南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物含量及其健康风险评价
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摘要
目的了解南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物种类、分布,并评价其潜在健康风险。方法于2015年枯水期(11月)、2016年丰水期(6月)采集南昌市主城区8家市政出厂水水样16份,依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)检测水样中13种消毒副产物含量;运用美国环保局健康风险评价模型评价消毒副产物通过饮水途径引起的健康风险。结果出厂水中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸)和三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷)是南昌市主城区饮用水中主要消毒副产物。消毒副产物在丰水期浓度是枯水期浓度的4.16倍,丰水期二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氯甲烷浓度高于枯水期,枯水期二溴一氯甲烷浓度高于丰水期(均P<0.05)。消毒副产物引起的致癌风险为2.83×10~(-5)/年～7.98×10~(-5)/年,中值5.91×10~(-5)/年,非致癌风险为6.21×10~(-2)/年～1.86×10~(-1)/年,中值为1.22×10~(-1)/年。致癌风险主要来自二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸和二氯一溴甲烷,丰水期以三氯乙酸和三氯甲烷贡献最大;枯水期以二溴一氯甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷贡献最大;而二氯乙酸对非致癌风险贡献最大。结论卤乙酸和三卤甲烷是南昌市主城区饮用水中的主要消毒副产物,出厂水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险在可接受的范围,但需提出风险控制措施,丰水期消毒副产物浓度应该得到控制。
Objective To understand the kinds and distribution levels of disinfection by-products(DBPs) and their potential health hazards in drinking water in the Main Urban District of Nanchang. Methods In dry season(November) of 2015 and wet season(June) of 2016, the concentrations of 13 kinds of DBPs were determined in 16 finished water samples from eight centralized water supply systems in the Main Urban District of Nanchang. The health risks of DBPs via drinking water were assessed based on the cancer risk assessment model recommended by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Results The concentration of disinfection by-products in finished water is in accordance with the Standards for Drinking Water Quality(GB5749-2006). Haloacetic acids(HAAs) [dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and acetocaustin(TCAA)] and Trihalomethanes(THMs) [trichloromethane(TCM) and dichlorobromomethane(DBCM)] were the principal DBPs in drinking water in the Main Urban District of Nanchang. The concentration of disinfection by-products in wet season is 4.16 times higher than as that in dry season. The concentrations of TCM, DCAA and TCAA in wet season were higher than those in dry season, and the concentration of DBCM in dry season was higher than that in wet season(all P<0.05). In addition, the values of carcinogenic risk for DBPs were 2.83×10~(-5)-7.98×10~(-5)/a. The median value is 5.91×10~(-5)/a; the values of non-carcinogenic risk were 6.21×10~(-2)-1.86×10~(-1)/a,and the median value is 1.22×10~(-1)/a. The risk of cancer mainly comes from DCAA, TCAA and BDCM; in the wet season, the most contribution of the risk of cancer were TCAA and TCM, and in the dry season those were DBCM and BDCM, but the DCAA was the most contribution to the non-carcinogenic health risks. Conclusion HAAs and THMs were the main disinfection by-products in the drinking water of Nanchang. The health risks induced by DBPs through drinking water were within the limits recommended by U.S. EPA. The disinfection by-product in finished water has acceptable risk of cancer, so control measures should be proposed, and the concentration of disinfection by-product should be controlled in wet season.
Objective To understand the kinds and distribution levels of disinfection by-products(DBPs) and their potential health hazards in drinking water in the Main Urban District of Nanchang. Methods In dry season(November) of 2015 and wet season(June) of 2016, the concentrations of 13 kinds of DBPs were determined in 16 finished water samples from eight centralized water supply systems in the Main Urban District of Nanchang. The health risks of DBPs via drinking water were assessed based on the cancer risk assessment model recommended by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Results The concentration of disinfection by-products in finished water is in accordance with the Standards for Drinking Water Quality(GB5749-2006). Haloacetic acids(HAAs) [dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and acetocaustin(TCAA)] and Trihalomethanes(THMs) [trichloromethane(TCM) and dichlorobromomethane(DBCM)] were the principal DBPs in drinking water in the Main Urban District of Nanchang. The concentration of disinfection by-products in wet season is 4.16 times higher than as that in dry season. The concentrations of TCM, DCAA and TCAA in wet season were higher than those in dry season, and the concentration of DBCM in dry season was higher than that in wet season(all P<0.05). In addition, the values of carcinogenic risk for DBPs were 2.83×10~(-5)-7.98×10~(-5)/a. The median value is 5.91×10~(-5)/a; the values of non-carcinogenic risk were 6.21×10~(-2)-1.86×10~(-1)/a,and the median value is 1.22×10~(-1)/a. The risk of cancer mainly comes from DCAA, TCAA and BDCM; in the wet season, the most contribution of the risk of cancer were TCAA and TCM, and in the dry season those were DBCM and BDCM, but the DCAA was the most contribution to the non-carcinogenic health risks. Conclusion HAAs and THMs were the main disinfection by-products in the drinking water of Nanchang. The health risks induced by DBPs through drinking water were within the limits recommended by U.S. EPA. The disinfection by-product in finished water has acceptable risk of cancer, so control measures should be proposed, and the concentration of disinfection by-product should be controlled in wet season.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T5750-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[2]Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual(Part A)[EB/OL].[2019-01-05].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/rags_a.pdf.
[3]金涛,唐非.饮用水氯化消毒副产物及其对健康的潜在危害[J].中国消毒学杂志,2013,(3):255-258.
[4]胡江涛.生活饮用水中氯化消毒副产物测定及产生条件研究[D].成都:四川大学,2005.
[5]Office of Water U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.2018 edition of the drinking water standards and health advisories tables[EB/OL].[2019-01-05].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/dwtable2018.pdf.
[6]Risk Assessment Forum U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment[EB/OL].[2019-01-05].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-09/documents/cancer_guidelines_final_3-25-05.pdf.
[7]段小丽,黄楠,王贝贝,等.国内外环境健康风险评价中的暴露参数比较[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,(2):99-104.
[8]李晓玲,刘锐,兰亚琼,等.J市饮用水氯消毒副产物分析及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2013,(9):3474-3479.
[2]Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual(Part A)[EB/OL].[2019-01-05].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/rags_a.pdf.
[3]金涛,唐非.饮用水氯化消毒副产物及其对健康的潜在危害[J].中国消毒学杂志,2013,(3):255-258.
[4]胡江涛.生活饮用水中氯化消毒副产物测定及产生条件研究[D].成都:四川大学,2005.
[5]Office of Water U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.2018 edition of the drinking water standards and health advisories tables[EB/OL].[2019-01-05].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/dwtable2018.pdf.
[6]Risk Assessment Forum U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment[EB/OL].[2019-01-05].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-09/documents/cancer_guidelines_final_3-25-05.pdf.
[7]段小丽,黄楠,王贝贝,等.国内外环境健康风险评价中的暴露参数比较[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,(2):99-104.
[8]李晓玲,刘锐,兰亚琼,等.J市饮用水氯消毒副产物分析及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2013,(9):3474-3479.