宋伟轩,刘春卉,汪毅,袁亚琦.2017.基于“租差”理论的城市居住空间中产阶层化研究--以南京内城为例.地理学报,72(12):2115-2130.[SONG Weixuan,LIU Chunhui,WANG Yi and YUANYaqi.2017.Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(12):2115-2130.]
WU F.2016.State dominance in urban redevelopment:Beyond gentrification in urban China.Urban Affairs Review,52(5):631-658.
王丽萍,吴礼晖.2007.祖庙东华里片区的前世今生[EB/OL].(2016-12-02)[2007-08-01].http://newhouse.fs.fang.com/zt/200910/zmdhl.html.
谢涤湘,常江.2015.我国城市更新中的绅士化研究述.规划师,31(9):73-77.[XIE Dixiang and CHANG Jiang.2015.Literature review of gentrification in China.Planners,31(9):73-77.]
徐雨璇,何深静,钱俊希.2014.基于新制度经济学视角的学生化社区房屋租赁现象研究--以广州南亭村为例.人文地理,29(4):36-43.[XU Yuxuan,HE Shenjing and QIAN Junxi.An investigation on the emerging housing rental market in a studentified village in Guangzhou:A new institutional economics perspective.Human Geography,29(4):36-43.]
薛德升.1999.西方绅士化研究对我国城市社会空间研究的启示.规划师,15(3):109-112.[XUE Desheng.1999.Gentrification studies in Western countries and implications for China’s urban socio-spatial studies.Planners,15(3):109-112.]
YE M,VOJNOVIC I and CHEN G.2015.The landscape of gentrification:Exploring the diversity of“upgrading”processes in Hong Kong,1986-2006.Urban Geography,36(4):471-503.
杨俭波,李凡,黄维.2015.历史文化名城改造中城市更新概念的衍生、想象和认知局限性--以佛山岭南天地“三旧”改造为案例.热带地理,35(2):170-178.[YANG Jianbo,LI fan and HUANGWei.2015.Evolution,mechanism and restriction of utilizing the conception of urban renewal for famous historical and cultural cities:Acase study of the transformation of“the three olds”in“Lingnan Tiandi”of Foshan.Tropical Geography,35(2):170-178.]
张明术.2015.祖庙:佛山人的千年宗祠[EB/OL].(2015-01-05)[2016-11-30].http://paper.oeeee.com/nis/201501/05/313447_10.html.
张智敏,刘晖,梁励韵.2008.保护性详细规划的探索与实践--以佛山祖庙东华里历史文化街区为例.南方建筑,(4):61-65.[ZHANGZhimin,LIU Hui and LIANG Liyun.2008.Exploration and practice in protective detailed planning:With Zumiao Donghuali conservation districts of Foshan as an example.South Architecture,(4):61-65.]
赵玉宗,顾朝林,李东和,黄明丽.2007.旅游绅士化:概念,类型与机制.旅游学刊,21(11):70-74.[ZHAO Yuzong,GU Chaolin,LI Donghe and HUANG Mingli.2007.Tourism gentrification:Concept,type and mechanism.Tourism Tribune,21(11):70-74.]
赵玉宗,寇敏,卢松,李东和.2009.城市旅游绅士化特征及其影响因素:以南京“总统府”周边地区为例.经济地理,29(8):1391-1396.[ZHAO Yuzong,KOU Min,LU Song and LI Donghe.2009.The characteristics and causes of urban tourism gentrification:A case of study in Nanjing.Economic Geography,29(8):1391-1396.]
(1)佛山市规划局,2007.佛山市祖庙东华里片区控制性详细规划.
BEAUREGARD A.1986.The chaos and complexity of gentrification.Gentrification of the city.London:Unwin Hyman:35-55.
CLARK E.2005.The order and simplicity of gentrification:A political challenge.In ATKINSON R and BRIDGE G.Gentrification in a global context:The new urban colonialism.London:Routledge:261-269.
DAVIDSON M and LEES L.2005.New-build“gentrification”and London’s riverside renaissance.Environment and Planning A,37(7):1165-1190.
大卫·威尔逊,雷婷.2012.论全球城市的绅士化.中国名城,(11):4-9.[WILSON D and LEI Ting.2012.Global urban gentrification.China Ancient City,(11):4-9.]
戴晓晖.2007.中产阶层化--城市社会空间重构进程.城市规划学刊,(2):25-31.[DAI Xiaohui.2007.Gentrification:An urban socio-spatial restructuring process.Urban Planning Forum,(2):25-31.]
冯淑华,沙润.2009.我国自驾车旅游与旅游绅士化研究.人文地理,(3):61-65.[FENG Shuhua and SHA Run.2009.Study on self-driving tours in China and tourism gentrification.Human Geography,(3):61-65.]
GLASS R.1964.London:Aspects of change.London:Mac Gibbon&Kee.
GOTHAM K F.2005.Tourism gentrification:The case of New Orleans’Vieux Carre(French Quarter).Urban Studies,42(7):1099-1121.
GUEST G,BUNCE A and JOHNSON L.2006.How many interviews are enough?An experiment with data saturation and variability.Field Methods,18(1):59-82.
HARVEY D.1989.From managerialism to entrepreneurism:The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism.Geografiska Annaler(series B),71(1):3-17.
HE S.2007.State-sponsored gentrification under market transition:The case of Shanghai.Urban Affairs Review,43(2):171-198.
HE S.2010.New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications.Population,space and place,16(5):345-361.
HERRERA L M G,SMITH N and VERA MáM.2007.Gentrification,displacement,and tourism in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.Urban Geography,28(3):276-298.
何深静,钱俊希,吴敏华.2011.“学生化”的城中村社区--基于广州下渡村的实证分析.地理研究,30(8):1508-1519.[HE Shenjing,QIAN Junxi and WU Minhua.2011.Studentification in urban village:A case of Xiadu village,Guangzhou.Geographical Research,30(8):1508-1519.]
LEES L.2003.Super-gentrification:The case of Brooklyn Heights,New York City.Urban Studies,40(12):2487-2509.
LEES L,SHIN H B and LóPEZ-MORALES E.2016.Planetary gentrification.Cambridge:Polity Press.
LEY D.1980.Liberal ideology and the postindustrial city.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,70(2):238-258.
LIANG Z,BAO J.2015.Tourism gentrification in Shenzhen,China:Causes and socio-spatial consequences.Tourism Geographies,17(3):461-481.
LIN Jan.2008.Los Angeles Chinatown:Tourism,gentrification,and the rise of an ethnic growth machine.Amerasia Journal,34(3):110-125.
MILLS C.1988.Life on the upslope:The postmodern landscape of gentrification.Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,6(2):169-189.
孟延春.2000.旧城改造过程中的中产阶层化现象.城市规划汇刊,(1):48-51.[MENG Yanchun.2000.Gentrification in the process of urban renewal.Urban Planning Forum,(1):48-51.]
PARSONS D.1980.Rural gentrification:The influence of rural settlement planning policies.Research Paper No.3.Brighton:Department of Geography,University of Sussex.
PODAGROSI A and VOJNOVIC I.2008.Tearing down freedmen's town and African American displacement in Houston:The good,the bad,and the ugly of urban revival.Urban Geography,29(4):371-401.
PODAGROSI A,VOJNOVIC I and PIGOZZI B.2011.The diversity of gentrification in Houston’s urban renaissance:From cleansing the urban poor to supergentrification.Environment and Planning A,43(8):1910-1929.
邱建华.2002.“绅士化运动”对我国旧城更新的启示.热带地理,22(2):125-129.[QIU Jianhua.2002.Consideration of“gentrification”in contemporary Chinese urban renewal.Tropical Geography,22(2):125-129.]
ROSE D.1984.Rethinking gentrification:Beyond the uneven development of Marxist urban theory.Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2(1):47-74.
SHIN H.2016.Economic transition and speculative urbanisation in China:Gentrification versus dispossession.Urban Studies,53(3):471-489.
SMITH D P.2005.Patterns and processes of“studentification”in Leeds.Regional Reviews,(12):14-16.
SMITH N.1979.Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital,not people.Journal of the American Planning Association,45(4):538-548.
SMITH N.1987.Gentrification and the rent gap.Annals of the Association of American geographers,77(3):462-465.
SMITH N.2012.The new urban frontier:Gentrification and the revanchist city.London:Routledge.
宋伟轩.2012.欧美国家绅士化问题的城市地理学研究进展.地理科学进展,31(6):825-834.[SONG Weixuan.2012.A review on gentrification in European and North American countries.Progress in Geography,31(6):825-834.]
宋伟轩,刘春卉,汪毅,袁亚琦.2017.基于“租差”理论的城市居住空间中产阶层化研究--以南京内城为例.地理学报,72(12):2115-2130.[SONG Weixuan,LIU Chunhui,WANG Yi and YUANYaqi.2017.Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(12):2115-2130.]
WU F.2016.State dominance in urban redevelopment:Beyond gentrification in urban China.Urban Affairs Review,52(5):631-658.
王丽萍,吴礼晖.2007.祖庙东华里片区的前世今生[EB/OL].(2016-12-02)[2007-08-01].http://newhouse.fs.fang.com/zt/200910/zmdhl.html.
谢涤湘,常江.2015.我国城市更新中的绅士化研究述.规划师,31(9):73-77.[XIE Dixiang and CHANG Jiang.2015.Literature review of gentrification in China.Planners,31(9):73-77.]
徐雨璇,何深静,钱俊希.2014.基于新制度经济学视角的学生化社区房屋租赁现象研究--以广州南亭村为例.人文地理,29(4):36-43.[XU Yuxuan,HE Shenjing and QIAN Junxi.An investigation on the emerging housing rental market in a studentified village in Guangzhou:A new institutional economics perspective.Human Geography,29(4):36-43.]
薛德升.1999.西方绅士化研究对我国城市社会空间研究的启示.规划师,15(3):109-112.[XUE Desheng.1999.Gentrification studies in Western countries and implications for China’s urban socio-spatial studies.Planners,15(3):109-112.]
YE M,VOJNOVIC I and CHEN G.2015.The landscape of gentrification:Exploring the diversity of“upgrading”processes in Hong Kong,1986-2006.Urban Geography,36(4):471-503.
杨俭波,李凡,黄维.2015.历史文化名城改造中城市更新概念的衍生、想象和认知局限性--以佛山岭南天地“三旧”改造为案例.热带地理,35(2):170-178.[YANG Jianbo,LI fan and HUANGWei.2015.Evolution,mechanism and restriction of utilizing the conception of urban renewal for famous historical and cultural cities:Acase study of the transformation of“the three olds”in“Lingnan Tiandi”of Foshan.Tropical Geography,35(2):170-178.]
张明术.2015.祖庙:佛山人的千年宗祠[EB/OL].(2015-01-05)[2016-11-30].http://paper.oeeee.com/nis/201501/05/313447_10.html.
张智敏,刘晖,梁励韵.2008.保护性详细规划的探索与实践--以佛山祖庙东华里历史文化街区为例.南方建筑,(4):61-65.[ZHANGZhimin,LIU Hui and LIANG Liyun.2008.Exploration and practice in protective detailed planning:With Zumiao Donghuali conservation districts of Foshan as an example.South Architecture,(4):61-65.]
赵玉宗,顾朝林,李东和,黄明丽.2007.旅游绅士化:概念,类型与机制.旅游学刊,21(11):70-74.[ZHAO Yuzong,GU Chaolin,LI Donghe and HUANG Mingli.2007.Tourism gentrification:Concept,type and mechanism.Tourism Tribune,21(11):70-74.]
赵玉宗,寇敏,卢松,李东和.2009.城市旅游绅士化特征及其影响因素:以南京“总统府”周边地区为例.经济地理,29(8):1391-1396.[ZHAO Yuzong,KOU Min,LU Song and LI Donghe.2009.The characteristics and causes of urban tourism gentrification:A case of study in Nanjing.Economic Geography,29(8):1391-1396.]
(1)佛山市规划局,2007.佛山市祖庙东华里片区控制性详细规划.