低蛋白日粮在家禽养殖中的研究进展
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摘要
家禽低蛋白日粮能够降低氮排泄量,但会对生产性能产生不利影响,而通过分阶段合理降低蛋白水平、应用氨基酸平衡理念、结合养殖环境因素及添加抗氧化剂及酶制剂等方式,能够在节约成本降低排放前提下改善家禽的生产性能、免疫功能、肠道微生态及抗应激力。文章结合国内外关于低蛋白日粮在家禽饲料中应用的文章,就低蛋白日粮在家禽养殖中的研究进行系统综述,为低蛋白质日粮在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。
Low protein diet can reduce nitrogen excretion, but it will have adverse effects on production performance. By reducing protein level in stages, applying amino acid balance concept,combining with environmental factors of poultry farming and adding antioxidants and enzymes,poultry production performance, immune function, intestinal micro ecology and resistance can be improved on the premise of saving costs and reducing emissions. In this paper, the application of low protein diet in poultry feed at home andabroad was review systematically, which could provide reference for the application of low protein dietin poultry production.
Low protein diet can reduce nitrogen excretion, but it will have adverse effects on production performance. By reducing protein level in stages, applying amino acid balance concept,combining with environmental factors of poultry farming and adding antioxidants and enzymes,poultry production performance, immune function, intestinal micro ecology and resistance can be improved on the premise of saving costs and reducing emissions. In this paper, the application of low protein diet in poultry feed at home andabroad was review systematically, which could provide reference for the application of low protein dietin poultry production.
引文
[1]Bell A W,Burhans W S,Overton T R.Protein nutrition in late pregnancy,maternal protein reserves and lactation performance in dairy cows[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2000,59(1):8.
[2]Braber E T D,Ruijter J E D,Ginsel L A,et al.Orientation of ECM protein deposition,fibroblast cytoskeleton,and attachment complex components on silicone microgrooved surfaces[J].Journal of biomedical materials research,1998,40(2):291-300.
[3]Basak S,Punetha V D,Bisht G,et al.Recent Trends of PolymerProtein Conjugate Application in Biocatalysis:A Review[J].Polymer Reviews,2015,55(1):163-198.
[4]Zhang L,Andersen E M,Khajo A,et al.Dynamic factors affecting gaseous ligand binding in an artificial oxygen transport protein[J].Biochemistry,2013,52(3):447-455.
[5]Masaya N,Daisuke I,Taku H,et al.Effects of combination of whey protein intake and rehabilitation on muscle strength and daily movements in patients with hip fracture in the early postoperative period[J].Clinical Nutrition,2016,35(4):943-949.
[6]Hawrylewicz E J,Huang H H,Liu J M.Dietary protein,enhancement of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary carcinogenesis,and their effect on hormone regulation in rats[J].Cancer Research,1986,46(9):4395.
[7]Recoules E,Sabboh-jourdan H,Narcy A,et al.Exploring the in vivo digestion of plant proteins in broiler chickens[J].Poultry Science,2017,96(6):1735-1747.
[8]Swennen Q,Janssens G P J,Millet S,et al.Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens:endocrine functioning and intermediary metabolism[J].Poultry Science,2005,84(7):1051.
[9]Plavnik I,Hurwitz S.Performance of Broiler Chickens and Turkey Poults Subjected to Feed Restriction or to Feeding of Low-Protein or Low-Sodium Diets at an Early Age[J].Metrika,1990,11(1):55-78.
[10]Kamran Z,Sarwar M,Nisa M,et al.Effect of low-protein diets having constant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age.[J].Poultry Science,2008,87(3):468-474.
[11]Laudadio V,Passantino L,Perillo A,et al.Productive performance and histological features of intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels[J].Poultry Science,2012,91(1):265-270.
[12]Mao K,Quipildor G F,Tabrizian T,et al.Late-life targeting of the IGF-1 receptor improves healthspan and lifespan in female mice[J].Nature Communications,2018,9(1):2394.
[13]Rosebrough R W,Mcmurtry J P.Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken.Effects of protein quantity and quality on metabolism[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1993,70(3):667-678.
[14]Rosebrough R W,Mitchell Admcmurtry J P.Dietary crude protein changes rapidly alter metabolism and plasma insulin-like growth factor i concentrations in broiler chickens[J].Journal of Nutrition,1996,126(11):2888.
[15]Farhat A,Chavez E R.Effects of line,dietary protein,sex,age,and feed withdrawal on insulin-like growth factor-I in White Pekin ducks[J].Poultry Science,1999,78(9):1307-1312.
[16]Awad W A,Ghareeb K,Dadak A,et al.Genotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens fed low-protein feeds[J].Poultry Science,2012,91(3):550-555.
[17]Lopez G,Leeson S.Egg Weight and Offspring Performance of Older Broiler Breeders Fed Low-Protein Diets[J].Journal of Applied Poultry Research,1994,3(2):164-170.
[18]Rosebrough R W,Mitchell A D,Mcmurtry J P.Carry-over effects of dietary crude protein and triiodothyronine(T3)inbroiler chickens[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1996,75(4):573.
[19]Ohguchi H,Kato S,Goto T,et al.The effect of low protein diets on growth,laying performance and nitrogen excretion of Japanese quail[J].Research Bulletin of the Aichi-ken Agricultural Research Center(Japan),1997(29):349-353.
[20]Drew M D,Syed N A,Goldade B G,et al.Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Level on Intestinal Populations of Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens[J].Poult.Sci.,2004,83(3):414-420.
[21]Santos G C D,Garcia E A,Vieira Filho J A,et al.Performance of Japanese quails fed diets with low-protein and isoleucine[J].Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences,2016,38(2):219.
[22]Minoguchi N,Ohguchi H,Yamamoto R,et al.Low protein diets for Japanese quail and the reduction in nitrogen excretion[J].Research Bulletin of the Aichi-ken Agricultural Research Center(Japan),2001(33):319-324.
[23]Wen Z G,Du Y K,Xie M,et al.Effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of growing French meat quails(France coturnix coturnix)[J].Poultry Science,2017,96(5):1364.
[24]Jahanian R,Edriss M A.Metabolizable energy and crude protein requirements of two quail species(Coturnix japonica and Coturnix ypsilophorus)[J].Journal of Animal&Plant Sciences,2015,25(3):603-611.
[25]Atasoy F,Yakan A,M.U?urlu,et al.Carcass composition,meat quality and antibody levels in male and female Broiler chickens reared on low dietary protein[J].Veteriner Faku?ltesi Dergisi,2010,57(1):49-54.
[26]Sharifi M R,Khajali F,Hassanpour H.Antioxidant supplementation of low-protein diets reduced susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens raised at high altitude[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2016,100(1):69-76.
[27]Baeza E,Leclercq B.Use of industrial amino acids to allow low protein concentrations in finishing diets for growing Muscovy ducks[J].British Poultry Science,1998,39(1):90-96.
[28]Widjastuti T,Tanwiriah W,Abun,et al.Cihateup female ducks performance growth by various protein-energy rations given at water minim housing system.[J].Scientific Papers,2015(58):179-185.
[29]Chang S C,Chiang H I,Lin M J,et al.Effects of short light regimes and lower dietary protein content on the reproductive performance of White Roman geese in an environment-controlled house[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2016,170:141-148.
[30]Beski S S M,I Ji,P A.Effect of a processed soy protein product on growth and gut physiology of broiler chickens[J].Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition,2015,3:7.
[31]HyáNkováL,KníZetováH.Divergent selection for shape of growth curve in Japanese quail.5.Growth pattern and low protein level in starter diet[J].British Poultry Science,2009,50(4):451-458.
[32]Aletor V A,Hamid I I,Niess E,et al.Low-protein amino acidsupplemented diets in broiler chickens:effects on performance,carcass characteristics,whole-body composition and efficiencies of nutrient utilization.[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2010,80(5):547-554.
[33]Awad E A,Zulkifli I,Soleimani A F,et al.Effects of feeding male and female broiler chickens on low-protein diets fortified with different dietary glycine levels under the hot and humid tropical climate[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2017,16(3):453-461.
[34]Ospina-Rojas I C,Murakami A E,Duarte C R A,et al.Leucine and valine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens from 21 to 42 days of age[J].Poultry Science,2016,96(4):914-922.
[35]Ratriyanto A,Indreswari R,Nuhriawangsa A M P,et al.Feed efficiency of diets with different energy and protein concentrations supplemented with methionine in laying quails[C].IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science,2018,142(1):12001.
[36]Lehman R,Moran E T,Hess J B.Response of coccidiostat-versus vaccination-protected broilers to gelatin inclusion in high and low crude protein diets[J].Poult.Sci.,2009,88(5):984-993.
[37]Vasconcellos C H F,Fontes D O,Lara L J C,et al.Evaluation of glycine+serine levels in low crude protein diets for broiler chickens[J].Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia,2015,67(2):499-505.
[38]Alagawany M,El-hack M E A,Laudadio V,et al.Effect of lowprotein diets with crystalline amino acid supplementation on egg production,blood parameters and nitrogen balance in laying Japanese quails[J].Avian Biology Research,2014,7(4):235-243.
[39]Ospina-Rojas I C,Murakami A E,Duarte C R A,et al.Valine,isoleucine,arginine and glycine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens during the starter and grower phases[J].British Poultry Science,2014,55(6):766-773.
[40]Ospinarojas I C,Murakami A E,Eyng C,et al.Commercially available amino acid supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens with different ratios of digestible glycine+serine:lysine[J].Poult.Sci.,2012,91(12):3148-3155.
[41]Hashizawa Y,Kubota M,Kadowaki M,et al.Effect of dietary vitamin E on broiler meat qualities,color,water-holding capacity and shear force value,under heat stress conditions[J].Animal Science Journal,2013,84(11):732-736.
[42]Kobayashi H,Nakashima K,Ishida A,et al.Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler chickens[J].Animal Science Journal,2013,84(6):489-495.
[43]Si J,Fritts C A,Waldroup P W,et al.Effects of Excess Methionine from Meeting Needs for Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Utilization of Diets Low in Crude Protein by Broiler Chicks1[J].The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2004,13(4):579-587.
[44]Jariyahatthakij P,Chomtee B,Poeikhampha T,et al.Methionine supplementation of low-protein diet and subsequent feeding of low-energy diet on the performance and blood chemical profile of broiler chickens[J].Animal Production Science,2017:58(5)878-885.
[45]Iyayi E.Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with High Amino Acids(Methionine or Lysine)on Performance of Broilers[J].American Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2014,4(5):525-531.
[46]Soraya T,Anne-marie C,Rosaria P,et al.Chronic Heat Exposure Alters Protein Turnover of Three Different Skeletal Muscles in Finishing Broiler Chickens Fed 20 or 25%Protein Diets[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2000,130(4):813-819.
[47]Ghasemi H,Ghasemi R,Torki M.Periodic usage of low-protein methionine-fortified diets in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature conditions:effects on performance,slaughter traits,leukocyte profiles and antibody response[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2014,58(7):1405-1414.
[48]Laudadio V,Dambrosio A,Normanno G,et al.Effect of reducing dietary protein level on performance responses and some microbiological aspects of broiler chickens under summer environmental conditions[J].Avian Biology Research,2012,5(2):88-92.
[49]Awad E,Idrus Z,Soleimani Farjam A,et al.Growth performance,duodenal morphology and the caecal microbial population in female broiler chickens fed glycine-fortified low protein diets under heat stress conditions[J].British Poultry Science,2018,59(3):340-348.
[50]Torki M,Mohebbifar A,Ghasemi H A,et al.Response of laying hens to feeding low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets under high ambient temperature:performance,egg quality,leukocyte profile,blood lipids,and excreta pH[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(5):575-584.
[51]Shin-Ichi Y,Midori A,Kaai N,et al.Combined effect of shortened photoperiod and low crude protein diet on liver triglyceride accumulation and lipid-related gene expression in quail[J].Livestock Science,2018,214:68-72.
[52]Hoppe U,Bergemann J,Diembeck W,et al.Coenzyme Q10,a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer[J].Biofactors,2010,9(2/4):371-378.
[53]Pettersson D,Graham H,Aman P.Enzyme supplementation of low or high crude protein concentration diets for broiler chickens[J].Animal Production,1990,51(2):399-404.
[54]Tahir M,Saleh F,Ohtsuka A,et al.An Effective Combination of Carbohydrases That Enables Reduction of Dietary Protein in Broilers:Importance of Hemicellulase[J].Poult.Sci.,2008,87(4):713-718.
[2]Braber E T D,Ruijter J E D,Ginsel L A,et al.Orientation of ECM protein deposition,fibroblast cytoskeleton,and attachment complex components on silicone microgrooved surfaces[J].Journal of biomedical materials research,1998,40(2):291-300.
[3]Basak S,Punetha V D,Bisht G,et al.Recent Trends of PolymerProtein Conjugate Application in Biocatalysis:A Review[J].Polymer Reviews,2015,55(1):163-198.
[4]Zhang L,Andersen E M,Khajo A,et al.Dynamic factors affecting gaseous ligand binding in an artificial oxygen transport protein[J].Biochemistry,2013,52(3):447-455.
[5]Masaya N,Daisuke I,Taku H,et al.Effects of combination of whey protein intake and rehabilitation on muscle strength and daily movements in patients with hip fracture in the early postoperative period[J].Clinical Nutrition,2016,35(4):943-949.
[6]Hawrylewicz E J,Huang H H,Liu J M.Dietary protein,enhancement of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary carcinogenesis,and their effect on hormone regulation in rats[J].Cancer Research,1986,46(9):4395.
[7]Recoules E,Sabboh-jourdan H,Narcy A,et al.Exploring the in vivo digestion of plant proteins in broiler chickens[J].Poultry Science,2017,96(6):1735-1747.
[8]Swennen Q,Janssens G P J,Millet S,et al.Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens:endocrine functioning and intermediary metabolism[J].Poultry Science,2005,84(7):1051.
[9]Plavnik I,Hurwitz S.Performance of Broiler Chickens and Turkey Poults Subjected to Feed Restriction or to Feeding of Low-Protein or Low-Sodium Diets at an Early Age[J].Metrika,1990,11(1):55-78.
[10]Kamran Z,Sarwar M,Nisa M,et al.Effect of low-protein diets having constant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age.[J].Poultry Science,2008,87(3):468-474.
[11]Laudadio V,Passantino L,Perillo A,et al.Productive performance and histological features of intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels[J].Poultry Science,2012,91(1):265-270.
[12]Mao K,Quipildor G F,Tabrizian T,et al.Late-life targeting of the IGF-1 receptor improves healthspan and lifespan in female mice[J].Nature Communications,2018,9(1):2394.
[13]Rosebrough R W,Mcmurtry J P.Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken.Effects of protein quantity and quality on metabolism[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1993,70(3):667-678.
[14]Rosebrough R W,Mitchell Admcmurtry J P.Dietary crude protein changes rapidly alter metabolism and plasma insulin-like growth factor i concentrations in broiler chickens[J].Journal of Nutrition,1996,126(11):2888.
[15]Farhat A,Chavez E R.Effects of line,dietary protein,sex,age,and feed withdrawal on insulin-like growth factor-I in White Pekin ducks[J].Poultry Science,1999,78(9):1307-1312.
[16]Awad W A,Ghareeb K,Dadak A,et al.Genotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens fed low-protein feeds[J].Poultry Science,2012,91(3):550-555.
[17]Lopez G,Leeson S.Egg Weight and Offspring Performance of Older Broiler Breeders Fed Low-Protein Diets[J].Journal of Applied Poultry Research,1994,3(2):164-170.
[18]Rosebrough R W,Mitchell A D,Mcmurtry J P.Carry-over effects of dietary crude protein and triiodothyronine(T3)inbroiler chickens[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1996,75(4):573.
[19]Ohguchi H,Kato S,Goto T,et al.The effect of low protein diets on growth,laying performance and nitrogen excretion of Japanese quail[J].Research Bulletin of the Aichi-ken Agricultural Research Center(Japan),1997(29):349-353.
[20]Drew M D,Syed N A,Goldade B G,et al.Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Level on Intestinal Populations of Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens[J].Poult.Sci.,2004,83(3):414-420.
[21]Santos G C D,Garcia E A,Vieira Filho J A,et al.Performance of Japanese quails fed diets with low-protein and isoleucine[J].Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences,2016,38(2):219.
[22]Minoguchi N,Ohguchi H,Yamamoto R,et al.Low protein diets for Japanese quail and the reduction in nitrogen excretion[J].Research Bulletin of the Aichi-ken Agricultural Research Center(Japan),2001(33):319-324.
[23]Wen Z G,Du Y K,Xie M,et al.Effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of growing French meat quails(France coturnix coturnix)[J].Poultry Science,2017,96(5):1364.
[24]Jahanian R,Edriss M A.Metabolizable energy and crude protein requirements of two quail species(Coturnix japonica and Coturnix ypsilophorus)[J].Journal of Animal&Plant Sciences,2015,25(3):603-611.
[25]Atasoy F,Yakan A,M.U?urlu,et al.Carcass composition,meat quality and antibody levels in male and female Broiler chickens reared on low dietary protein[J].Veteriner Faku?ltesi Dergisi,2010,57(1):49-54.
[26]Sharifi M R,Khajali F,Hassanpour H.Antioxidant supplementation of low-protein diets reduced susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens raised at high altitude[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2016,100(1):69-76.
[27]Baeza E,Leclercq B.Use of industrial amino acids to allow low protein concentrations in finishing diets for growing Muscovy ducks[J].British Poultry Science,1998,39(1):90-96.
[28]Widjastuti T,Tanwiriah W,Abun,et al.Cihateup female ducks performance growth by various protein-energy rations given at water minim housing system.[J].Scientific Papers,2015(58):179-185.
[29]Chang S C,Chiang H I,Lin M J,et al.Effects of short light regimes and lower dietary protein content on the reproductive performance of White Roman geese in an environment-controlled house[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2016,170:141-148.
[30]Beski S S M,I Ji,P A.Effect of a processed soy protein product on growth and gut physiology of broiler chickens[J].Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition,2015,3:7.
[31]HyáNkováL,KníZetováH.Divergent selection for shape of growth curve in Japanese quail.5.Growth pattern and low protein level in starter diet[J].British Poultry Science,2009,50(4):451-458.
[32]Aletor V A,Hamid I I,Niess E,et al.Low-protein amino acidsupplemented diets in broiler chickens:effects on performance,carcass characteristics,whole-body composition and efficiencies of nutrient utilization.[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2010,80(5):547-554.
[33]Awad E A,Zulkifli I,Soleimani A F,et al.Effects of feeding male and female broiler chickens on low-protein diets fortified with different dietary glycine levels under the hot and humid tropical climate[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2017,16(3):453-461.
[34]Ospina-Rojas I C,Murakami A E,Duarte C R A,et al.Leucine and valine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens from 21 to 42 days of age[J].Poultry Science,2016,96(4):914-922.
[35]Ratriyanto A,Indreswari R,Nuhriawangsa A M P,et al.Feed efficiency of diets with different energy and protein concentrations supplemented with methionine in laying quails[C].IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science,2018,142(1):12001.
[36]Lehman R,Moran E T,Hess J B.Response of coccidiostat-versus vaccination-protected broilers to gelatin inclusion in high and low crude protein diets[J].Poult.Sci.,2009,88(5):984-993.
[37]Vasconcellos C H F,Fontes D O,Lara L J C,et al.Evaluation of glycine+serine levels in low crude protein diets for broiler chickens[J].Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia,2015,67(2):499-505.
[38]Alagawany M,El-hack M E A,Laudadio V,et al.Effect of lowprotein diets with crystalline amino acid supplementation on egg production,blood parameters and nitrogen balance in laying Japanese quails[J].Avian Biology Research,2014,7(4):235-243.
[39]Ospina-Rojas I C,Murakami A E,Duarte C R A,et al.Valine,isoleucine,arginine and glycine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens during the starter and grower phases[J].British Poultry Science,2014,55(6):766-773.
[40]Ospinarojas I C,Murakami A E,Eyng C,et al.Commercially available amino acid supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens with different ratios of digestible glycine+serine:lysine[J].Poult.Sci.,2012,91(12):3148-3155.
[41]Hashizawa Y,Kubota M,Kadowaki M,et al.Effect of dietary vitamin E on broiler meat qualities,color,water-holding capacity and shear force value,under heat stress conditions[J].Animal Science Journal,2013,84(11):732-736.
[42]Kobayashi H,Nakashima K,Ishida A,et al.Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler chickens[J].Animal Science Journal,2013,84(6):489-495.
[43]Si J,Fritts C A,Waldroup P W,et al.Effects of Excess Methionine from Meeting Needs for Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Utilization of Diets Low in Crude Protein by Broiler Chicks1[J].The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2004,13(4):579-587.
[44]Jariyahatthakij P,Chomtee B,Poeikhampha T,et al.Methionine supplementation of low-protein diet and subsequent feeding of low-energy diet on the performance and blood chemical profile of broiler chickens[J].Animal Production Science,2017:58(5)878-885.
[45]Iyayi E.Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with High Amino Acids(Methionine or Lysine)on Performance of Broilers[J].American Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2014,4(5):525-531.
[46]Soraya T,Anne-marie C,Rosaria P,et al.Chronic Heat Exposure Alters Protein Turnover of Three Different Skeletal Muscles in Finishing Broiler Chickens Fed 20 or 25%Protein Diets[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2000,130(4):813-819.
[47]Ghasemi H,Ghasemi R,Torki M.Periodic usage of low-protein methionine-fortified diets in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature conditions:effects on performance,slaughter traits,leukocyte profiles and antibody response[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2014,58(7):1405-1414.
[48]Laudadio V,Dambrosio A,Normanno G,et al.Effect of reducing dietary protein level on performance responses and some microbiological aspects of broiler chickens under summer environmental conditions[J].Avian Biology Research,2012,5(2):88-92.
[49]Awad E,Idrus Z,Soleimani Farjam A,et al.Growth performance,duodenal morphology and the caecal microbial population in female broiler chickens fed glycine-fortified low protein diets under heat stress conditions[J].British Poultry Science,2018,59(3):340-348.
[50]Torki M,Mohebbifar A,Ghasemi H A,et al.Response of laying hens to feeding low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets under high ambient temperature:performance,egg quality,leukocyte profile,blood lipids,and excreta pH[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(5):575-584.
[51]Shin-Ichi Y,Midori A,Kaai N,et al.Combined effect of shortened photoperiod and low crude protein diet on liver triglyceride accumulation and lipid-related gene expression in quail[J].Livestock Science,2018,214:68-72.
[52]Hoppe U,Bergemann J,Diembeck W,et al.Coenzyme Q10,a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer[J].Biofactors,2010,9(2/4):371-378.
[53]Pettersson D,Graham H,Aman P.Enzyme supplementation of low or high crude protein concentration diets for broiler chickens[J].Animal Production,1990,51(2):399-404.
[54]Tahir M,Saleh F,Ohtsuka A,et al.An Effective Combination of Carbohydrases That Enables Reduction of Dietary Protein in Broilers:Importance of Hemicellulase[J].Poult.Sci.,2008,87(4):713-718.