县域城乡聚落规模体系的演化特征及驱动机理——以江苏省张家港市为例
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摘要
从城乡聚落规模的大小、结构、分布三个基本属性出发,以经济发达的江苏省张家港市为案例地,以土地利用数据和遥感影像为数据源,揭示了1995-2015年间县域城乡聚落规模体系的演化特征及驱动机理。结果表明:(1)县域城乡聚落数量显著减少、用地规模显著增加。(2)城—镇—村规模结构从"凸字型"经"金字塔型"向"橄榄型"方向演化;不同阶段、不同规模等级的城乡聚落的成长速率不同;城乡聚落的齐夫指数偏大但增长放缓,规模结构总体上符合位序—规模法则。(3)城乡聚落规模分布的不均衡程度不断增强,但极化发展速率逐渐减小;空间集群分布特征显著,聚类中心分布趋于均衡化;城乡聚落用地的时空变化存在显著的地域差异,以城镇用地变化为主。(4)驱动机理是由地理环境、区域经济、交通网络、制度与管理四个主要因素共同作用构成的"四轮"驱动过程。
In the context of the new era, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote urban-rural integrated development and rural vitalization by means of studying the urban-rural scale system. The concept of urban-rural scale system had three essential characteristics of size, structure and distribution, therefore the three-dimensional analytical method had been established. This paper explored the evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of urban-rural scale system, based on both the land change survey data and remote sensing data in 1995, 2005 and 2015, using the well-developed Zhangjiagang city of Jiangsu province as a case. Several conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1) The number of urban-rural settlements was continually decreasing, but the scale of built-up areas showed the opposite trend during 1995-2015.(2) The type of city-town-village scale structure changed from "stelepattern" to "pyramid-pattern", then to "olive-pattern" from 1995 to 2015. The number and builtup area of high grade settlements were increasing, and those of low grade settlements were decreasing. There was close correlation between the growth speed of settlements and their sizeclasses. Zipf's index of settlements size was generally high, with the decreasing growth rate of it, and the outcomes of model fitting conformed to the law of rank-size as a whole.(3) The spatial differentiation of urban-rural scale system had become increasingly obvious during the study period. However, the speed of polarization had decreased in the 10 years. There existed significant characteristics of spatial agglomeration of settlements, and distribution of cluster centers developed toward the direction of equalization. The spatial and temporal changes of urban-rural construction land were remarkably different in different regions, but the land-use change was mainly found in the urban areas.(4) This paper constructed a "four-wheel" driving mechanism of urban-rural scale system, including four driving factors. More specifically,geographic location was the fundamental factor limiting the development of urban-rural scale system; regional economy was the internal motivity impelling the settlements to evolve toward an advanced one; transport network was a kind of important catalyst in the process; institution and administration had become the indispensably external driving forces. These four factors,just like the four wheels of a car, interacted each other and together impelled the evolution of urban-rural scale system.
In the context of the new era, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote urban-rural integrated development and rural vitalization by means of studying the urban-rural scale system. The concept of urban-rural scale system had three essential characteristics of size, structure and distribution, therefore the three-dimensional analytical method had been established. This paper explored the evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of urban-rural scale system, based on both the land change survey data and remote sensing data in 1995, 2005 and 2015, using the well-developed Zhangjiagang city of Jiangsu province as a case. Several conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1) The number of urban-rural settlements was continually decreasing, but the scale of built-up areas showed the opposite trend during 1995-2015.(2) The type of city-town-village scale structure changed from "stelepattern" to "pyramid-pattern", then to "olive-pattern" from 1995 to 2015. The number and builtup area of high grade settlements were increasing, and those of low grade settlements were decreasing. There was close correlation between the growth speed of settlements and their sizeclasses. Zipf's index of settlements size was generally high, with the decreasing growth rate of it, and the outcomes of model fitting conformed to the law of rank-size as a whole.(3) The spatial differentiation of urban-rural scale system had become increasingly obvious during the study period. However, the speed of polarization had decreased in the 10 years. There existed significant characteristics of spatial agglomeration of settlements, and distribution of cluster centers developed toward the direction of equalization. The spatial and temporal changes of urban-rural construction land were remarkably different in different regions, but the land-use change was mainly found in the urban areas.(4) This paper constructed a "four-wheel" driving mechanism of urban-rural scale system, including four driving factors. More specifically,geographic location was the fundamental factor limiting the development of urban-rural scale system; regional economy was the internal motivity impelling the settlements to evolve toward an advanced one; transport network was a kind of important catalyst in the process; institution and administration had become the indispensably external driving forces. These four factors,just like the four wheels of a car, interacted each other and together impelled the evolution of urban-rural scale system.
引文
[1]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴.地理学报, 2018, 73(4):637-650.[LIU Y S. Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(4):637-650.]
[2]薛德升,王立. 1978年以来中国城市地理研究进展.地理学报, 2014, 69(8):1117-1129.[XUE D S, WANG L. Progress of urban geography research in China since the 1980s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(8):1117-1129.]
[3] GODFREY B J, ZHOU Y. Ranking world cities:Multinational corporations and the global urban hierarchy. Urban Geography, 1999, 20(3):268-281.
[4] NEAL Z P. From central places to network bases:A transition in the U.S. urban hierarchy, 1900-2000. City&Community, 2011, 10(1):49-75.
[5] GUERIN-PACE F. Rank-size distribution and the process of urban growth. Urban Studies, 1995, 32(3):551-562.
[6]许学强.我国城镇规模体系的演变和预测.中山大学学报:社会科学版, 1982,(3):40-49.[XU X Q. Research on the evolution and prediction of urban scale system in China. Journal of Sun Yatsen University:Social Science Edition, 1982,(3):40-49.]
[7]顾朝林,柴彦威,蔡建明,等.中国城市地理.北京:商务印书馆, 2002:160-180.[GU C L, CHAI Y W, CAI J M, et al.The Urban Geography of China. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2002:160-180.]
[8]方创琳,毛其智,倪鹏飞.中国城市群科学选择与分级发展的争鸣及探索.地理学报, 2015, 70(4):515-527.[FANG C L, MAO Q Z, NI P F. Discussion on the scientific selection and development of China's urban agglomerations. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(4):515-527.]
[9]贺艳华,周国华,唐承丽,等.城市群地区城乡一体化空间组织理论初探.地理研究, 2017, 36(2):241-252.[HE Y H,ZHOU G H, TANG C L, et al. Theory on the spatial organization of urban-rural integration in urban agglomeration areas. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2):241-252.]
[10]牛方曲,刘卫东,宋涛,等.城市群多层次空间结构分析算法及其应用:以京津冀城市群为例.地理研究, 2015, 34(8):1447-1460.[NIU F Q, LIU W D, SONG T, et al. A multi-level spatial structure analysis algorithm for urban agglomeration study in China. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(8):1447-1460.]
[11]李俊,董锁成,李宇,等.宁蒙沿黄地带城镇用地扩展驱动力分析与情景模拟.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(9):1472-1485.[LI J, DONG S C, LI Y, et al. Driving force analysis and scenario simulation of urban land expansion in NingxiaInner Mongolia area along the Yellow River. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(9):1472-1485.]
[12]杨洋,李雅静,黄庆旭,等.中国城市用地与人口规模分布时空动态比较:以环渤海地区为例.地理研究, 2016, 35(9):1672-1686.[YANG Y, LI Y J, HUANG Q X, et al. Comparison on spatio-temporal dynamics of urban land and population size distribution in China:A case study of the Bohai Rim. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(9):1672-1686.]
[13]吕敏君,郭文炯.资源型区域乡村聚落规模结构及空间分异动态.经济地理, 2016, 36(12):126-134.[LYU M J,GUO W J. The dynamic hierarchy and spatial differentiation of rural settlements in resource-based region. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(12):126-134.]
[14]李传武,张小林,吴威.基于分形理论的江苏沿江城镇体系研究.长江流域资源与环境, 2010, 19(1):1-6.[LI C W,ZHANG X L, WU W. A study on urban system along the Yangtze River based on fractal theory in Jiangsu province. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2010, 19(1):1-6.]
[15]高晓路,季珏,樊杰.区域城镇空间格局的识别方法及案例分析.地理科学, 2014, 34(1):1-9.[GAO X L, JI J, FAN J. An analytical tool for identifying the regional structure of urban system. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(1):1-9.]
[16] LI S J, SUI D. Pareto's law and sample size:A case study of China's urban system 1984-2008. GeoJournal, 2013, 78(4):615-626.
[17] FANG C L, PANG B, LIU H M. Global city size hierarchy:Spatial patterns, regional features, and implications for China. Habitat International, 2017, 66:149-162.
[18]强海洋,张小雷,雷军,等.新疆村镇体系规模结构预测研究:以莎车县为例.干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23(8):32-36.[QIANG H Y, ZHANG X L, LEI J, et al. The village system scale structure prediction:A case of the Shache county.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2009, 23(8):32-36.]
[19]刘继斌,杨青山,杜雪,等.经济欠发达地区县域村镇体系规划编制研究:以蛟河市为例.经济地理, 2011, 31(10):1655-1659.[LIU J B, YANG Q S, DU X, et al. Hierarchical plan for town and village in economically undeveloped areas:A case of Jiaohe city. Economic Geography, 2011, 31(10):1655-1659.]
[20]李小建,许家伟,海贝贝.县域聚落分布格局演变分析:基于1929-2013年河南巩义的实证研究.地理学报, 2015, 70(12):1870-1883.[LI X J, XU J W, HAI B B. The changing distribution patterns of rural settlements during the process of urbanization:The case of Gongyi(1929-2013), China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(12):1870-1883.]
[21]许家伟.乡村聚落空间结构的演变与驱动机理:基于长时段视角对河南省巩义市的考察.开封:河南大学, 2013.[XU J W. Spatio-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of rural settlement:A long term examination of Gongyi,Henan province. Kaifeng:Henan University, 2013.]
[22]李德一,张安定,张树文.山东半岛北部海岸带城乡聚落扩展变化特征与驱动力分析.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(4):612-618.[LI D Y, ZHANG A D, ZHANG S W. Characteristics and driving forces analysis of residential area expansion in the north of Shandong Peninsula coastal area. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(4):612-618.]
[23]魏伟,石培基,王晓燕,等.干旱区内陆河流域城乡聚落体系空间结构及影响模式研究:以石羊河流域为例.人文地理,2013, 28(6):80-85, 61.[WEI W, SHI P J,WANG X Y, et al. The spatial structure of settlements system and influence pattern in the arid inland river basin:A case study in Shiyang River Basin. Human Geography, 2013, 28(6):80-85, 61.]
[24]蒲英霞,马荣华,马晓冬,等.长江三角洲地区城市规模分布的时空演变特征.地理研究, 2009, 28(1):161-172.[PU Y X, MA R H, MA X D, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics of city-size distribution in Yangtze River Delta. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(1):161-172.]
[25]石崧.城市空间结构演变的动力机制分析.城市规划汇刊, 2004,(1):50-52.[SHI S. The dynamics of urban spatial structure's evolution. Urban Planning Forum, 2004,(1):50-52.]
[26]李红波,张小林,吴启焰,等.发达地区乡村聚落空间重构的特征与机理研究:以苏南为例.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(4):591-603.[LI H B, ZHANG X L, WU Q Y, et al. Characteristics and mechanism of rural settlements spatial reconstruction in developed areas:A case study of Southern Jiangsu. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(4):591-603.]
[27]龙花楼,屠爽爽.论乡村重构.地理学报, 2017, 72(4):563-576.[LONG H L, TU S S. Rural restructuring:Theory, approach and research prospect. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4):563-576.]
[2]薛德升,王立. 1978年以来中国城市地理研究进展.地理学报, 2014, 69(8):1117-1129.[XUE D S, WANG L. Progress of urban geography research in China since the 1980s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(8):1117-1129.]
[3] GODFREY B J, ZHOU Y. Ranking world cities:Multinational corporations and the global urban hierarchy. Urban Geography, 1999, 20(3):268-281.
[4] NEAL Z P. From central places to network bases:A transition in the U.S. urban hierarchy, 1900-2000. City&Community, 2011, 10(1):49-75.
[5] GUERIN-PACE F. Rank-size distribution and the process of urban growth. Urban Studies, 1995, 32(3):551-562.
[6]许学强.我国城镇规模体系的演变和预测.中山大学学报:社会科学版, 1982,(3):40-49.[XU X Q. Research on the evolution and prediction of urban scale system in China. Journal of Sun Yatsen University:Social Science Edition, 1982,(3):40-49.]
[7]顾朝林,柴彦威,蔡建明,等.中国城市地理.北京:商务印书馆, 2002:160-180.[GU C L, CHAI Y W, CAI J M, et al.The Urban Geography of China. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2002:160-180.]
[8]方创琳,毛其智,倪鹏飞.中国城市群科学选择与分级发展的争鸣及探索.地理学报, 2015, 70(4):515-527.[FANG C L, MAO Q Z, NI P F. Discussion on the scientific selection and development of China's urban agglomerations. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(4):515-527.]
[9]贺艳华,周国华,唐承丽,等.城市群地区城乡一体化空间组织理论初探.地理研究, 2017, 36(2):241-252.[HE Y H,ZHOU G H, TANG C L, et al. Theory on the spatial organization of urban-rural integration in urban agglomeration areas. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2):241-252.]
[10]牛方曲,刘卫东,宋涛,等.城市群多层次空间结构分析算法及其应用:以京津冀城市群为例.地理研究, 2015, 34(8):1447-1460.[NIU F Q, LIU W D, SONG T, et al. A multi-level spatial structure analysis algorithm for urban agglomeration study in China. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(8):1447-1460.]
[11]李俊,董锁成,李宇,等.宁蒙沿黄地带城镇用地扩展驱动力分析与情景模拟.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(9):1472-1485.[LI J, DONG S C, LI Y, et al. Driving force analysis and scenario simulation of urban land expansion in NingxiaInner Mongolia area along the Yellow River. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(9):1472-1485.]
[12]杨洋,李雅静,黄庆旭,等.中国城市用地与人口规模分布时空动态比较:以环渤海地区为例.地理研究, 2016, 35(9):1672-1686.[YANG Y, LI Y J, HUANG Q X, et al. Comparison on spatio-temporal dynamics of urban land and population size distribution in China:A case study of the Bohai Rim. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(9):1672-1686.]
[13]吕敏君,郭文炯.资源型区域乡村聚落规模结构及空间分异动态.经济地理, 2016, 36(12):126-134.[LYU M J,GUO W J. The dynamic hierarchy and spatial differentiation of rural settlements in resource-based region. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(12):126-134.]
[14]李传武,张小林,吴威.基于分形理论的江苏沿江城镇体系研究.长江流域资源与环境, 2010, 19(1):1-6.[LI C W,ZHANG X L, WU W. A study on urban system along the Yangtze River based on fractal theory in Jiangsu province. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2010, 19(1):1-6.]
[15]高晓路,季珏,樊杰.区域城镇空间格局的识别方法及案例分析.地理科学, 2014, 34(1):1-9.[GAO X L, JI J, FAN J. An analytical tool for identifying the regional structure of urban system. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(1):1-9.]
[16] LI S J, SUI D. Pareto's law and sample size:A case study of China's urban system 1984-2008. GeoJournal, 2013, 78(4):615-626.
[17] FANG C L, PANG B, LIU H M. Global city size hierarchy:Spatial patterns, regional features, and implications for China. Habitat International, 2017, 66:149-162.
[18]强海洋,张小雷,雷军,等.新疆村镇体系规模结构预测研究:以莎车县为例.干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23(8):32-36.[QIANG H Y, ZHANG X L, LEI J, et al. The village system scale structure prediction:A case of the Shache county.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2009, 23(8):32-36.]
[19]刘继斌,杨青山,杜雪,等.经济欠发达地区县域村镇体系规划编制研究:以蛟河市为例.经济地理, 2011, 31(10):1655-1659.[LIU J B, YANG Q S, DU X, et al. Hierarchical plan for town and village in economically undeveloped areas:A case of Jiaohe city. Economic Geography, 2011, 31(10):1655-1659.]
[20]李小建,许家伟,海贝贝.县域聚落分布格局演变分析:基于1929-2013年河南巩义的实证研究.地理学报, 2015, 70(12):1870-1883.[LI X J, XU J W, HAI B B. The changing distribution patterns of rural settlements during the process of urbanization:The case of Gongyi(1929-2013), China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(12):1870-1883.]
[21]许家伟.乡村聚落空间结构的演变与驱动机理:基于长时段视角对河南省巩义市的考察.开封:河南大学, 2013.[XU J W. Spatio-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of rural settlement:A long term examination of Gongyi,Henan province. Kaifeng:Henan University, 2013.]
[22]李德一,张安定,张树文.山东半岛北部海岸带城乡聚落扩展变化特征与驱动力分析.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(4):612-618.[LI D Y, ZHANG A D, ZHANG S W. Characteristics and driving forces analysis of residential area expansion in the north of Shandong Peninsula coastal area. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(4):612-618.]
[23]魏伟,石培基,王晓燕,等.干旱区内陆河流域城乡聚落体系空间结构及影响模式研究:以石羊河流域为例.人文地理,2013, 28(6):80-85, 61.[WEI W, SHI P J,WANG X Y, et al. The spatial structure of settlements system and influence pattern in the arid inland river basin:A case study in Shiyang River Basin. Human Geography, 2013, 28(6):80-85, 61.]
[24]蒲英霞,马荣华,马晓冬,等.长江三角洲地区城市规模分布的时空演变特征.地理研究, 2009, 28(1):161-172.[PU Y X, MA R H, MA X D, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics of city-size distribution in Yangtze River Delta. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(1):161-172.]
[25]石崧.城市空间结构演变的动力机制分析.城市规划汇刊, 2004,(1):50-52.[SHI S. The dynamics of urban spatial structure's evolution. Urban Planning Forum, 2004,(1):50-52.]
[26]李红波,张小林,吴启焰,等.发达地区乡村聚落空间重构的特征与机理研究:以苏南为例.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(4):591-603.[LI H B, ZHANG X L, WU Q Y, et al. Characteristics and mechanism of rural settlements spatial reconstruction in developed areas:A case study of Southern Jiangsu. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(4):591-603.]
[27]龙花楼,屠爽爽.论乡村重构.地理学报, 2017, 72(4):563-576.[LONG H L, TU S S. Rural restructuring:Theory, approach and research prospect. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4):563-576.]