穿支皮瓣乳房再造的进展
|
摘要
穿支皮瓣乳房再造具有供区损伤小、美学效果长期稳定等诸多优点,是乳房再造领域中极其重要的部分。目前常用于乳房再造的穿支皮瓣有腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣、股深动脉穿支皮瓣、胸背动脉穿支皮瓣、臀动脉穿支皮瓣和腰动脉穿支皮瓣等。不同的穿支皮瓣在适应人群、手术设计等方面有各自特点。本文就常见的穿支皮瓣在乳房再造中的应用进展进行综述。
Perforator flap is a crucial part in the field of breast reconstruction, it has many advantages such as small functional damage of donor area, long-term stable aesthetic outcome and so on. Beside deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, profunda artery perforator flap, thoracodorsal artery perforator flap, intercostals artery perforator, gluteal artery perforator and lumbar artery perforator flap are also commonly used in breast reconstruction. In this paper, the research progress of these perforator flaps in breast reconstruction were reviewed.
Perforator flap is a crucial part in the field of breast reconstruction, it has many advantages such as small functional damage of donor area, long-term stable aesthetic outcome and so on. Beside deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, profunda artery perforator flap, thoracodorsal artery perforator flap, intercostals artery perforator, gluteal artery perforator and lumbar artery perforator flap are also commonly used in breast reconstruction. In this paper, the research progress of these perforator flaps in breast reconstruction were reviewed.
引文
[1]Vargas CR,Koolen PGL,Ho OA,et al.Preoperative CT-angiography in autologous breast reconstruction[J].Microsurgery,2016,36(8):623-627.
[2]Klasson S,Svensson H,Malm K,et al.Preoperative CT angiography versus Doppler ultrasound mapping of abdominal perforator in DIEP breast reconstructions:A randomized prospective study[J].JPRAS,2015,68(6):782-786.
[3]Mossa-Basha M,Lee C.Impact of preoperative computed tomography angiogram on abdominal flap breast reconstruction outcomes:Asystematic review[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2017,33(5):328-335.
[4]Wade RG,Watford J,Wormald JCR,et al.Perforator mapping reduces the operative time of DIEP flap breast reconstruction:Asystematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative ultrasound,computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography[J].JPRAS,2018,71(4):468-477.
[5]Chae MP,Hunter-Smith DJ,Rozen WM.Comparative analysis of fluorescent angiography,computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography for planning autologous breast reconstruction[J].Gland Surg,2015,4(2):164-178.
[6]Davis CR,Jones L,Tillett RL,et al.Predicting venous congestion before DIEP breast reconstruction by identifying atypical venous connections on preoperative CTA imaging[J].Microsurgery,2019,39(1):24-31.
[7]Vasile JV,Newman T,Rusch DG,et al.Anatomic imaging of gluteal perforator flaps without ionizing radiation:seeing is believing with magnetic resonance angiography[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2010,26(1):45-57.
[8]Schaverien MV,Ludman CN,Neil-Dwyer J,et al.Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for preoperative imaging of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps:advantages and disadvantages compared with computed tomography angiography:a United Kingdom perspective[J].Ann Plast Surg,2011,67(6):671-674.
[9]Griffiths M,Chae MP,Rozen W M.Indocyanine green-based fluorescent angiography in breast reconstruction[J].Gland Surg,2016,5(2):133-149.
[10]Alstrup T,Christensen BO,Damsgaard TE.ICG angiography in immediate and delayed autologous breast reconstructions:peroperative evaluation and postoperative outcomes[J].J Plast Surg Hand Surg,2018,52(5):307-311.
[11]Diep GK,Marmor S,Kizy S,et al.The use of indocyanine green angiography in postmastectomy reconstruction:Do outcomes improve over time[J]?J Am Coll Surg,2017,225(4S1):S167-S168.
[12]Ho OA,Bagher S,Jaskolka J,et al.Incidentalomas associated with abdominal and pelvic CT angiog rams for abdominal-based breast free flap reconstruction[J].JPRAS,2016,69(5):e97-e102.
[13]Hughes JMF,Smith JRO,Jones L,et al.Incidental findings in CT angiograms for free DIEP flap breast reconstruction-Do they change our management[J]?Eur J Surg Oncol,2016,42(1):59-63.
[14]Gabrick KS,Godier-Furnemont A,Chouairi F,et al.Impact of incidental findings in preoperative CTA imaging for autologous breast reconstruction[J].JPRAS,2018,[Epub ahead of print].
[15]Ménez T,Michot A,Tamburino S,et al.Multicenter evaluation of quality of life and patient satisfaction after breast reconstruction,a long-term retrospective study[J].Ann Chir Plast Esthet,2018,63(2):126-133.
[16]Nelson JA,Tecci MG,Lanni MA,et al.Function and strength after free abdominally based breast reconstruction:A 10-year follow-up[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2019,143(1):22e-31e.
[17]Jeong W,Lee S,Kim J.Meta-analysis of flap perfusion and donor site complications for breast reconstruction using pedicled versus free TRAM and DIEP flaps[J].Breast,2018,38:45-51.
[18]Tan MG,Isaranuwatchai W,De Lyzer T,et al.A cost-effectiveness analysis of DIEP vs free MS-TRAM flap for microsurgical breast reconstruction[J].J Surg Oncol,2019,119(3):388-396.
[19]Eom JS,Sun SH,Lee TJ.Selection of the recipient veins for additional anastomosis of the superficial inferior epigastric vein in breast reconstruction with free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps[J].Ann Plast Surg,2011,67(5):505-509.
[20]Xin Q,Luan J,Mu H,et al.Augmentation of venous drainage in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction:efficacy and advancement[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2012,28(5):313-318.
[21]Nedomansky J,Nickl S,Radtke C,et al.Venous superdrainage in DIEP flap breast reconstruction:The impact of superficial inferior epigastric vein dissection on abdominal seroma formation[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2018,141(2):206e-212e.
[22]Bartlett EL,Zavlin D,Menn ZK,et al.Algorithmic approach for intraoperative salvage of venous congestion in DIEP flaps[J].JReconstr Microsurg,2018,34(6):404-412.
[23]Allen RJ,Haddock NT,Ahn CY,et al.Breast reconstruction with the profunda artery perforator flap[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2012,129(1):16e-23e.
[24]Weichman KE,Broer PN,Tanna N,et al.The role of autologous fat grafting in secondary microsurgical breast reconstruction[J].Ann Plast Surg,2013,71(1):24-30.
[25]Allen RJ,Lee ZH,Mayo JL,et al.The profunda artery perforator flap experience for breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2016,138(5):968-975.
[26]Fosseprez P,Gerdom A,Servaes M,et al.Profunda artery perforator flap:quelle place dans la reconstruction mammaire par lambeau autologue[J]?Ann Chir Plast Esthet,2017,62(6):637-645.
[27]Scaglioni MF,Chen YC,Lindenblatt N,et al.The vertical posteromedial thigh(vPMT)flap for autologous breast reconstruction:A novel flap design[J].Microsurgery,2017,37(5):371-376.
[28]Scaglioni MF,Eder M,Giovanoli P.The use of inverted-L posteromedial thigh(L-PMT)flap for autologous breast reconstruction:A case report[J].Microsurgery,2018,38(5):558-562.
[29]Hunsinger V,Lhuaire M,Haddad K,et al.Medium-and largesized autologous breast reconstruction using a fleur-de-lys profunda femoris artery perforator flap design:A report comparing results with the horizontal profunda femoris artery perforator flap[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2019,35(1):8-14.
[30]Kim JB,Kim DK,Lee JW,et al.The usefulness of pedicled perforator flap in partial breast reconstruction after breast conserving surgery in Korean women[J].Arch Plast Surg,2018,45(1):29-36.
[31]Amin AA,Rifaat M,Farahat A,et al.The role of thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in oncoplastic breast surgery[J].J Egypt Natl Canc Inst,2017,29(2):83-87.
[32]Highton L,McCartan D,O'Ceallaigh S,et al.Oncoplastic volume replacement using local perforator flaps[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2017,43(5):S44-S45.
[33]Hamdi M,van Landuyt K,Hijjawi JB,et al.Surgical technique in pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps:a clinical experience with 99 patients[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2008,121(5):1632-1641.
[34]Santanelli F,Longo B,Germano S,et al.Total breast reconstruction using the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap without implant[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2014,133(2):251-254.
[35]Gunnarsson GL,Holm J,Duus N,et al.Propeller TAP flap breast reconstruction:A simplified surgical technique[J].JPRAS,2018,71(10):1424-1431.
[36]Jacobs J,Borsen-Koch M,Gunnarsson GL,et al.The versatile extended thoracodorsal artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,77(4):396-400.
[37]Juhl AA,Christensen S,Zachariae R,et al.Unilateral breast reconstruction after mastectomy-patient satisfaction,aesthetic outcome and quality of life[J].Acta Oncol,2017,56(2):225-231.
[38]Baghaki S,Diyarbakirlioglu M,Sahin U,et al.Extended locoregional use of intercostal artery perforator propeller flaps[J].Microsurgery,2017,37(4):293-299.
[39]Hakakian CS,Lockhart RA,Kulber DA,et al.Lateral intercostal artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction:A simplified pedicle permits an expanded role[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,76(Suppl 3):S184-S190.
[40]Carrasco-López C,Julian Ibanez JF,VilàJ,et al.Anterior intercostal artery perforator flap in immediate breast reconstruction:Anatomical study and clinical application[J].Microsurgery,2017,37(6):603-610.
[41]Park HC,Kim HY,Kim MC,et al.Partial breast reconstruction using various oncoplastic techniques for centrally located breast cancer[J].Arch Plast Surg,2014,41(5):520-528.
[42]Munhoz AM,Montag E,Arruda E,et al.Immediate conservative breast surgery reconstruction with perforator flaps:new challenges in the era of partial mastectomy reconstruction[J]?Breast,2011,20(3):233-240.
[43]Iida T,Narushima M,Yoshimatsu H,et al.Versatility of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal vessels and nerves:anatomical study and clinical application[J].JPRAS,2013,66(11):1564-1568.
[44]Hunter C,Moody L,Luan A,et al.Superior gluteal artery perforator flap:The beauty of the buttock[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,76(Suppl 3):S191-S195.
[45]Satake T,Muto M,Ogawa M,et al.Unilateral breast reconstruction using bilateral inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps[J].Plast Reconstr Surg Glob open,2015,3(3):e314.
[46]Seles M,Huemer GM.Utilization of bilateral infragluteal flaps for correction of overaggressive gluteal liposuction[J].Ann Plast Surg,2014,72(3):270-273.
[47]Opsomer D,Stillaert F,Blondeel P,et al.The lumbar artery perforator flap in autologous breast reconstruction:Initial experience with 100 cases[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2018,142(1):1e-8e.
[48]Bissell MB,Greenspun DT,Levine J,et al.The lumbar artery perforator flap:3-dimensional anatomical study and clinical aapplications[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,77(4):469-476.
[49]Hamdi M,Craggs B,Brussaard C,et al.Lumbar artery perforator flap:An anatomical study using multidetector computed tomographic scan and surgical pearls for breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2016,138(2):343-352.
[50]Lee KT,Mun GH.Volumetric planning using computed tomographic angiography improves clinical outcomes in DIEP flap breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2016,137(5):771e-80e.
[51]Eric M,Anderla A,Stefanovic D,et al.Breast volume estimation from systematic series of CT scans using the Cavalieri principle and 3D reconstruction[J].Int J Surg,2014,12(9):912-917.
[52]Hummelink S,Verhulst AC,Maal TJJ,et al.Applications and limitations of using patient-specific 3D printed molds in autologous breast reconstruction[J].Eur J Plast Surg,2018,41(5):571-576.
[53]Tomita K,Yano K,Taminato M,et al.DIEP flap breast reconstruction in patients with breast ptosis:2-stage reconstruction using 3-dimensional surface imaging and a printed mold[J].Plast Reconstr Surg Glob open,2017,5(10):e1511.
[54]Lacher RM,Vasconcelos F,Williams NR,et al.Nonrigid reconstruction of 3D breast surfaces with a low-cost RGBD camera for surgical planning and aesthetic evaluation[J].Med Image Anal,2019,53:11-25.
[2]Klasson S,Svensson H,Malm K,et al.Preoperative CT angiography versus Doppler ultrasound mapping of abdominal perforator in DIEP breast reconstructions:A randomized prospective study[J].JPRAS,2015,68(6):782-786.
[3]Mossa-Basha M,Lee C.Impact of preoperative computed tomography angiogram on abdominal flap breast reconstruction outcomes:Asystematic review[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2017,33(5):328-335.
[4]Wade RG,Watford J,Wormald JCR,et al.Perforator mapping reduces the operative time of DIEP flap breast reconstruction:Asystematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative ultrasound,computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography[J].JPRAS,2018,71(4):468-477.
[5]Chae MP,Hunter-Smith DJ,Rozen WM.Comparative analysis of fluorescent angiography,computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography for planning autologous breast reconstruction[J].Gland Surg,2015,4(2):164-178.
[6]Davis CR,Jones L,Tillett RL,et al.Predicting venous congestion before DIEP breast reconstruction by identifying atypical venous connections on preoperative CTA imaging[J].Microsurgery,2019,39(1):24-31.
[7]Vasile JV,Newman T,Rusch DG,et al.Anatomic imaging of gluteal perforator flaps without ionizing radiation:seeing is believing with magnetic resonance angiography[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2010,26(1):45-57.
[8]Schaverien MV,Ludman CN,Neil-Dwyer J,et al.Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for preoperative imaging of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps:advantages and disadvantages compared with computed tomography angiography:a United Kingdom perspective[J].Ann Plast Surg,2011,67(6):671-674.
[9]Griffiths M,Chae MP,Rozen W M.Indocyanine green-based fluorescent angiography in breast reconstruction[J].Gland Surg,2016,5(2):133-149.
[10]Alstrup T,Christensen BO,Damsgaard TE.ICG angiography in immediate and delayed autologous breast reconstructions:peroperative evaluation and postoperative outcomes[J].J Plast Surg Hand Surg,2018,52(5):307-311.
[11]Diep GK,Marmor S,Kizy S,et al.The use of indocyanine green angiography in postmastectomy reconstruction:Do outcomes improve over time[J]?J Am Coll Surg,2017,225(4S1):S167-S168.
[12]Ho OA,Bagher S,Jaskolka J,et al.Incidentalomas associated with abdominal and pelvic CT angiog rams for abdominal-based breast free flap reconstruction[J].JPRAS,2016,69(5):e97-e102.
[13]Hughes JMF,Smith JRO,Jones L,et al.Incidental findings in CT angiograms for free DIEP flap breast reconstruction-Do they change our management[J]?Eur J Surg Oncol,2016,42(1):59-63.
[14]Gabrick KS,Godier-Furnemont A,Chouairi F,et al.Impact of incidental findings in preoperative CTA imaging for autologous breast reconstruction[J].JPRAS,2018,[Epub ahead of print].
[15]Ménez T,Michot A,Tamburino S,et al.Multicenter evaluation of quality of life and patient satisfaction after breast reconstruction,a long-term retrospective study[J].Ann Chir Plast Esthet,2018,63(2):126-133.
[16]Nelson JA,Tecci MG,Lanni MA,et al.Function and strength after free abdominally based breast reconstruction:A 10-year follow-up[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2019,143(1):22e-31e.
[17]Jeong W,Lee S,Kim J.Meta-analysis of flap perfusion and donor site complications for breast reconstruction using pedicled versus free TRAM and DIEP flaps[J].Breast,2018,38:45-51.
[18]Tan MG,Isaranuwatchai W,De Lyzer T,et al.A cost-effectiveness analysis of DIEP vs free MS-TRAM flap for microsurgical breast reconstruction[J].J Surg Oncol,2019,119(3):388-396.
[19]Eom JS,Sun SH,Lee TJ.Selection of the recipient veins for additional anastomosis of the superficial inferior epigastric vein in breast reconstruction with free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps[J].Ann Plast Surg,2011,67(5):505-509.
[20]Xin Q,Luan J,Mu H,et al.Augmentation of venous drainage in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction:efficacy and advancement[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2012,28(5):313-318.
[21]Nedomansky J,Nickl S,Radtke C,et al.Venous superdrainage in DIEP flap breast reconstruction:The impact of superficial inferior epigastric vein dissection on abdominal seroma formation[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2018,141(2):206e-212e.
[22]Bartlett EL,Zavlin D,Menn ZK,et al.Algorithmic approach for intraoperative salvage of venous congestion in DIEP flaps[J].JReconstr Microsurg,2018,34(6):404-412.
[23]Allen RJ,Haddock NT,Ahn CY,et al.Breast reconstruction with the profunda artery perforator flap[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2012,129(1):16e-23e.
[24]Weichman KE,Broer PN,Tanna N,et al.The role of autologous fat grafting in secondary microsurgical breast reconstruction[J].Ann Plast Surg,2013,71(1):24-30.
[25]Allen RJ,Lee ZH,Mayo JL,et al.The profunda artery perforator flap experience for breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2016,138(5):968-975.
[26]Fosseprez P,Gerdom A,Servaes M,et al.Profunda artery perforator flap:quelle place dans la reconstruction mammaire par lambeau autologue[J]?Ann Chir Plast Esthet,2017,62(6):637-645.
[27]Scaglioni MF,Chen YC,Lindenblatt N,et al.The vertical posteromedial thigh(vPMT)flap for autologous breast reconstruction:A novel flap design[J].Microsurgery,2017,37(5):371-376.
[28]Scaglioni MF,Eder M,Giovanoli P.The use of inverted-L posteromedial thigh(L-PMT)flap for autologous breast reconstruction:A case report[J].Microsurgery,2018,38(5):558-562.
[29]Hunsinger V,Lhuaire M,Haddad K,et al.Medium-and largesized autologous breast reconstruction using a fleur-de-lys profunda femoris artery perforator flap design:A report comparing results with the horizontal profunda femoris artery perforator flap[J].J Reconstr Microsurg,2019,35(1):8-14.
[30]Kim JB,Kim DK,Lee JW,et al.The usefulness of pedicled perforator flap in partial breast reconstruction after breast conserving surgery in Korean women[J].Arch Plast Surg,2018,45(1):29-36.
[31]Amin AA,Rifaat M,Farahat A,et al.The role of thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in oncoplastic breast surgery[J].J Egypt Natl Canc Inst,2017,29(2):83-87.
[32]Highton L,McCartan D,O'Ceallaigh S,et al.Oncoplastic volume replacement using local perforator flaps[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2017,43(5):S44-S45.
[33]Hamdi M,van Landuyt K,Hijjawi JB,et al.Surgical technique in pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps:a clinical experience with 99 patients[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2008,121(5):1632-1641.
[34]Santanelli F,Longo B,Germano S,et al.Total breast reconstruction using the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap without implant[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2014,133(2):251-254.
[35]Gunnarsson GL,Holm J,Duus N,et al.Propeller TAP flap breast reconstruction:A simplified surgical technique[J].JPRAS,2018,71(10):1424-1431.
[36]Jacobs J,Borsen-Koch M,Gunnarsson GL,et al.The versatile extended thoracodorsal artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,77(4):396-400.
[37]Juhl AA,Christensen S,Zachariae R,et al.Unilateral breast reconstruction after mastectomy-patient satisfaction,aesthetic outcome and quality of life[J].Acta Oncol,2017,56(2):225-231.
[38]Baghaki S,Diyarbakirlioglu M,Sahin U,et al.Extended locoregional use of intercostal artery perforator propeller flaps[J].Microsurgery,2017,37(4):293-299.
[39]Hakakian CS,Lockhart RA,Kulber DA,et al.Lateral intercostal artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction:A simplified pedicle permits an expanded role[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,76(Suppl 3):S184-S190.
[40]Carrasco-López C,Julian Ibanez JF,VilàJ,et al.Anterior intercostal artery perforator flap in immediate breast reconstruction:Anatomical study and clinical application[J].Microsurgery,2017,37(6):603-610.
[41]Park HC,Kim HY,Kim MC,et al.Partial breast reconstruction using various oncoplastic techniques for centrally located breast cancer[J].Arch Plast Surg,2014,41(5):520-528.
[42]Munhoz AM,Montag E,Arruda E,et al.Immediate conservative breast surgery reconstruction with perforator flaps:new challenges in the era of partial mastectomy reconstruction[J]?Breast,2011,20(3):233-240.
[43]Iida T,Narushima M,Yoshimatsu H,et al.Versatility of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal vessels and nerves:anatomical study and clinical application[J].JPRAS,2013,66(11):1564-1568.
[44]Hunter C,Moody L,Luan A,et al.Superior gluteal artery perforator flap:The beauty of the buttock[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,76(Suppl 3):S191-S195.
[45]Satake T,Muto M,Ogawa M,et al.Unilateral breast reconstruction using bilateral inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps[J].Plast Reconstr Surg Glob open,2015,3(3):e314.
[46]Seles M,Huemer GM.Utilization of bilateral infragluteal flaps for correction of overaggressive gluteal liposuction[J].Ann Plast Surg,2014,72(3):270-273.
[47]Opsomer D,Stillaert F,Blondeel P,et al.The lumbar artery perforator flap in autologous breast reconstruction:Initial experience with 100 cases[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2018,142(1):1e-8e.
[48]Bissell MB,Greenspun DT,Levine J,et al.The lumbar artery perforator flap:3-dimensional anatomical study and clinical aapplications[J].Ann Plast Surg,2016,77(4):469-476.
[49]Hamdi M,Craggs B,Brussaard C,et al.Lumbar artery perforator flap:An anatomical study using multidetector computed tomographic scan and surgical pearls for breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2016,138(2):343-352.
[50]Lee KT,Mun GH.Volumetric planning using computed tomographic angiography improves clinical outcomes in DIEP flap breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2016,137(5):771e-80e.
[51]Eric M,Anderla A,Stefanovic D,et al.Breast volume estimation from systematic series of CT scans using the Cavalieri principle and 3D reconstruction[J].Int J Surg,2014,12(9):912-917.
[52]Hummelink S,Verhulst AC,Maal TJJ,et al.Applications and limitations of using patient-specific 3D printed molds in autologous breast reconstruction[J].Eur J Plast Surg,2018,41(5):571-576.
[53]Tomita K,Yano K,Taminato M,et al.DIEP flap breast reconstruction in patients with breast ptosis:2-stage reconstruction using 3-dimensional surface imaging and a printed mold[J].Plast Reconstr Surg Glob open,2017,5(10):e1511.
[54]Lacher RM,Vasconcelos F,Williams NR,et al.Nonrigid reconstruction of 3D breast surfaces with a low-cost RGBD camera for surgical planning and aesthetic evaluation[J].Med Image Anal,2019,53:11-25.