江苏徐州地区岩溶塌陷致塌力学模型及水位控制红线
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摘要
岩溶塌陷实际是覆盖层土体变形破坏的一种特殊类型。通过调查研究,将徐州地区岩溶塌陷概化为"单一透水型盖层"、"透—阻型盖层"以及"单一阻水型盖层"三种地质模式,破坏模式为渗透变形破坏和剪切变形破坏,致塌模式分别为"潜蚀渗透-超临界水力梯度致塌"、"潜蚀软化—吸蚀—渗透力致塌"以及"真空吸蚀致塌"。建立了内部塌陷阶段以及地表塌陷阶段的综合力学模型,经新生街塌陷和溶剂厂塌陷验证,计算结果与实际情况基本吻合。以徐州典型塌陷区为例,分别对不同覆盖层厚度(40 m、30 m、20 m、10 m)、不同溶洞直径(4 m、2 m、1 m、0. 2 m)、不同下伏黏性土厚度(5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m、35 m、40 m)的稳定性进行试算,得到稳定性系数随水位降深的变化关系曲线,结果表明:覆盖层厚度越大、下伏黏性土厚度越大、溶洞直径越小、水位降深越小,稳定系数越高,越不容易塌陷;当洞穴直径小于1 m时,自然条件下土体均处于稳定状态;以稳定系数等于1为变形破坏的极限平衡条件,确定了最大水位降深及其空间分布,并据此作为岩溶塌陷的水位控制红线,为研究区岩溶水安全合理开采提供指导意义。
Karst collapse is actually a special type of cover-layer soil mass deformation and failure. According to the investigation and research,the karst collapse in Xuzhou can be turned into three geological models,as single permeable type cap,permeable-resistant type cap and single resistant type cap. The faliure models are the seepage deformation damage and the shear deformation damage. Three corresponding collapse-causing models are subsurface erosion and permeation-supercritical hydraulic gradient to collapse,subsurface erosion to soften-suck erosion-penetration to collapse,and vacuum pumping to collapse. The collapse mechanical model was established,which contains the inter-collapse phase and surface-collapse phase. Meanwhile,evaluations of Xinshengjie karst collapse and Rongjichang karst collapse were carried out by using this collapse mechanical model. The results prove that the model is in accord with the fact. Taking the typical collapse of Xuzhou as an example,we calculated the stability under the conditions of different cover-layer soil thickness( 40 m、30 m、20 m、10 m),karst cavity diameter( 4 m、2 m、1 m、0. 2 m),and bottom-layer cohesive soil thickness( 5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m、35 m、40 m),and obtained the stability coefficient curve along with the change of water level drawdown. The results show that the greater of cover-layer soil thickness,the greater of bottom-layer cohesive soil thickness,the smaller of karst cavity diameter,and the smaller of water level drawdown will lead to the greater of the stability coefficient. When the karst cavity diameter is less than 1 m,cover-layer soil is stable under the natural conditions. When the limit equilibrium condition with deformation coefficient equal to 1 is considered,we calculated the maximum water level drawdown,which is taken as the Red Line of groundwater. It can provide guidance of reasonable exploitation of groundwater.
Karst collapse is actually a special type of cover-layer soil mass deformation and failure. According to the investigation and research,the karst collapse in Xuzhou can be turned into three geological models,as single permeable type cap,permeable-resistant type cap and single resistant type cap. The faliure models are the seepage deformation damage and the shear deformation damage. Three corresponding collapse-causing models are subsurface erosion and permeation-supercritical hydraulic gradient to collapse,subsurface erosion to soften-suck erosion-penetration to collapse,and vacuum pumping to collapse. The collapse mechanical model was established,which contains the inter-collapse phase and surface-collapse phase. Meanwhile,evaluations of Xinshengjie karst collapse and Rongjichang karst collapse were carried out by using this collapse mechanical model. The results prove that the model is in accord with the fact. Taking the typical collapse of Xuzhou as an example,we calculated the stability under the conditions of different cover-layer soil thickness( 40 m、30 m、20 m、10 m),karst cavity diameter( 4 m、2 m、1 m、0. 2 m),and bottom-layer cohesive soil thickness( 5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m、35 m、40 m),and obtained the stability coefficient curve along with the change of water level drawdown. The results show that the greater of cover-layer soil thickness,the greater of bottom-layer cohesive soil thickness,the smaller of karst cavity diameter,and the smaller of water level drawdown will lead to the greater of the stability coefficient. When the karst cavity diameter is less than 1 m,cover-layer soil is stable under the natural conditions. When the limit equilibrium condition with deformation coefficient equal to 1 is considered,we calculated the maximum water level drawdown,which is taken as the Red Line of groundwater. It can provide guidance of reasonable exploitation of groundwater.
引文
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[10]谭鉴益.坛状圆柱状岩溶塌陷预测模型与分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2001,28(4):19-22.TAN Jianyi. An analysis and prediction model of the altar of cylindrical karst collapse[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2001,28(4):19-22.
[11]王滨,李治广,董昕,等.岩溶塌陷的致塌力学模型研究[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(4):119-125.WANG Bin,LI Zhiguang,DONG Xin,et al. Study on mechanical model of karst collapse[J]. Journal of natural Disasters,2011,20(4):119-125.
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[13]张伟.抽水岩溶地面塌陷的形成与防治[J].河北地质学院学报,1996,19(1):46-51.ZHANG Wei. The forming and prevention and cure of karst ground collapse by pumping water[J]. Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1996,19(1):46-51.
[14]何宇彬.喀斯特塌陷机制研究[J].上海地质,1993(2):54-64.HE Yubin. Research on a mechanism of karst collapse[J]. Shanghai Geology,1993(2):54-64.
[15]贺可强,王滨,万继涛.枣庄岩溶塌陷形成机理与致塌模型的研究[J].岩土力学,2002,23(5):564-569.HE Keqiang, WANG Bin, WAN Jitao. Study on forming mechanism of Zaozhuang karst collapse and collapse model[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2002,23(5):564-569.
[16]赵帅军.武广客运专线英德段厚覆盖型岩溶区土洞顶板稳定性研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2009.ZHAO Shuaijun. Study on stability of soil cave roof at thick-covered karst zone in the Yinde Section of passenger dedicated railway from Wuhan to Guangzhou[D]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2009.
[17]王滨,贺可强,姜先桥,等.岩溶塌陷渗压效应致塌机理研究———以山东省枣庄市岩溶塌陷为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(1):18-22.WANG Bin,HE Keqiang,JIANG Xianqiao,et al.Study on formation mechanism of karst collapse by seepage pressure:Karst collapse in Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province as an example[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(1):18-22.
[18] WEI Yongyao,SUN Shulin. Comprehensice critical mechanical model of covered karst collapse under the effects of positive and negative pressure[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and The Environment,2017.
[19]陈国亮,陈裕昌,谭鸿增,等.岩溶地面塌陷机制、预测及整治研究[J].地质灾害与防治学校,1990,1(3):39-48.CHEN Guoliang,CHEN Yuchang,TAN Hongzeng,et al. Research on mechanism, prediction and countermeasure for landcollapse in karst area[J].Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1990,1(3):39-48.
[20]胡昌林,曹志猛,陈国富,等.江苏省徐州市城市供水水文地质勘察报告[R].江苏省地质矿产局第二水文地质工程地质大队. 1985.HU Changlin,CAO Zhimeng,CHEN Guofu,et al.Hydrogeological investigation report of urban water supply in Xuzhou City Jiangsu Province[R]. Jiangsu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Second Hydrogeology and Engineering Geological Brigade. 1985.
[21]陈仲颐.非饱和土力学的基本原理与实际应用[C]//海峡两岸土力学及基础工程地工技术学术研讨会论文集,1994:31-40.CHEN Zhongyi. The basic principle and practical application of unsaturated soil mechanics[C]//The academic symposium proceedings of soil mechanics and basic engineering technique across the Taiwan Strait,1994:31-40.
[2]郭强.遵义金塘谷地岩溶塌陷形成机制初步探讨[J].贵州地质,1989,9(2):163-171.GUO Qiang. A preliminary discussion on the formation mechanism of the karst collapses in Jintang Valley,Zunyi,Guizhou[J]. Geology of Guizhou,1989,9(2):163-171.
[3]田级生.柳江水源地岩溶地面塌陷[J].水文地质工程地质,1994,21(4):52-54.TIAN Jisheng. The karst ground surface collapse in Liujiang water-source area[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1994,21(4):52-54.
[4]郭殿权,刘连喜.武昌陆家街地面塌陷成因机理分析[J].工程勘察,1990(6):11-13.GUO Dianquan,LIU Lianxi. A formation mechanism analysis of surface collapse in Lujia Street in Wuchang[J]. Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,1990(6):11-13.
[5]邓自民.水城岩溶地面塌陷的特征及形成机制[J].贵州地质,1991,8(2):155-162.DENG Zimin. Features and formation mechanism of karst ground surface collapse in Shuicheng County,Guizhou[J]. Geology of Guizhou,1991,8(2):155-162.
[6]雷国良,周济祚,邓自民,等.贵州水城工业区覆盖型岩溶塌陷研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4):39-46.LEI Guoliang,ZHOU Jizuo,DENG Zimin,et al. A study on mantled karst collapse at Shuicheng industry district in Guizhou[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1996,7(4):39-46.
[7]康彦仁.岩溶塌陷的形成机制[J].广西地质,1989,2(2):83-90.KANG Yanren. ON the mechanism of karst collapses[J]. Geology of Guangxi,1989,2(2):83-90.
[8]康彦仁.论岩溶塌陷形成的致塌模式[J].水文地质工程地质,1992,19(4):32-34.KANG Yanren. Collapsecausing models in karstic collapse process[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1992,19(4):32-34.
[9]程星,黄润秋.岩溶塌陷的地质概化模型[J].水文地质工程地质,2002,29(6):30-34.CHENG Xing, HUANG Runqiu. Geological conceptive models of karst collapse[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2002,29(6):30-34.
[10]谭鉴益.坛状圆柱状岩溶塌陷预测模型与分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2001,28(4):19-22.TAN Jianyi. An analysis and prediction model of the altar of cylindrical karst collapse[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2001,28(4):19-22.
[11]王滨,李治广,董昕,等.岩溶塌陷的致塌力学模型研究[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(4):119-125.WANG Bin,LI Zhiguang,DONG Xin,et al. Study on mechanical model of karst collapse[J]. Journal of natural Disasters,2011,20(4):119-125.
[12]王滨,贺可强.岩溶塌陷临界土洞的极限平衡高度公式[J].岩土力学,2006,27(3):458-462.WANG Bin,HE Keqiang. Study on limit equilibrium height expression of critical soil cave of karst collapse[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(3):458-462.
[13]张伟.抽水岩溶地面塌陷的形成与防治[J].河北地质学院学报,1996,19(1):46-51.ZHANG Wei. The forming and prevention and cure of karst ground collapse by pumping water[J]. Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1996,19(1):46-51.
[14]何宇彬.喀斯特塌陷机制研究[J].上海地质,1993(2):54-64.HE Yubin. Research on a mechanism of karst collapse[J]. Shanghai Geology,1993(2):54-64.
[15]贺可强,王滨,万继涛.枣庄岩溶塌陷形成机理与致塌模型的研究[J].岩土力学,2002,23(5):564-569.HE Keqiang, WANG Bin, WAN Jitao. Study on forming mechanism of Zaozhuang karst collapse and collapse model[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2002,23(5):564-569.
[16]赵帅军.武广客运专线英德段厚覆盖型岩溶区土洞顶板稳定性研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2009.ZHAO Shuaijun. Study on stability of soil cave roof at thick-covered karst zone in the Yinde Section of passenger dedicated railway from Wuhan to Guangzhou[D]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2009.
[17]王滨,贺可强,姜先桥,等.岩溶塌陷渗压效应致塌机理研究———以山东省枣庄市岩溶塌陷为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(1):18-22.WANG Bin,HE Keqiang,JIANG Xianqiao,et al.Study on formation mechanism of karst collapse by seepage pressure:Karst collapse in Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province as an example[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(1):18-22.
[18] WEI Yongyao,SUN Shulin. Comprehensice critical mechanical model of covered karst collapse under the effects of positive and negative pressure[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and The Environment,2017.
[19]陈国亮,陈裕昌,谭鸿增,等.岩溶地面塌陷机制、预测及整治研究[J].地质灾害与防治学校,1990,1(3):39-48.CHEN Guoliang,CHEN Yuchang,TAN Hongzeng,et al. Research on mechanism, prediction and countermeasure for landcollapse in karst area[J].Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1990,1(3):39-48.
[20]胡昌林,曹志猛,陈国富,等.江苏省徐州市城市供水水文地质勘察报告[R].江苏省地质矿产局第二水文地质工程地质大队. 1985.HU Changlin,CAO Zhimeng,CHEN Guofu,et al.Hydrogeological investigation report of urban water supply in Xuzhou City Jiangsu Province[R]. Jiangsu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Second Hydrogeology and Engineering Geological Brigade. 1985.
[21]陈仲颐.非饱和土力学的基本原理与实际应用[C]//海峡两岸土力学及基础工程地工技术学术研讨会论文集,1994:31-40.CHEN Zhongyi. The basic principle and practical application of unsaturated soil mechanics[C]//The academic symposium proceedings of soil mechanics and basic engineering technique across the Taiwan Strait,1994:31-40.