干热河谷区紫色土玉米季协调农学、水体环境和经济效益的容许施肥量
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摘要
选取玉米为紫色土区典型种植作物作为研究对象,设置不施肥、常规施肥量(750 kg/hm~2)、常规施肥量的0.5倍、1.5倍、2.0倍和2.5倍6个施肥水平,通过野外坡耕地小区试验和试验室内分析试验,分析玉米典型生育期内不同施肥量对作物产量、生长特性、淋洗液和径流中氮、磷的流失特征的影响,并基于肥料施用量与肥料中氮素和磷素的去向的试验数据,构建干热河谷区紫色土玉米协调农学、水体环境和经济效益的统一经济指标和评价模型。研究结果表明:在玉米生长期内,施肥量为0~1870 kg/hm~2时,叶面积指数发展动态表现为前期上升快、后期下降慢的趋势。玉米生育期株高和产量均随着施肥量从较低到适中的增加而递增,且达到较高施肥处理(常规施肥量2.5倍)时株高降低。不同施肥处理下径流和淋洗液中的总氮和总磷在整个玉米生育期内的变化呈现出同一趋势,均随着施肥量的增加而流出量增加。运用该模型,分别计算了玉米肥料的边际产量效应和富营养化效应,得到干旱河谷区紫色土玉米协调农学、水体环境和经济效益的容许施肥量为1154~1176 kg/hm~2。
This study used maize(Zea mays L.) as the experimental material, which was the typical crop inpurple soil area, investigated the effects of varied fertilizer application levels, including no fertilizer, traditionalfertilizer amount(CK, 750 kg/hm~2), and 0.5, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 times of the traditional fertilizer amount, on cropyields, growth characteristics and NP loss in leaching solution and runoff by plot experiments in slop fieldcropland and indoor analysis. Based on experiments on NP in relation to fertilization application rate, a unifiedeconomic indicator and evaluation model for the coordination effect of agronomic, water environmental andeconomic benefits were studied. The results showed that when the fertilizer application amount was0-1870 kg/hm~2, the leaf area index increased fast in the earlier stage and declined slowly in the later stage,plant height and yield increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels from CK to 2.0 times oftraditional fertilizer level, but declined under the 2.5 times of traditional fertilizer level. The total N and total Pconcentration in runoff and leaching solution increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels. By theevaluation model, the effects of the marginal yield and the nutrient rich of maize fertilizer were calculated, therange of fertilization tolerance was 1154-1176 kg/hm~2.fertilization tolerance; benefits; model; maximum net benefit; purple soil
This study used maize(Zea mays L.) as the experimental material, which was the typical crop inpurple soil area, investigated the effects of varied fertilizer application levels, including no fertilizer, traditionalfertilizer amount(CK, 750 kg/hm~2), and 0.5, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 times of the traditional fertilizer amount, on cropyields, growth characteristics and NP loss in leaching solution and runoff by plot experiments in slop fieldcropland and indoor analysis. Based on experiments on NP in relation to fertilization application rate, a unifiedeconomic indicator and evaluation model for the coordination effect of agronomic, water environmental andeconomic benefits were studied. The results showed that when the fertilizer application amount was0-1870 kg/hm~2, the leaf area index increased fast in the earlier stage and declined slowly in the later stage,plant height and yield increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels from CK to 2.0 times oftraditional fertilizer level, but declined under the 2.5 times of traditional fertilizer level. The total N and total Pconcentration in runoff and leaching solution increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels. By theevaluation model, the effects of the marginal yield and the nutrient rich of maize fertilizer were calculated, therange of fertilization tolerance was 1154-1176 kg/hm~2.fertilization tolerance; benefits; model; maximum net benefit; purple soil
引文
[1]米艳华,陆琳,陈艺齐,等.干热河谷区农业种植模式的资源利用率研究[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(1):61-65.
[2]赵俊,段曰汤,米艳华,等.云南干热河谷区农业种植模式研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(30):16912-16813.
[3]李娅娟,何晓滨.云南省主要土壤类型养分状况及变化特征[J].中国农技推广,2014,30(8):35-37.
[4]崔富华,赖明芳.四川丘陵紫色土花生经济施肥研究[J].中国油料,1996,18(3):49-53.
[5]戢林,张锡洲,李廷轩,等.基于“3414”试验的川中丘陵区水稻测土配方施肥指标体系构建[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(1):84-92.
[6]朱志军,蔡家辉,黄小江,等.基于较高土壤磷钾养分含量的玉米测土配方施肥研究[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(18):45-52.
[7]赵丽,贺玉晓,彭辉,等.基于玉米苗期生理生化特性的紫色土容许有机复合肥施肥量的确定[J].科技导报,2012,30(28-29):82-88.
[8]Rajsic P,Weersink A.Do farmers waste fertilizer?A comparison of ex post optimal nitrogen rates and ex ante recommendations by model,site and year[J].Agricultural Systems,2008,97(1/2):56-67.
[9]Yadav S N,Peterson W,Easter K W.Do farmers overuse nitrogen fertilizer to the detriment of the environment?[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,1997,9(3):323-340.
[10]Lambert D M,Lowenberg-De Boer J,Malzer G L.Economic analysis of spatial-temporal patterns in corn and soybean response to nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Agronomy Journal,2006,98(1):43-54.
[11]朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜适用量的方法论刍议[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):1-4.
[12]夏永秋,颜晓元.太湖地区麦季协调农学、环境和经济效益的推荐施肥量[J].土壤学报,2011,48(6):1210-1218.
[13]向平安,周燕,江巨鳌,等.洞庭湖区氮肥外部成本及稻田氮素经济生态最佳投入研究[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2531-2537.
[14]吕耀,程序.太湖地区农氮素非点源污染及环境经济分析[J].上海环境科学,2000,19(4):143-145.
[15]Wang D J,Liu Q,Lin J H,et al.Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2004,26:221-227.
[16]杨丹,熊东红,翟娟,等.元谋干热河谷冲沟形态特征及其成因[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(1):38-45.
[17]谈振兰.夏玉米最佳施肥量田间试验研究[J].土壤肥料,2010(3):47-52.
[18]Wen Z Q,Hui H L,Peng L.Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn(Zea mays L.)roots from cultivars with different yield potentials[J].Europ.J.Agronomy,2012,38:54-63.
[19]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[20]李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[21]国家环境保护总局.中华人民共和国地表水环境质量标准[Z].国家环境保护总局,2002.
[22]Ma B L,Subedi K D,Costa C.Comparison of crop-based indicators with soil nitrate test for corn nitrogen requirement[J].Agronomy Journal,2005,97:462-471.
[23]Torbert H A,Potter K N,Morrison J E.Tillage system,fertilizer nitrogen rate,and timing effect on corn yields in the Texas Blackland Prairie[J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:1119-1124.
[24]姚军,唐春霞,何丙辉.紫色土坡耕地不同施肥水平下氮随径流流失特征研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(2):54-57.
[25]吴家森,陈闻,姜培坤,等.不同施肥对雷竹林土壤氮、磷渗漏流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):33-47.
[26]Moomaw W R,Birch M B.Cascading costs:An economic nitrogen cycle[J].Science in China Series C:Life Sciences,2005,48:678-696.
[27]米艳华,陆琳,陈艺齐,等.干热河谷区农业种植模式的资源利用率研究[J].西南农业学报,2011.24(1):61-65.
[28]戴静,康宇.氮磷钾配施对玉米主要性状和产量的影响及其施肥规律[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(10):62-64.
[29]Presterl S G T,Landbeck M.Nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of European maize hybrids developed under conditions of low and high nitrogen input[J].Plant Breeding,2002,121:480-486.
[30]孙宁,边少锋,孟祥盟,等.氮肥施用量对超高产玉米光合性能及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2011.19(2):67-69,72.
[31]Zeng S C,Chen B G,Jiang C A,et al.Impact of fertilization on chestnut growth,N and P concentrations in runoff water on degraded slope land in South China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19:827-833.
[32]Cao B,He F Y,Xu Q M,et al.Denitri fi cation losses and N2O emission from nitrogen fertilizer applied to a vegetable field[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(3):390-397.
[33]Ng Kee Kwong K F,Bholah A,Volcy L,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus transport by surface runoff from a silty clay loam soil under sugarcane in the humid tropical environment of Mauritius[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,91:147-157.
[34]焉莉,高强,张志丹,等.自然降雨条件下减肥和资源再利用对东北黑土玉米地氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):1-6,103.
[35]谭德水,江丽华,谭淑樱,等.湖区小麦玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):128-137.
[36]郭甜,何丙辉,姚军,等.紫色土坡耕地施肥水平对土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):59-63.
[37]Smith V H,Tilman G D,Nekola J C.Eutrophication:impacts of excess nutrient inputs in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Environmental Pollution,1999,100:179-196.
[38]Sharpley A,Daniel T C,Sims J T,et al.Determining environmentally sound soil phosphorus levels[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,51:160-166.
[39]曾曙才,吴启堂.华南赤红壤无机复合肥氮磷淋失特征[J].应用生态学报,2007(3):1017-1022.
[40]汪涛,罗贵生,朱波,等.施肥对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):716-722.
[41]王静,丁树文,李朝霞,等.丹江库区典型土壤磷的淋溶模拟研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):692-697.
[42]孙军益.三峡库区紫色土氮磷淋溶试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2012.
[2]赵俊,段曰汤,米艳华,等.云南干热河谷区农业种植模式研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(30):16912-16813.
[3]李娅娟,何晓滨.云南省主要土壤类型养分状况及变化特征[J].中国农技推广,2014,30(8):35-37.
[4]崔富华,赖明芳.四川丘陵紫色土花生经济施肥研究[J].中国油料,1996,18(3):49-53.
[5]戢林,张锡洲,李廷轩,等.基于“3414”试验的川中丘陵区水稻测土配方施肥指标体系构建[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(1):84-92.
[6]朱志军,蔡家辉,黄小江,等.基于较高土壤磷钾养分含量的玉米测土配方施肥研究[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(18):45-52.
[7]赵丽,贺玉晓,彭辉,等.基于玉米苗期生理生化特性的紫色土容许有机复合肥施肥量的确定[J].科技导报,2012,30(28-29):82-88.
[8]Rajsic P,Weersink A.Do farmers waste fertilizer?A comparison of ex post optimal nitrogen rates and ex ante recommendations by model,site and year[J].Agricultural Systems,2008,97(1/2):56-67.
[9]Yadav S N,Peterson W,Easter K W.Do farmers overuse nitrogen fertilizer to the detriment of the environment?[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,1997,9(3):323-340.
[10]Lambert D M,Lowenberg-De Boer J,Malzer G L.Economic analysis of spatial-temporal patterns in corn and soybean response to nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Agronomy Journal,2006,98(1):43-54.
[11]朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜适用量的方法论刍议[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):1-4.
[12]夏永秋,颜晓元.太湖地区麦季协调农学、环境和经济效益的推荐施肥量[J].土壤学报,2011,48(6):1210-1218.
[13]向平安,周燕,江巨鳌,等.洞庭湖区氮肥外部成本及稻田氮素经济生态最佳投入研究[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2531-2537.
[14]吕耀,程序.太湖地区农氮素非点源污染及环境经济分析[J].上海环境科学,2000,19(4):143-145.
[15]Wang D J,Liu Q,Lin J H,et al.Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2004,26:221-227.
[16]杨丹,熊东红,翟娟,等.元谋干热河谷冲沟形态特征及其成因[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(1):38-45.
[17]谈振兰.夏玉米最佳施肥量田间试验研究[J].土壤肥料,2010(3):47-52.
[18]Wen Z Q,Hui H L,Peng L.Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn(Zea mays L.)roots from cultivars with different yield potentials[J].Europ.J.Agronomy,2012,38:54-63.
[19]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[20]李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[21]国家环境保护总局.中华人民共和国地表水环境质量标准[Z].国家环境保护总局,2002.
[22]Ma B L,Subedi K D,Costa C.Comparison of crop-based indicators with soil nitrate test for corn nitrogen requirement[J].Agronomy Journal,2005,97:462-471.
[23]Torbert H A,Potter K N,Morrison J E.Tillage system,fertilizer nitrogen rate,and timing effect on corn yields in the Texas Blackland Prairie[J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:1119-1124.
[24]姚军,唐春霞,何丙辉.紫色土坡耕地不同施肥水平下氮随径流流失特征研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(2):54-57.
[25]吴家森,陈闻,姜培坤,等.不同施肥对雷竹林土壤氮、磷渗漏流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):33-47.
[26]Moomaw W R,Birch M B.Cascading costs:An economic nitrogen cycle[J].Science in China Series C:Life Sciences,2005,48:678-696.
[27]米艳华,陆琳,陈艺齐,等.干热河谷区农业种植模式的资源利用率研究[J].西南农业学报,2011.24(1):61-65.
[28]戴静,康宇.氮磷钾配施对玉米主要性状和产量的影响及其施肥规律[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(10):62-64.
[29]Presterl S G T,Landbeck M.Nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of European maize hybrids developed under conditions of low and high nitrogen input[J].Plant Breeding,2002,121:480-486.
[30]孙宁,边少锋,孟祥盟,等.氮肥施用量对超高产玉米光合性能及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2011.19(2):67-69,72.
[31]Zeng S C,Chen B G,Jiang C A,et al.Impact of fertilization on chestnut growth,N and P concentrations in runoff water on degraded slope land in South China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19:827-833.
[32]Cao B,He F Y,Xu Q M,et al.Denitri fi cation losses and N2O emission from nitrogen fertilizer applied to a vegetable field[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(3):390-397.
[33]Ng Kee Kwong K F,Bholah A,Volcy L,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus transport by surface runoff from a silty clay loam soil under sugarcane in the humid tropical environment of Mauritius[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,91:147-157.
[34]焉莉,高强,张志丹,等.自然降雨条件下减肥和资源再利用对东北黑土玉米地氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):1-6,103.
[35]谭德水,江丽华,谭淑樱,等.湖区小麦玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):128-137.
[36]郭甜,何丙辉,姚军,等.紫色土坡耕地施肥水平对土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):59-63.
[37]Smith V H,Tilman G D,Nekola J C.Eutrophication:impacts of excess nutrient inputs in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Environmental Pollution,1999,100:179-196.
[38]Sharpley A,Daniel T C,Sims J T,et al.Determining environmentally sound soil phosphorus levels[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,51:160-166.
[39]曾曙才,吴启堂.华南赤红壤无机复合肥氮磷淋失特征[J].应用生态学报,2007(3):1017-1022.
[40]汪涛,罗贵生,朱波,等.施肥对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):716-722.
[41]王静,丁树文,李朝霞,等.丹江库区典型土壤磷的淋溶模拟研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):692-697.
[42]孙军益.三峡库区紫色土氮磷淋溶试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2012.