不同能量水平日粮对2～3胎淘汰荷斯坦母牛育肥性能的影响
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摘要
为了探究不同能量水平日粮对2～3胎淘汰荷斯坦母牛生长性能、血液指标及屠宰性能的影响,选取24头体型相近、平均体重540 kg的淘汰荷斯坦母牛(2～3胎),采用单因子完全随机试验设计均分为3组,每组8头,分别为Ⅰ组(低能量组)、Ⅱ组(中能量组)和Ⅲ组(高能量组)。试验分为前期和后期2个阶段,整个试验期共100 d。结果:Ⅱ组的日增重最高,较Ⅰ、Ⅲ组分别提高4. 72%和20. 91%(P>0. 05);Ⅱ组的干物质采食量最高(P>0. 05),料重比最低(P<0. 01)。提高日粮能量水平可显著提高血清胆固醇的含量,显著降低β-羟丁酸的含量。Ⅲ组牛的屠宰率最高,较Ⅰ组提高4. 83%(P<0. 05),较Ⅱ组提高2. 58%(P>0. 05);提高日粮能量水平能够促进2～3胎淘汰荷斯坦母牛的脂肪沉积,改善肉品质。综合结果表明:Ⅱ组(中能组)的饲喂效果最好。因此,对540 kg左右的淘汰荷斯坦母牛(2～3胎)育肥时,营养水平建议值为前期:综合净能7. 00 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为12. 5%;后期:综合净能7. 1 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为12%。
To investigate the effects of different energy levels on the growth performance,blood indexes and slaughtering performance of the culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parities),twenty-four Holstein cows with an average body weight of 540 kg were selected for the experiment.With the single factor method,the culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parities) were randomly divided into three groups,8 cows in each group:Group Ⅰ ( low energy level),Group Ⅱ ( medium energy level) and Group Ⅲ ( high energy level). The experiment lasted for 100 days involving two stages. The results were as follows: The average daily gain of Group Ⅱ was the highest,which was 4. 72% ( P > 0. 05) and 20. 91% ( P>0. 05) higher than Groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ,respectively. Group Ⅱ had the highest average dry matter intake ( P>0. 05) but the lowest F/G matter intake ( P<0. 01) of all. The increase of dietary energy levels significantly increased the content of cholesterol in serum,and reduced the content of Beta-hydroxybutyric acid. The slaughter rate of Group Ⅲ was the highest,being 4. 83% ( P<0. 05) and 2. 58% ( P>0. 05) higher than Groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ,respectively. Increasing dietary energy levels promoted fat deposition and improved the meat quality,of culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parity). In conclusion: the feeding effect of Group Ⅱ ( medium energy level) was the best. The recommended nutrition for the culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parity) with weight of about 540 kg was: in the earlier stage,combined net energy 7. 00 MJ/kg and crude protein 12. 50%; in the later stage,combined net energy 7. 10 MJ/kg and crude protein 12. 00%.
To investigate the effects of different energy levels on the growth performance,blood indexes and slaughtering performance of the culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parities),twenty-four Holstein cows with an average body weight of 540 kg were selected for the experiment.With the single factor method,the culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parities) were randomly divided into three groups,8 cows in each group:Group Ⅰ ( low energy level),Group Ⅱ ( medium energy level) and Group Ⅲ ( high energy level). The experiment lasted for 100 days involving two stages. The results were as follows: The average daily gain of Group Ⅱ was the highest,which was 4. 72% ( P > 0. 05) and 20. 91% ( P>0. 05) higher than Groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ,respectively. Group Ⅱ had the highest average dry matter intake ( P>0. 05) but the lowest F/G matter intake ( P<0. 01) of all. The increase of dietary energy levels significantly increased the content of cholesterol in serum,and reduced the content of Beta-hydroxybutyric acid. The slaughter rate of Group Ⅲ was the highest,being 4. 83% ( P<0. 05) and 2. 58% ( P>0. 05) higher than Groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ,respectively. Increasing dietary energy levels promoted fat deposition and improved the meat quality,of culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parity). In conclusion: the feeding effect of Group Ⅱ ( medium energy level) was the best. The recommended nutrition for the culling Holstein cows ( 2 ～ 3 parity) with weight of about 540 kg was: in the earlier stage,combined net energy 7. 00 MJ/kg and crude protein 12. 50%; in the later stage,combined net energy 7. 10 MJ/kg and crude protein 12. 00%.
引文
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[11]巩峰,王建民,王桂芝,等.饲粮不同能量水平对育肥奶山羊公羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(1):208-213.
[12]吴铁梅.不同饲养模式对绒山羊羔羊育肥性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[13]田春丽.不同能量和蛋白水平日粮对滩羊生长性能、养分消化率和经济效益的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[14]赵军,林英庭,韩占强,等.添加保护性脂肪或豆油对奶牛纤维素瘤胃降解率和表观消化率的影响[J].饲料工业,2007(11):45-47.
[15]王丽华.不同种类及水平过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛瘤胃发酵及血液生化指标的影响[D].大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2009.
[16]王桂秋.营养水平对羔羊物质消化的影响及羔羊早期断奶时间的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[17]乔治.精补料不同能量水平对1周岁舍饲牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[D].成都:四川农业大学,2013.
[18]翟真真,贾玉东,王振勇,等.不同日粮精粗比对奶牛血脂和血清游离脂肪酸的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2008(2):291-296.
[19]孙国虎,王欣荣,赵生国,等.不同能量水平的日粮对四个绵羊类群部分血液指标的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(35):58-62.
[20]邹思湘.动物生物化学[M].4版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005:165.
[21]康晓龙.不同能量和蛋白水平日粮对母羊繁殖性能的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2007.
[22]Brown E G,Vandehaar M J,Daniels K M,et al.Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on body growth and carcass composition of heifer calves[J].J Dairy Sci,2005,88(2):585-594.
[23]Chelikani P K,Ambrose D J,Keisler D H,et al.Effects of dietary energy and protein density on plasma concentrations of leptin and metabolic hormones in dairy heifers[J].J Dairy Sci,2009,92(4):1430-1441.
[24]田生花,何成伟,夏玉芬,等.不同能量水平日粮对肉牛产肉性能和肌内脂肪含量的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2010,42(7):43-45.
[25]刘丽,周光宏.饲养水平、年龄及体重对牛产肉性能影响的研究[J].黄牛杂志,2001(3):10-14.
[26]马琴琴,李铁军,何流琴,等.不同粗饲料组合对宁夏滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(6):1936-1942.
[27]Thompson J M.The effects of marbling on flavour and juiciness scores of cooked beef,after adjusting to a constant tenderness[J].Aust J Exp Agr,2004,44(7):645-652.
[28]Prior R L,Kohlmeier R H,Cundiff L V,et al.Influence of dietary energy and protein on growth and carcass composition in different biological types of cattle[J].J Anim Sci,1977,45(1):132-146.
[29]Maddock T D,Bauer M L,Koch K B,et al.Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance,carcasscharacteristics,and trained sensory panel ratings[J].J Anim Sci,2006,84(6):1544-1551.
[30]杨志强.舍饲营养水平对内蒙古科尔沁牛育肥效果和胴体品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[2]张海波,王之盛.精料补充料能量水平对肉牛瘤胃发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017,53(9):97-101.
[3]赵新华.乳用母牛淘汰原因分析与养殖效益研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2015.
[4]官守宝.淘汰牛育肥好[J].中国畜牧杂志,1988(1):55-56.
[5]杜玮.不同能量水平和不同营养调控剂对淘汰西门塔尔、荷斯坦奶牛育肥性能和肉品品质影响的比较研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2007.
[6]李春芳.不同日粮营养水平对荷斯坦淘汰奶牛、奶公牛生长性能及肉品质的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学,2013.
[7]赖景涛,范雪雁.对淘汰奶牛进行育肥的试验报告[J].中国奶牛,2011(9):49-50.
[8]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:48-80.
[9]陈光吉.发酵酒糟、日粮NDF和能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵和胴体品质的影响[D].成都:西南民族大学,2016.
[10]张蓉.能量水平及来源对早期断奶犊牛消化代谢的影响研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[11]巩峰,王建民,王桂芝,等.饲粮不同能量水平对育肥奶山羊公羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(1):208-213.
[12]吴铁梅.不同饲养模式对绒山羊羔羊育肥性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[13]田春丽.不同能量和蛋白水平日粮对滩羊生长性能、养分消化率和经济效益的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[14]赵军,林英庭,韩占强,等.添加保护性脂肪或豆油对奶牛纤维素瘤胃降解率和表观消化率的影响[J].饲料工业,2007(11):45-47.
[15]王丽华.不同种类及水平过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛瘤胃发酵及血液生化指标的影响[D].大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2009.
[16]王桂秋.营养水平对羔羊物质消化的影响及羔羊早期断奶时间的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[17]乔治.精补料不同能量水平对1周岁舍饲牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[D].成都:四川农业大学,2013.
[18]翟真真,贾玉东,王振勇,等.不同日粮精粗比对奶牛血脂和血清游离脂肪酸的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2008(2):291-296.
[19]孙国虎,王欣荣,赵生国,等.不同能量水平的日粮对四个绵羊类群部分血液指标的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(35):58-62.
[20]邹思湘.动物生物化学[M].4版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005:165.
[21]康晓龙.不同能量和蛋白水平日粮对母羊繁殖性能的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2007.
[22]Brown E G,Vandehaar M J,Daniels K M,et al.Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on body growth and carcass composition of heifer calves[J].J Dairy Sci,2005,88(2):585-594.
[23]Chelikani P K,Ambrose D J,Keisler D H,et al.Effects of dietary energy and protein density on plasma concentrations of leptin and metabolic hormones in dairy heifers[J].J Dairy Sci,2009,92(4):1430-1441.
[24]田生花,何成伟,夏玉芬,等.不同能量水平日粮对肉牛产肉性能和肌内脂肪含量的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2010,42(7):43-45.
[25]刘丽,周光宏.饲养水平、年龄及体重对牛产肉性能影响的研究[J].黄牛杂志,2001(3):10-14.
[26]马琴琴,李铁军,何流琴,等.不同粗饲料组合对宁夏滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(6):1936-1942.
[27]Thompson J M.The effects of marbling on flavour and juiciness scores of cooked beef,after adjusting to a constant tenderness[J].Aust J Exp Agr,2004,44(7):645-652.
[28]Prior R L,Kohlmeier R H,Cundiff L V,et al.Influence of dietary energy and protein on growth and carcass composition in different biological types of cattle[J].J Anim Sci,1977,45(1):132-146.
[29]Maddock T D,Bauer M L,Koch K B,et al.Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance,carcasscharacteristics,and trained sensory panel ratings[J].J Anim Sci,2006,84(6):1544-1551.
[30]杨志强.舍饲营养水平对内蒙古科尔沁牛育肥效果和胴体品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.