长期施肥对旱地红壤团聚体磷素固持与释放能力的影响
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摘要
在中国科学院红壤生态试验站26年的旱地红壤长期肥料定位试验中,选取无机肥试验区的NPK、NK处理,有机无机肥配施试验区的对照(CK)、CK+稻秆(RS)、CK+花生秸秆还田(PS)、CK+绿肥(FR)及CK+猪厩肥(PM)等7个肥料处理土壤,采用湿筛法逐级提取并得到粒级依次为>2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.25 mm与0.25~0.053 mm的团聚体土壤样品;通过室内分析获得了土壤及各粒级团聚体的全磷(TP)、有效磷(Available P)、水溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)、土壤磷素吸持指数(PSI)及土壤磷素饱和度(DPS)等指标值,并探讨了上述测定指标间的相关关系。结果表明:长期施用磷肥可有效保持旱地红壤的供磷水平,配施猪厩肥可显著增加旱地红壤及大小团聚体的TP、有效磷及CaCl_2-P含量、降低土壤PSI并显著增大旱地红壤DPS,加大了旱地红壤磷素的流失风险;随着土壤中>1 mm粒级团聚体数量的增多,旱地红壤磷素储量显著增加,磷素固持能力显著下降,土壤磷释放潜能随之增大。由DPS、有效磷及CaCl_2-P的分段线性拟合方程可以推断得出,当旱地红壤中有效磷为168~260 mg kg~(-1)时或DPS<28%,土壤磷素具有潜在流失风险;当有效磷≥260 mg kg~(-1)或DPS≥28%,土壤磷素具有极高的流失风险,应立即停止施用磷肥尤其是有机磷肥,并重新调整施肥方案,以避免土壤磷素流失及其对水体环境的污染。
【Objective】Soil aggregates in the soil are important media capable of storing,transforming and activating soil phosphorus(P),and distribution and stability of soil aggregates is influenced by longterm fertilization.However,little has been reported on release pattern and adsorption capacity of P across various soil aggregates and their relationships in red soils as affected by long-term fertilization,which are essential to sustainable management of P sources in agricultural fields.The objectives of this study are to:(i)investigate changes in TP,available P,CaCl_2-P,PSI and DPS,in soil aggregates of different particlesize fractions in a red soil under long-term fertilization;(ii)to explore relationships between CaCl_2-P,available P,DPS;and(iii)to study how DPS and Available P affect P loss potential.【Method】A longterm fertilization experiment was established in 1988 and soil samples were collected from the 7 fertilization treatments,designed in the experiment as follows:NPK,NK,Control(CK),CK + peanut straw(PS),CK + rice straw(RS),CK + fresh radish(FR)and CK + pig manure(PM).The soil samples were fractionated,using the wet sieving method,into aggregates of different particle sizes(> 2.0 mm,2.0~1.0 mm,1.0~0.25 mm and 0.25~0.053 mm).Then the various fractions of aggregateswere analyzed for total P(TP),available P,CaCl_2-P,P sorption index(PSI)and degree of P saturation(DPS)and relationships between the parameters.【Result】Results show that Treatment NK was the lowest in TP,and DPS but the highest in PSI in all the aggregates,regardless of particle size fraction in the red soil.Compared with Treatment CK,Treatments PS,RS and FR were quite similar in effect on soil TP,PSI,Available P and DPS;but Treatment PM significantlydecreased soil P retention capacity with the highest TP and lowest PSI,and increased P release or loss potential in all the fractions of aggregates with the highest DPS,Available P and CaCl_2-P.All the fertilization treatments,irrespective of their pattern,significantly increased P content in the > 2.0 mm fraction of aggregates with PEC(P enrichment coefficient)>1,but in Treatment NPK + PM soil P was more easily enriched in macro-aggregates(> 0.25 mm).【Conclusion】Correlation analysis indicates that the P accumulated in the soil may be subject to potential loss to the safety of water quality when available P was range in 168~260 mg kg~(-1) or DPS < 28% in the red soil;otherwise P loss would be significant.Therefore,new strategies of using both commercial fertilizers and animal manures must be established and implemented to prevent P build up in the soil and to minimize P loss to water bodies in the red soil region.
【Objective】Soil aggregates in the soil are important media capable of storing,transforming and activating soil phosphorus(P),and distribution and stability of soil aggregates is influenced by longterm fertilization.However,little has been reported on release pattern and adsorption capacity of P across various soil aggregates and their relationships in red soils as affected by long-term fertilization,which are essential to sustainable management of P sources in agricultural fields.The objectives of this study are to:(i)investigate changes in TP,available P,CaCl_2-P,PSI and DPS,in soil aggregates of different particlesize fractions in a red soil under long-term fertilization;(ii)to explore relationships between CaCl_2-P,available P,DPS;and(iii)to study how DPS and Available P affect P loss potential.【Method】A longterm fertilization experiment was established in 1988 and soil samples were collected from the 7 fertilization treatments,designed in the experiment as follows:NPK,NK,Control(CK),CK + peanut straw(PS),CK + rice straw(RS),CK + fresh radish(FR)and CK + pig manure(PM).The soil samples were fractionated,using the wet sieving method,into aggregates of different particle sizes(> 2.0 mm,2.0~1.0 mm,1.0~0.25 mm and 0.25~0.053 mm).Then the various fractions of aggregateswere analyzed for total P(TP),available P,CaCl_2-P,P sorption index(PSI)and degree of P saturation(DPS)and relationships between the parameters.【Result】Results show that Treatment NK was the lowest in TP,and DPS but the highest in PSI in all the aggregates,regardless of particle size fraction in the red soil.Compared with Treatment CK,Treatments PS,RS and FR were quite similar in effect on soil TP,PSI,Available P and DPS;but Treatment PM significantlydecreased soil P retention capacity with the highest TP and lowest PSI,and increased P release or loss potential in all the fractions of aggregates with the highest DPS,Available P and CaCl_2-P.All the fertilization treatments,irrespective of their pattern,significantly increased P content in the > 2.0 mm fraction of aggregates with PEC(P enrichment coefficient)>1,but in Treatment NPK + PM soil P was more easily enriched in macro-aggregates(> 0.25 mm).【Conclusion】Correlation analysis indicates that the P accumulated in the soil may be subject to potential loss to the safety of water quality when available P was range in 168~260 mg kg~(-1) or DPS < 28% in the red soil;otherwise P loss would be significant.Therefore,new strategies of using both commercial fertilizers and animal manures must be established and implemented to prevent P build up in the soil and to minimize P loss to water bodies in the red soil region.
引文
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[2]赵牧秋,陈欣,史云峰.磷肥施用对红壤有效磷含量和易流失磷含量的影响.安徽农业科学,2012,40(6):3335—3338Zhao M Q,Chen X,Shi Y F.Influence of phosphorus fertilizer application on available phosphorus and easyloss phosphorus content in red soil(In Chinese).Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(6):3335—3338
[3]许小伟,樊剑波,陈晏,等.有机无机肥配施对红壤旱地花生生理特性、产量及品质的影响.土壤学报,2015,52(1):174—182Xu X W,Fan J B,Chen Y,et al.Effect of manure combined with chemical fertilizer application on yield,kernel quality and physiological characteristics of peanut to red soil in subtropical China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):174—182
[4]Crews T E,Brookes P C.Changes in soil phosphorus forms through time in perennial versus annual agroecosystems.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,184(2):168—181
[5]Abdala DB,Da S I,Vergütz L,et al.Long-term manure application effects on phosphorus speciation,kinetics and distribution in highly weathered agricultural soils.Chemosphere,2014,119:504—514
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[9]Hesketh N,Brookes P C,Sharpley A N.Development of an indicator for risk of phosphorus leaching.Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):105—110
[10]Sharpley A N.Dependence of runoff phosphorus on extractable soil phosphorus.Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24(5):920—926
[11]Bache B W,Williams E G.A phosphate sorption index for soils.Soil Science,1971,22(3):288—301
[12]Buczko U,Kuchenbuch R O.Phosphorus indices as riskassessmenttools in the USA and Europe-A review.Journal of Plant Nutritionand Soil Science,2007,170(4):445—460
[13]Kleinman P J,Sharpley A N,Moyer B G,et al.Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sources on runoff phosphorus.Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(6):2026—2033
[14]陈恩凤,关连珠,汪景宽,等.土壤特征微团聚体的组成比例与肥力评价.土壤学报,2001,38(1):49—53Chen E F,Guan L Z,Wang J K,et al.Compositional proportion of soil characteristic microaggregates and soil fertility evaluation(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2001,38(1):49—53
[15]张章.不同施肥方式对红壤团聚体稳定性及层级结构的影响.武汉:华中农业大学,2016Zhang Z.The effect of different fertilization on red soil aggregate stability and hierarch structure(In Chinese).Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2016
[16]Breeuwsma A.Impact of manure on accumulation and leaching of phosphate in areas of intensive livestock farming//Steele K.Animal waste and the land-water interface.New York:CRC Press,1995
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[18]Young R A,Onstad C A,Bosch D D,et al.AGNPS:A nonpoint source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44(2):168—173
[19]王双磊,刘艳慧,宋宪亮,等.棉花秸秆还田对土壤团聚体有机碳及氮磷钾含量的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3944—3952Wang S L,Liu Y H,Song X L,et al.Effects of cotton straw returning on soil organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium contents insoil aggregates(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(12):3944—3952
[20]Shen P,Xu M G,Zhang H M,et al.Long-term response of soil Olsen-P and organic C to thedepletion or addition of chemical and organic fertilizers.Catena,2014,118:20—27
[21]马晓焉,刘明,李忠佩.不同猪粪施用量下红壤水稻土表层水氮磷动态.土壤,2015,47(2):289—296Ma X Y,Liu M,Li Z P.Dynamics of N and P in surface water of paddy soil in subtropical China under different rates of swine manure application(In Chinese).Soils,2015,47(2):289—296
[22]肖辉,潘洁,程文娟,等.不同有机肥对设施土壤有效磷累积与淋溶的影响.土壤通报,2012,43(5):1195—1200Xiao H,Pan J,Cheng W J,et al.Effect of different organic manures on accumulation and leaching of Olsen-P in greenhouse soil(in Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(5):1195—1200
[23]席雪琴.土壤磷素环境阈值与农学阈值研究.陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015Xi X Q.The critical value of soil P leave for crop and environmental safety in different soil types(In Chinese).Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2015
[24]Leinweber P,Meissner R,Eckhardt K U,et al.Management effects on forms of phosphorus in soil and leaching losses.European Journal of Soil Science,1999,50(3):413—424
[25]薛巧云.农艺措施和环境条件对土壤磷素转化和淋失的影响及其机理研究.杭州:浙江大学,2013Xue Q Y.Effects of agronomic practices and environmental factors on soilphosphorus transformation and loss and correspondingmechanism(In Chinese).Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013
[26]Mcdowel l R W,Shar pley A N.Approxim at ing phosphorus release from soils to surface runoff and subsurface drainage.Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):508—520
[27]Mashal K,Aldegs Y S,Alqinna M,et al.Elucidation of phosphorous sorption by calcareous soils using principal component analysis.Chemistry and Ecology,2014,30(2):133—146
[2]赵牧秋,陈欣,史云峰.磷肥施用对红壤有效磷含量和易流失磷含量的影响.安徽农业科学,2012,40(6):3335—3338Zhao M Q,Chen X,Shi Y F.Influence of phosphorus fertilizer application on available phosphorus and easyloss phosphorus content in red soil(In Chinese).Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(6):3335—3338
[3]许小伟,樊剑波,陈晏,等.有机无机肥配施对红壤旱地花生生理特性、产量及品质的影响.土壤学报,2015,52(1):174—182Xu X W,Fan J B,Chen Y,et al.Effect of manure combined with chemical fertilizer application on yield,kernel quality and physiological characteristics of peanut to red soil in subtropical China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):174—182
[4]Crews T E,Brookes P C.Changes in soil phosphorus forms through time in perennial versus annual agroecosystems.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,184(2):168—181
[5]Abdala DB,Da S I,Vergütz L,et al.Long-term manure application effects on phosphorus speciation,kinetics and distribution in highly weathered agricultural soils.Chemosphere,2014,119:504—514
[6]Campos M D,Antonangelo J A,Alleoni L R F.Phosphorus sorption index in humid tropical soils.Soil&Tillage Research,2016,156:110—118
[7]Sharpley A N,Kleinman P J,Flaten D N,et al.Critical source area management of agricultural phosphorus:Experiences,challenges and opportunities.Water Science&Technology,2011,64(4):945—952
[8]Mcdowell R W,Sharpley A N.Phosphorus losses in subsurface flow before and after manure application to intensively farmed land.Science of the Total Environment,2001,278(1/3):113—125
[9]Hesketh N,Brookes P C,Sharpley A N.Development of an indicator for risk of phosphorus leaching.Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):105—110
[10]Sharpley A N.Dependence of runoff phosphorus on extractable soil phosphorus.Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24(5):920—926
[11]Bache B W,Williams E G.A phosphate sorption index for soils.Soil Science,1971,22(3):288—301
[12]Buczko U,Kuchenbuch R O.Phosphorus indices as riskassessmenttools in the USA and Europe-A review.Journal of Plant Nutritionand Soil Science,2007,170(4):445—460
[13]Kleinman P J,Sharpley A N,Moyer B G,et al.Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sources on runoff phosphorus.Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(6):2026—2033
[14]陈恩凤,关连珠,汪景宽,等.土壤特征微团聚体的组成比例与肥力评价.土壤学报,2001,38(1):49—53Chen E F,Guan L Z,Wang J K,et al.Compositional proportion of soil characteristic microaggregates and soil fertility evaluation(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2001,38(1):49—53
[15]张章.不同施肥方式对红壤团聚体稳定性及层级结构的影响.武汉:华中农业大学,2016Zhang Z.The effect of different fertilization on red soil aggregate stability and hierarch structure(In Chinese).Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2016
[16]Breeuwsma A.Impact of manure on accumulation and leaching of phosphate in areas of intensive livestock farming//Steele K.Animal waste and the land-water interface.New York:CRC Press,1995
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[18]Young R A,Onstad C A,Bosch D D,et al.AGNPS:A nonpoint source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44(2):168—173
[19]王双磊,刘艳慧,宋宪亮,等.棉花秸秆还田对土壤团聚体有机碳及氮磷钾含量的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3944—3952Wang S L,Liu Y H,Song X L,et al.Effects of cotton straw returning on soil organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium contents insoil aggregates(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(12):3944—3952
[20]Shen P,Xu M G,Zhang H M,et al.Long-term response of soil Olsen-P and organic C to thedepletion or addition of chemical and organic fertilizers.Catena,2014,118:20—27
[21]马晓焉,刘明,李忠佩.不同猪粪施用量下红壤水稻土表层水氮磷动态.土壤,2015,47(2):289—296Ma X Y,Liu M,Li Z P.Dynamics of N and P in surface water of paddy soil in subtropical China under different rates of swine manure application(In Chinese).Soils,2015,47(2):289—296
[22]肖辉,潘洁,程文娟,等.不同有机肥对设施土壤有效磷累积与淋溶的影响.土壤通报,2012,43(5):1195—1200Xiao H,Pan J,Cheng W J,et al.Effect of different organic manures on accumulation and leaching of Olsen-P in greenhouse soil(in Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(5):1195—1200
[23]席雪琴.土壤磷素环境阈值与农学阈值研究.陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015Xi X Q.The critical value of soil P leave for crop and environmental safety in different soil types(In Chinese).Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2015
[24]Leinweber P,Meissner R,Eckhardt K U,et al.Management effects on forms of phosphorus in soil and leaching losses.European Journal of Soil Science,1999,50(3):413—424
[25]薛巧云.农艺措施和环境条件对土壤磷素转化和淋失的影响及其机理研究.杭州:浙江大学,2013Xue Q Y.Effects of agronomic practices and environmental factors on soilphosphorus transformation and loss and correspondingmechanism(In Chinese).Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013
[26]Mcdowel l R W,Shar pley A N.Approxim at ing phosphorus release from soils to surface runoff and subsurface drainage.Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):508—520
[27]Mashal K,Aldegs Y S,Alqinna M,et al.Elucidation of phosphorous sorption by calcareous soils using principal component analysis.Chemistry and Ecology,2014,30(2):133—146